Guidelines for Integrating Alternative Jet Fuel into the Airport Setting (2012)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

48 5.1 Supporting Material to Evaluate Potential Environmental Benefits of Alternative Jet Fuels The main potential environmental benefits of alternative jet fuels considered here are life-cycle greenhouse gas and particulate matter (PM2.5) emission reductions compared to conventional jet fuel (see Sections 2.4 and 3.5.2). The information provided in Table 4 and Figure 7 can be used for initial evaluation of both potential effects. For more details on this data, please refer to Appendix E. Another useful resource for quantifying PM2.5 benefits is currently in development through ACRP Project 02-23, “Alternative Fuels as a Means to Reduce PM2.5 Emissions at Airports.” Please check the ACRP website for the status of this project at http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNet ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2794. Life-Cycle GHG Emissions S E C T I O N 5 Supporting Materials and Worksheets Pathway B io m as s Cr ed it R ec ov er y Fe ed st oc k Tr an sp or t Pr oc es si ng Fu el Tr an sp or t Co m bu st io n W TT N 20 W TT C H 4 La nd -U se Ch an ge To ta l Crude to conventional jet fuel 0 4.2 1.5 5.5 0.8 73.2 0.1 2.3 0 87.5 Crude to ULS jet fuel 0 4.2 1.5 7.3 0.8 72.9 0.1 2.4 0 89.1 Oil sands to jet fuel 0 19 1.3 5.5 0.5 73.2 0.1 3.1 0 102.7 Oil shale to jet fuel 0 41.2 0.6 3.3 0.6 73.2 0.2 2.5 0 121.5 Natural gas to FT fuel 0 4.6 0 20.2 1.2 70.4 0 4.6 0 101 Coal to FT fuel with (without) carbon capture 0 0.8 0.1 19.4 (117.2) 0.6 70.4 0 5.9 (5.7) 0 97.2 (194.8) Switchgrass to FT fuel -222.7 6.4 0.6 152.1 0.5 70.4 0.2 10.3 -19.8 to 0 -2.0 to 17.7 Coal and switchgrass to FT fuel, with carbon capture -44.3 1.2 0.2 21.9 0.5 70.4 2 4.9 -3.9 to 0 53.0 to 56.9 Soy oil to HEFA/HRJ -70.5 20.1 1.2 10.3 0.6 70.4 3.6 1.3 0 to 527.2 37.0 to 564.2 Table 4. Life-cycle GHG emissions expressed as grams CO2 equivalent (g CO2e) per MJ of fuel energy content (adapted from Stratton, Wong, and Hileman 2010).

5.2 Worksheets 5.2.1 Worksheet 1: Stakeholder Analysis Instructions: 1. Use one copy of the worksheet for each stakeholder. 2. Fill out as much information as is available. 3. Keep data for future reference. Supporting Materials and Worksheets 49 Palm oils to HEFA/HRJ -70.5 4.9 3.1 10.3 0.6 70.4 5.1 6.3 0 to 667.9 30.1 to 698.0 Rapeseed oil to HEFA/HRJ -70.5 17.2 3.1 10.3 0.6 70.4 22.4 1.3 0 to 43.0 54.9 to 97.9 Jatropha oil to HEFA/HRJ -70.5 16.7 1.5 10.3 0.6 70.4 9.1 1.2 0 39.4 Algae oil to HEFA/HRJ -70.5 29.6 0.3 10.3 0.6 70.4 8.1 1.8 0 50.7 Salicornia to HEFA/HRJ and FT fuel -105.3 36.8 1.1 38.3 0.5 70.4 4.6 1.3 -41.9 to 0 5.8 to 47.7 Note: Some totals do not sum due to rounding. Pathway B io m as s Cr ed it R ec ov er y Fe ed st oc k Tr an sp or t Pr oc es si ng Fu el Tr an sp or t Co m bu st io n W TT N 20 W TT C H 4 La nd -U se Ch an ge To ta l Table 4. (Continued). Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Figure 7. Particulate emission index for immediately behind a CFM-56 engine using conven- tional, Fischer-Tropsch, and blended fuels as measured by alternative aviation fuel experiment (AAFEX). Source: Beyersdorf and Anderson 2009.

50 Guidelines for Integrating Alternative Jet Fuel into the Airport Setting Stakeholder Information Stakeholder (Name of entity): Role in project: (e.g., airport, airline, feedstock supplier, fuel producer, municipality/local government, public-/private- sector funder) Stakeholder mission Economic Non-economic Is project consistent with mission? (yes, maybe/not sure, no) Explanation Hurdle rate: Describe specific minimum requirements that project must meet to obtain stakeholder's participation Economic Non-economic Does project meet hurdle rate? (yes, maybe/not sure, no) Explanation Stakeholder concerns and risks Economic Non-economic Has mitigation strategy been developed? (yes, maybe/not sure, no) Explanation Actions required to obtain/enhance stakeholder participation Economic Non-economic Has a plan been developed to obtain/enhance stakeholder participation? (yes, maybe/not sure, no) Explanation Stakeholder decision-making process Is the stakeholder’s internal and external decision-making process fully understood? (yes, maybe/not sure, no) What needs to be done/who needs to be consulted to understand decision-making process? Explanation Table 5. Stakeholder analysis. 5.2.2 Worksheet 2: Regulatory Considerations Use this worksheet to evaluate the regulatory and environmental review considerations of alternative jet fuel projects. Instructions 1. Use one worksheet for each alternative jet fuel project option under consideration. 2. Note that Table 6 applies to on-airport projects only. If the project is located near-airport or off-airport, Table 6 does not need to be filled out. 3. In Table 6 through Table 8, indicate the likelihood that the project can meet each regulation or consideration: a. If the project is certain to meet the regulation or consideration, check “Meets Regulation/Consideration.” b. If the project can meet the regulation or consideration with some extra effort, check “Likely to Meet Regulation/Consideration.” c. If the project is unlikely to meet the regulation or consideration even with additional extra effort, check “Does Not Meet Regulation/Consideration.” d. If more information is needed to provide an answer, check “Need More Information.” 4. Count the total of items checked in each category. 5. In Table 9, summarize the total for Table 6 through Table 8, and count the resulting overall total for Worksheet 2.

6. Using the total for Worksheet 2 in Table 9, grade each option according to the following guide- lines (see Section 3.5.2 for more details). a. Green: The project can meet all regulations and other considerations. (Only boxes in “Meets All Regulation/Consideration” column are checked.) b. Yellow: The project is likely to meet all regulations and other considerations with some extra effort. (Most boxes in “Meets All Regulation/Consideration” column and only a few in “Likely to Meet All Regulation/Consideration” column are checked.) c. Red: The project cannot meet all regulatory and other considerations. (One or more boxes in “Does Not Meet Regulation/Consideration” column are checked.) 7. Fill in the appropriate circle in the “Green,” “Yellow,” or “Red” column in the “FAA Regula- tions and Environmental Review” row of “Worksheet 6: Evaluation Summary.” Supporting Materials and Worksheets 51 Option: Regulatory Considerations for the Proposed Project Reference Documentation M ee ts R eg ul at io n Li ke ly to M ee t R eg ul at io n D oe s N ot M ee t R eg ul at io n N ee d M or e In fo rm at io n Complies with airport design specifications. FAA AC 150/5300-1, Airport Design Does not create obstacles to navigable airspace. FAR Part 77, Objections Affecting Navigable Airspace Meets national standards for fuel servicing at airports. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 407, Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing Complies with NEPA and applicable environmental laws or regulations. FAA Order 5050.4B, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Implementing Instructions for Airport Projects Environmental Desk Reference for Airport Actions Development unconditionally approved on the ALP. FAA Order 5190-6b, Appendix R, Airport Compliance Manual Meets minimum standards for commercial aeronautical activities. FAA Order 5190-7, Minimum Standards for Commercial Aeronautical Activities Existing airport and airside infrastructure have adequate funding.* FAA Vision 100 – Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act Existing airport meets FAA RSA requirements. FAA Vision 100 – Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act; FAA AC 150/5300-1, Airport Design Existing airport meets FAA Runway RPZ requirements. FAA Vision 100 – Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act; FAA AC 150/5300-1, Airport Design Federal share of the project is being funded with non-primary entitlements.* FAA Vision 100 – Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act Total *This relates only to fuel storage and is limited to non-primary entitlement airports. Table 6. FAA design standards and environmental regulations requiring FAA unconditional approval of an airport layout plan (for on-airport projects only). Worksheet 2: Regulatory Considerations (continued)

52 Guidelines for Integrating Alternative Jet Fuel into the Airport Setting Option: General Land-Use Compatibility Considerations Reference Documentation M ee ts Co ns id er at io n Li ke ly to M ee t Co ns id er at io n D oe s N ot M ee t Co ns id er at io n N ee d M or e In fo rm at io n No part of the proposed project is an obstacle to navigation as defined by the FAA. FAR Part 77, Objections Affecting Navigable Airspace Alternative jet fuel infrastructure does not lay in an area that is of high risk to damage in the event of an accident. General assessment of ALP relative to runways and runway approach and potential overshoot zones Alternative jet fuel infrastructure is not located near high-density residential structures, labor-intensive industries, hazardous material storage facilities, power generation or gas distribution facilities, or concentrations of populations unable to function in an emergency. Alternative jet fuel project, including potential planting and storage of crops, will not attract wildlife to the airport that may be a hazard to aircraft. FAA AC 150/5200-33, Hazardous Wildlife Attractants On or Near Airports Total Table 7. General land-use compatibility considerations. Option: General Environmental Permitting Considerations Reference Documentation M ee ts Co ns id er at io n Li ke ly to M ee t Co ns id er at io n D oe s N ot M ee t Co ns id er at io n N ee d M or e In fo rm at io n Permits related to environmental impacts of alternative jet fuel infrastructure on drinking water, groundwater, storm water, and wastewater are obtainable. See Section 3.5.1 Permits related to environmental impacts of gaseous and other emissions on ambient air standards are obtainable. See Section 3.5.1 Permits related to solid waste disposal, hazardous waste handling and disposal, spill prevention, reporting, and cleanup are obtainable. See Section 3.5.1 Permits related to impacts on shared infrastructure such as roads and railways are obtainable. See Section 3.5.1 Total Table 8. General environmental permitting considerations. Worksheet 2: Regulatory Considerations (continued)

5.2.3 Worksheet 3: Energy Policy Considerations This worksheet is meant to identify and keep a record of potential entities and their policies that may support an alternative jet fuel project. This can be a useful resource for building a business plan. Instructions 1. Use one worksheet for each alternative jet fuel project under consideration. 2. For each entity and policy element, check the “Applicable,” “May Be Applicable,” “Not Applicable,” or “Need More Information” box. 3. Space is provided to include other entities or policies identified by the reader. 4. Count the total number of items checked in each category. 5. Grade each option according to the following guidelines (see Section 3.5.2 for more details): • Green: All or most policies are applicable. (Most or all boxes checked are in the “Applicable” column.) • Yellow: Some policies are applicable and most may be applicable. (Some boxes checked are in the “Applicable” column, most boxes checked are in the “May Be Applicable” column, and some boxes checked are in the “Not Applicable” column.) • Red: No policies are applicable. (Most boxes checked are in the “Not Applicable” column.) Note: This evaluation is intended to reflect the possible strength of support from a number of entities and their policies on alternative jet fuels for individual project options. A grading of red does not mean that a project is not viable. Such a grad- ing only indicates that the project does not appear to benefit from the potential support of the entities listed in the worksheet. This may put a given project at a dis- advantage compared to other projects that may get a higher grade for energy policy consideration. 6. Fill in the appropriate circle in the “Green,” “Yellow,” or “Red” column in the “Energy Policy” row of “Worksheet 6: Evaluation Summary.” Supporting Materials and Worksheets 53 Option: Summar y of Worksheet 2 – Regulatory Considerations M ee ts R eg ul at io n/ Co ns id er at io n Li ke ly to M ee t R eg ul at io n/ Co ns id er at io n D oe s N ot M ee t R eg ul at io n/ Co ns id er at io n N ee d M or e In fo rm at io n Worksheet 2, Table 6: FAA design standards and environmental regulations requiring FAA unconditional approval of an airport layout plan (for on-airport projects only) Worksheet 2, Table 7: General land -use compatibility considerations Worksheet 2, Table 8: General environmental permitting considerations Total Worksheet 2 Worksheet 2 grading (green, yellow, or red) Table 9. Summary of Worksheet 2—Regulatory considerations. Worksheet 2: Regulatory Considerations (continued)

54 Guidelines for Integrating Alternative Jet Fuel into the Airport Setting Option: Entity Energ y Policy Elements Significance to Alternative Jet Fuel Projects A pp lic ab le M ay B e Ap pl ic ab le N ot A pp lic ab le N ee d M or e In fo rm at io n White House Explicit support for aviation biofuels White House policy statements can help airport leadership establish priorities and identify agencies tasked to implement alternative fuel support programs. Other: Other: FAA PARTNER Project 28 Establish greenhouse gas benefits for specific feedstocks and processes. PARTNER Project 20 Establish particle matter outcomes. VALE Possible synergies with alternative jet fuel projects. Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program Integrate alternative jet fuel projects with airport's sustainability initiatives. Other: Other: U.S. Military Commitments from Air Force and Navy to alternative fuels Can help support alternative jet fuel projects if co-located with military customers. Other: Other: Other government USDA BCAP Can provide support to feedstock production. Value added grants Can finance project evaluation and development. Other: Other: Other Other: Other: Public/private partnerships and coalitions CAAFI CAAFI's mission of promoting alternative jet fuels Provide support for alternative jet fuel projects, including technical information, contacts, and technical assistance. Other: Table 10. Energy policy considerations. Worksheet 3: Energy Policy Considerations (continued)

Supporting Materials and Worksheets 55 Option: Entity Energ y Policy Elements Significance to Alternative Jet Fuel Projects A pp lic ab le M ay B e Ap pl ic ab le N ot A pp lic ab le N ee d M or e In fo rm at io n Other: ATA/DLA Alliance Joint policies for purchase of alternative fuels Can support alternative jet fuel projects via off-take agreements. Other: Other: Farm to Fly Support deployment of alternative jet fuel Provide support for alternative jet fuel projects, including technical information and contacts. Other: Other: NGOs IATA Commitment to carbon-neutral growth by 2020 Alignment with long-term interests of airlines Other: ATA Support of alternative aviation fuels Alignment with long-term interests of airlines Other: ACI–NA ACI–NA Environmental Goals Alignment with goals of ACI – NA Other: SAFUG Support of alternative aviation fuels Support of coalition members Other: Other NGO Other: Other: Other NGO Other: Other: Total Worksheet 3 grading (green, yellow, or red) Table 10. (Continued). Worksheet 3: Energy Policy Considerations (continued)

5.2.4 Worksheet 4: Logistical Considerations Use this worksheet to evaluate the logistical considerations of alternative jet fuel projects. Instructions 1. Fill out Table 11 for the current way in which the airport is supplied with conventional jet fuel. This helps determine the baseline for comparing other options. Do not provide infor- mation in the grayed-out cells. 2. Fill out a separate Table 12 for each alternative jet fuel project under consideration. 3. Grade each option according to the following guidelines (see Section 3.5.3 for more details): • Green: All or most transportation occurs by pipeline or rail/barge with minimal or no truck transportation; all transportation and storage infrastructure is in place. • Yellow: Some truck transportation is required. Some minor transportation and storage infrastructure needs to be built. • Red: Truck transportation over long distances is required. Major transportation and stor- age infrastructure elements need to be built. Note: It is important to compare the proposed options to the existing way of bring- ing jet fuel to the airport. For example, a yellow grade is appropriate if truck trans- portation is the only possibility for both the alternative jet fuel and the conventional jet fuel. 4. Fill in the appropriate circle in the “Green,” “Yellow,” or “Red” column in the “Logistical” row of “Worksheet 6: Evaluation Summary.” 56 Guidelines for Integrating Alternative Jet Fuel into the Airport Setting Option: Current Supply of Conventional Jet Fuel Transportation Infrastructure Transportation Mode and Distance of Feedstock To: Transportation Mode and Distance of Conv entional Jet Fuel from Processing Plant To: Intermediate Storage (If Needed) Processing Plant Intermediate Storage (If Needed) Airport Truck Rail Barge Pipeline Other Existing or new? Storage Infrastructure Storage of Feedstock At: Storage of Finished Conventional Jet Fuel At: Intermediate Location (If Needed) Processing Plant Intermediate Storage (If Needed) Airport Existing or ne w? Notes: - For transportation options, indicate approximate distances. Also, indicate if the airport expects to build any new transportation infrastructure in the foreseeable future. - Indicate if the airport expects to build any new storage infrastructure in the foreseeable future. Table 11. Current option—supply of conventional jet fuel to airport.

Supporting Materials and Worksheets 57 Option: Transportation Infrastructure Transportation Mode and Distance of Feedstock To: Transportation Mode and Distance of Finished Alternativ e Jet Fuel from Processing Plant To: Intermediate Storage (If Needed) Processing Plant Intermediate Storage (If Needed) Airport Truck Rail Barge Pipeline Other Existing or new? Storage Infrastructure Storage of Feedstock At: Storage of Finished Alternativ e Jet Fuel At: Intermediate Location (If Needed) Processing Plant Intermediate Storage (If Needed) Airport Existing or ne w? Notes: - For transportation options, indicate approximate distances. Also, indicate if the airport expects to build any new transportation infrastructure in the foreseeable future. - Indicate if the airport expects to build any new storage infrastructure in the foreseeable future. Worksheet 4 grading (green, yellow, or red) Table 12. Alternative jet fuel project option—supply of alternative jet fuel to airport. 5.2.5 Worksheet 5: Financial Considerations Instructions 1. Use one worksheet for each alternative jet fuel project option under consideration. 2. Start with Step 1 in Figure 8 and follow the arrows in the diagram according to the answers to the questions. 3. Grade each option according to the results of the diagram in Figure 8 (see Section 3.5.4 for more information). Repeat exercise, as necessary, as more information becomes available. 4. Fill in the appropriate circle in the “Green,” “Yellow,” or “Red” column in the “Financial” row of “Worksheet 6: Evaluation Summary.” Worksheet 4: Logistical Considerations (continued)

58 Guidelines for Integrating Alternative Jet Fuel into the Airport Setting Option: ______________________ 1. Does the project have a financing structure in place (one that satisfies all the questions below)? 2a. Has the process technology been installed at a commercial scale somewhere else before? 3. Are there indications that the production process can be profitable? 4. Does the project sponsor have a successful track record? 5. Does the business plan provide profits in most circumstances? 6. Is there a creditworthy entity that will guarantee financing? Project gets green rating Yellow rating if few “no” answers; red rating if most or all answers are “no” Yes No Yes No 2b. Has the feedstock been used somewhere else before? Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Repeat, taking into account new information from consultation with experts. Figure 8. Diagram to evaluate financial considerations. 5.2.6 Worksheet 6: Evaluation Summary Use this worksheet to summarize the evaluation of each alternative jet fuel option under consideration. Instructions 1. For each alternative jet fuel option under consideration, complete Table 13 using the results from Worksheets 2 through 5 and Section 3.5.2, as indicated. 2. Count the total number marks in the “Green,” “Yellow,” and “Red” columns for the “Total” row. Worksheet 4 grading (green, yellow, or red) Worksheet 5: Financial Considerations (continued)

Supporting Materials and Worksheets 59 Option: Evaluation Criteria Rating Green Yellow Red Regulatory FAA regulations and environmental review (Worksheet 2) Energy policy (Worksheet 3) Environmental Life-cycle GHG (see section 3.5.2) Particulate matter (see section 3.5.2) Logistical (Worksheet 4) Financial (Worksheet 5) Total Table 13. Evaluation summary. Worksheet 6: Evaluation Summary (continued)