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74 APPENDIX A Project Survey Forms APPENDIX A1 SAFETY MANAGER QUESTIONNAIRE MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY MANAGER/HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGER SURVEY Driver Selection Tests & Measurements Synthesis Study Transportation Research Board CTBSSP Study MC-23 Participation in this survey is voluntary. All respondent answers will be treated as confidential and aggregated with other responses in the reporting. No survey responses will be attributed to an individual. Survey respondents will receive a link to the synthesis report when it is published. Thanks for your participation and support! (1) Factors Affecting Safety & Crash Risk: Consider the entire fleet of North American commercial vehicles (trucks and buses). Across all these drivers and vehicles, which factors have the greatest association with crash risk? Pick up to two (2) of the factors below which, in your opinion, have the greatest association with crash risk. Circle the letter(s). (a) Enduring/long-term driver traits; e.g., age, physical abilities, medical conditions, personality, behavioral history. (b) Temporary driver states; e.g., moods, daily circadian rhythms, effects of recent sleep, effects of recent food & fluids, effects of environmental conditions in cab, etc. (c) Vehicle characteristics (e.g., configuration, safety equipment, load) & mechanical condition (e.g., brakes, tires). (d) Roadway characteristics & traffic conditions; e.g., undivided vs. divided highways, construction zones, traffic density, speed limits, lane restrictions, etc. (e) Weather & roadway surface conditions; e.g., wet vs. dry, road surface friction, visibility, wind, etc. (2) In your opinion, which one of the above has the least association with crash risk? Write letter here: . (3) Most Important Carrier Practices: All elements of driver training and companiesâ safety management practices are important, but some may be more important than others. Pick up to two (2) of the carrier practices below which, in your opinion, have the greatest effect on driversâ safety behaviors and safety records. Circle the letter(s). (a) Driver preparation; pre-hire CMV driving training & testing; e.g., basic school training and CDL testing. (b) Driver selection & hiring; company driver recruiting, screening, selection, & hiring (include both mandatory and voluntary hiring practices. (c) Company communications to drivers; driver orientation, finishing, safety meetings, refresher training, policy announce- ments, safety reminders. (d) Driver evaluation; company monitoring & evaluation of individual drivers; e.g., violation & incident tracking, ride- alongs, covert observations of driving, onboard computer monitoring. (e) Company rewards and discipline; e.g., incentives, feedback, recognition, letters (both commendations and repri- mands), bonuses, pay increases/decreases, other consequences imposed by management. (4) In your opinion, which one of the above has the least effect on driver safety outcomes? Write letter here: .
75 Driver Personal/Psychological Traits What driver characteristics are most associated with risk? In general and across all drivers, HOW STRONG IS THE ASSO- CIATION of each of these personal characteristics with DRIVER CRASH RISK? 1 = Little or no association. 5 = Very high association. Choose one number for each. If you are unsure or have no opinion, leave it blank. Personal Trait: Little or No Association Some Association Moderate Association Strong Association Very Strong Association (5) Aggressive personality 1 2 3 4 5 (6) Risk-taking personality 1 2 3 4 5 (7) Dishonest/untrustworthy 1 2 3 4 5 (8) Introverted/unsociable 1 2 3 4 5 (9) Low intelligence/mental abilities 1 2 3 4 5 (10) Poor English language skills 1 2 3 4 5 (11) Unhappy/personal problems 1 2 3 4 5 (12) Financial problems/in debt 1 2 3 4 5 (13) Dissatisfied with driver job/profession 1 2 3 4 5 (14) Poor general physical health 1 2 3 4 5 (15) Overweight/obese 1 2 3 4 5 (16) Poor vehicle handling; e.g., backing, parking 1 2 3 4 5 Which Driver Hiring Practices & Tools Do You Regularly Use to Select Safe Drivers? For each of the hiring practices below, please circle yes or no as to whether your organization uses the practice. If yes, rate the effectiveness of the method using the 1-5 scale provided. Circle your answers. If no, leave the ratings blank. Carrier Practices: Do you regularly use? If âYes,â please rate effectiveness: Highly Ineffective Ineffective Not Sure/ Neutral Effective Highly Effective (17) Give on-road driving test. Yes No No 1 2 3 4 (18) Range/yard maneuvering test; e.g., back- ing, parking. Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (19) Standardized interview (set list of questions) Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (20) Check criminal record Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (21) Check credit history & rating Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (22) Determine likely safety belt use (by obser- vation, interview, questionnaire, etc.) Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (23) General medical history questionnaire Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (24) Mental ability test (e.g., math, reasoning) Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (25) English language test Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (26) Any computer-based dynamic performance test; e.g., hand-eye coordination, tracking Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (27) Job satisfaction or job choice questionnaire Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (28) Personality questionnaire; e.g., aggressive- ness, risk-taking, attitudes Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (29) Questionnaire about driving behaviors; e.g., following distances, turn signal use. Yes No 1 2 3 4 5 (30) Other [specify] Yes No 1 2 3 4 5
76 (31) Does your carrier plan to use the new FMCSA Pre-Employment Screening Program? Yes No Not Sure (32) Comments on any of the above questions: Information about You and Your Fleet (33) Number of years you have been a carrier Safety Manager or Human Resource Manager: (34) Your total years experience in commercial truck/bus operations: (35) Approximate number of power units currently in your organizationsâ fleet: (36) Circle the operation type that best characterizes your fleet: (a) For hire: long haul/truckload (b) For hire: long-haul/less-than-truckload (LTL) (c) For hire: local/short haul (most trips <100 miles) (d) Private industry: long haul (e) Private: local/short haul (most trips <100 miles) (f) Passenger carrier: scheduled service (g) Passenger carrier: charter (h) Other: (37) Provide your e-mail address if you would like to receive pdfs of the project report and presentation in 2011. This information will be used for no other purpose. (38) A few survey respondents will be asked to participate in a follow-up phone interview to discuss innovative fleet practices. Responses will be confidential; no interviewees or carriers will be identified unless desired. You would be paid $50 for a 45-minute interview, scheduled at your convenience. You would be initially contacted via e-mail. Are you potentially interested? Yes No If Yes, provide e-mail and/or daytime phone: Thank you for completing this survey! [Questions or additional comments? E-mail the project manager at tbsafety@aol.com]
77 APPENDIX A2 OTHER EXPERT QUESTIONNAIRE MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY EXPERT SURVEY: Driver Selection Tests and Measurements Synthesis Study Transportation Research Board Study CTBSSP MC-23 Dear Motor Carrier Safety Expert, The Transportation Research Board (TRB) is preparing a synthesis study on Driver Selection Tests & Measurements. This is being done for the Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP). CTBSSP is sponsored by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and administered by TRB. This project is reviewing the academic, commercial, and industry literature on tests, measurements, and other procedures used by motor carriers to select safe commercial drivers. Motor carrier safety managers and other experts are being surveyed in regard to selection procedures and tests and underlying driver characteristics relevant to risk. This survey is being sent to being sent to safety professionals who are knowledgeable on this topic but who are not currently motor carrier safety managers. A separate survey form has been developed for that respondent group. If you are currently a carrier safety manager and wish to take the survey, please contact us. Please compete and submit this survey by August 15, 2010. We estimate that it should take no more than 20 minutes to com- plete. If you have any questions, please contact our principal investigator, Dr. Ron Knipling at rknipling@verizon.net. Any supporting materials can be sent directly to Dr. Knipling. Participation in the survey is voluntary. All answers provided by survey respondents will be treated as confidential and aggregated with other responses in the reporting. No survey comments or other responses will be attributed to an individual. Survey respondents will receive a link to the synthesis report when it is published. QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS 1. To view and print the entire questionnaire, Click on this link, and print using âControl pâ. 2. To save your partial answers, or to forward a partially completed questionnaire to another party, click on the âSave and Con- tinue Laterâ link in the upper right hand corner of your screen. A link to the partial survey will be e-mailed to you or a colleague. 3. To view and print your answers before submitting the survey, click forward to the page following question 25. Print using âcontrol pâ. 4. To submit the survey, click on âSubmitâ on the last page. Thank you for your help! Factors Affecting Safety & Crash Risk (1) Factors Affecting Safety & Crash Risk: Consider the entire fleet of North American commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) operating at any given time. Across all these drivers and vehicles, in your opinion which factors have the greatest association with crash risk? Pick up to two (2) of the following factors which, in your opinion, have the greatest association with crash risk. (a) Enduring driver traits such as age, chronic medical conditions, personality, etc. (b) Temporary driver states; such as mood, changes in sleep, effects of environmental conditions in cab, etc. (c) Vehicle characteristics (such as configuration, safety equipment, load) & mechanical condition (such as brakes, tires). (d) Roadway characteristics & traffic conditions; such as undivided vs. divided highways, construction zones, traffic density, speed limits, etc. (e) Weather & roadway surface conditions; such as wet vs. dry road surface, visibility, wind, etc.
78 (2) In your opinion, which one factor has the least association or correlation with crash risk across all vehicles and drivers at any given time? (a) Enduring driver traits such as age, chronic medical conditions, personality, etc. (b) Temporary driver states; such as mood, changes in sleep, effects of environmental conditions in cab, etc. (c) Vehicle characteristics (such as configuration, safety equipment, load) & mechanical condition (such as brakes, tires). (d) Roadway characteristics & traffic conditions; such as undivided vs. divided highways, construction zones, traffic density, speed limits, etc. (e) Weather & roadway surface conditions; such as wet vs. dry road surface, visibility, wind, etc. (3) Most Important Carrier Practices: All elements of driver training and companiesâ safety management practices are important, but some may be more important than others. Pick up to two (2) of the following practices which, in your opinion, have the greatest effect on driversâ safety behaviors and safety records. (a) Driver Preparation; pre-hire CMV driving training & testing; e.g., school training and CDL testing. (b) Driver Selection & Hiring; company driver recruiting, screening, selection, & hiring (include both mandatory and voluntary hiring practices). (c) Company Communications to Drivers; driver orientation, finishing, safety meetings, refresher training, policy announcements, safety reminders. (d) Driver Evaluation; company monitoring & evaluation of individual drivers; e.g., violation & incident tracking, ride-alongs, covert observations of driving, onboard computer monitoring. (e) Driver Performance Consequences; company rewards and discipline; e.g., incentives, feedback, recognition, let- ters (both reprimands and commendations), bonuses, pay increases/decreases, other consequences imposed by management. (4) In your opinion, which one carrier safety practice has the least effect on driver safety behaviors and outcomes? (a) Driver Preparation; pre-hire CMV driving training & testing; e.g., school training and CDL testing. (b) Driver Selection & Hiring; company driver recruiting, screening, selection, & hiring (include both mandatory and voluntary hiring practices). (c) Company Communications to Drivers; driver orientation, finishing, safety meetings, refresher training, policy announcements, safety reminders. (d) Driver Evaluation; company monitoring & evaluation of individual drivers; e.g., violation & incident tracking, ride-alongs, covert observations of driving, onboard computer monitoring. (e) Driver Performance Consequences; company rewards and discipline; e.g., incentives, feedback, recognition, let- ters (both reprimands and commendations), bonuses, pay increases/decreases, other consequences imposed by management. Driver Psychological Traits & Potential Value of Testing Items 5-23 present personal driver dimensions which could be targeted by driver selection tests administered by a carrier. Each of these dimensions could be correlated (positively or negatively) with driver crash risk. In general and across all driv- ers, HOW STRONG IS THE ASSOCIATION of each of these personal characteristics with driver crash risk? 1 = No correla- tion. 5 = Very high association. (Note: correlations could be positive or negative depending on dimension.) Assume that the best available tests are used for each dimension. Choose one number for each. If you are not familiar with the dimension or have no opinion, leave it blank.
79 Personal Trait: Little or No Association Some Association Moderate Association Strong Association Very Strong Association (5) Aggressive personality & attitudes 1 2 3 4 5 (6) Risk perception & attitudes 1 2 3 4 5 (7) Sensation-seeking 1 2 3 4 5 (8) Conscientious/honest 1 2 3 4 5 (9) Personal/family adjustment & happiness 1 2 3 4 5 (10) Job satisfaction 1 2 3 4 5 (11) Psychological match to the job; e.g., activity preferences, interests 1 2 3 4 5 (12) Debt & credit history/rating 1 2 3 4 5 (13) Intelligence/mental abilities 1 2 3 4 5 (14) English language skills; e.g., reading, speaking 1 2 3 4 5 (15) Dynamic sensory-motor performance (e.g., visual tracking, reaction time) 1 2 3 4 5 (16) Body-Mass Index (BMI) 1 2 3 4 5 (17) Sleep Apnea (e.g., none, mild, moderate, severe) 1 2 3 4 5 (18) Sleep hygiene habits (e.g., amount and regularity of sleep) 1 2 3 4 5 (19) Cardiac Health (e.g., blood presssure, cholesterol) 1 2 3 4 5 (20) General Medical History 1 2 3 4 5 (21) Truck driving knowledge (written) 1 2 3 4 5 (22) Truck range maneuvering (e.g., backing, parallel parking) 1 2 3 4 5 (23) Truck road driving (e.g., 30-minute ride-along in traffic) 1 2 3 4 5 (24) Additional comments or suggestions regarding driver personal/psychological dimensions and/or tests to assess them: Information about You (25) Approximately how many years of professional experience do you have relating to motor carrier safety? (26) Please indicate every experience area below for which you have one year or more experience relating to motor carrier safety: (a) Government enforcement (b) Other government (e.g. rulemaking, policy) (c) Industry trade association (d) Commercial driver (e) Carrier safety director/manager (f) Other carrier management position (g) Safety consultant or vendor to fleets (h) Accident investigation/data analysis (i) Motor carrier safety research (j) Journalist (k) Driver trainer/training development (l) Insurance for motor carriers (m) Other
80 Thank you for completing this survey! To submit your responses, click on âSubmitâ below. The authors welcome any additional thoughts, research data, publications, or suggestions about this topic. Please send to Dr. Ron Knipling at: rknipling@verizon.net. Phone: (703) 533-2895.
