• Front Matter R1-R10

• Preface 1-1

• CHAPTER ONE - Objectives 2-2

• CHAPTER TWO - Background 3-4

• Reasons for Testing 5-5

• Drug Testing 6-11

• Records 12-12

• Aviation 13-13

• Maritime 14-14

• Motor Carriers 15-15

• Public Transit 16-16

• Rail 17-18

• Aviation 19-19

• Motor Carriers 20-22

• Pipelines 23-23

• Public Transit 24-24

• Rail 25-26

• Drug Positivity Rates in Different Workforces 27-29

• Zero-Tolerance Policies 30-30

• Alternative Specimens 31-37

• Consequences for Bacs 0.0200.039 38-38

• National Database 39-39

• Driving Record Notations 40-40

• CHAPTER SEVEN - Summary and Research Recommendations 41-43

• REFERENCES 44-49

Bergoffen, Gene, Fiorentino, Dary, Shannahan, Randi, Transportation Research Board " CHAPTER SEVEN - Summary and Research Recommendations ." CTBSSP Synthesis 23: Operator Drug- and Alcohol-Testing Across Modes . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2012 .

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