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TCRP Synthesis 96: Off-Board Fare Payment Using Proof-of-Payment Verification (2012)
Transit Cooperative Research Program Synthesis Program (TCRPSYNTH)

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Larwin, Thomas F, Koprowski, Yung, Transportation Research Board. "Fare Media and Fare Purchase Options." TCRP Synthesis 96: Off-Board Fare Payment Using Proof-of-Payment Verification. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2012.

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TCRP Synthesis 96 Off-Board Fare Payment Using Proof-of-Payment Verification (1-1)
Transportation Research Board 2011 Executive Committee (2-2)
Off-Board Fare Payment Using Proof-of-Payment Verification (3-3)
Transit Cooperative Research Program (4-4)
The National Academies (5-5)
TCRP Committee for Project J-7 (6-6)
Preface (7-8)
Contents (9-10)
Summary (11-14)
Study Process and Technical Approach (15-17)
Report Organization (18-19)
Experiences with Proof-of-Payment Implementation (20-20)
Measuring Fare Evasion (21-21)
Managing Proof-of-Payment Within the Transit Organization (22-22)
Fare Collection and Fare Evasion in the Media (23-23)
Organizational and Personnel Aspects of the Fare Enforcement Function (24-24)
Monitoring and Inspecting for Fare Payment (25-25)
Measuring Performance (26-30)
Legal Aspects and Adjudication (31-32)
Proof-of-Payment Fare Collection Operations (33-34)
Fare Media and Fare Purchase Options (35-35)
Ticket Vending Machines (36-36)
Transit Industry Pulse Regarding Proof-of-Payment Fare Collection (37-38)
Buffalo, New York - Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) (39-42)
Dallas, Texas - Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) (43-47)
Los Angeles, California - Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA METRO) (48-54)
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota - Metro Transit (55-60)
New York City, New York - New York City Transit (NYCT) (61-65)
Phoenix Arizona - Valley Metro Rail, Inc. (METRO LIGHT RAIL) (66-70)
San Francisco, California - San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA, MUNI) (71-78)
Summary of Case Study Operators (79-81)
Summary: Survey of Proof-of-Payment Operators (82-82)
Summary: Common Practices from Case Studies (83-83)
Suggestions for Additional Research (84-85)
ACRONYMS (86-87)
REFERENCES (88-89)
BIBLIOGRAPHY (90-91)
APPENDIX A - Survey Instrument (92-105)
APPENDIX B - Participating Agencies (106-107)
APPENDIX C - Example of Statutory Provisions Concerning Fare Evasion Enforcement (108-111)
APPENDIX D - Example Performance Report (112-112)
APPENDIX E - Example of a Manual and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) (113-126)
APPENDIX F - Example of Enforcement/Inspector Job Description (127-127)
Cover3 (128-128)
Cover4 (129-129)

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25 Some of the miscellaneous special event procedures TABLE 26 reported in the survey were FARE MEDIA AVAILABLE Medium n % · Fare inspectors assisting patrons, Single-ride ticket 29 100.0 · Staffing fareboxes in stations, Round trip 10 34.5 · Suspending fare inspection for the event...riders are still required to have proper fare, Day pass 24 82.8 · Offering special "family" passes available on TVMs, Monthly pass 26 89.7 · Ticketing agreement with the event venue, and Multiple-day pass 12 41.4 · Providing customer assistance with TVMs. Multiple-ride pass 6 20.7 Stored-value fare card 7 24.1 Table 25 reports on ways fare inspection is handled when there are crush loading conditions. The majority, 52% (13 of Other 12 41.4 25), indicated that they position their inspection force at the Total responding agencies 29 vehicle doors and inspect entering passengers. Another 36% Multiple responses allowed; percentages do not add to 100%. of the operators wait and do not proceed through the vehicle until the crowd begins to thin out. Below are several other measures that respondents reported: · Student pass, college or university passes, semester passes; · Having street supervisors assist; · 31-day, 30-day, 14-day passes; · Conducting fare blitzes with sufficient staff to check · Corporate pass; passengers on board a train at a specific station as well · Weekly pass; as everyone who gets off the train at that station; · Annual pass; · Positioning inspectors at platform entrance; · Employer passes (in some areas called Ecopasses); · Placing portable turnstiles at a distance from the board- · Transfer slips; ing location, then having the crowd feed through tem- · Special day passes (e.g., for classroom trips, jury porary queuing barriers to reach boarding platform; members); · Relaxing inspection; and · Wristbands available for purchase for special events. · Pretending to get on and see whether fare evaders exit, and then citing them. With regard to transfers, as indicated in Table 27, 86.2% of the operators allow transfers. Of the 25 responding opera- tors, 41.4% issue free transfers and 44.8% require an addi- TABLE 25 tional charge when making a transfer. SPECIAL VERIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CRUSH VEHICLE LOADS Technique n % TABLE 27 Position inspectors at doors and inspect entering passengers 13 52 NETWORK TRANSFERS ALLOWED Proceed through vehicle as crowd thins out 9 36 Transfer n % Other 11 44 Yes, all transfers are free 12 41.4 Total responding agencies 25 Yes; however, there is a charge 3 10.3 Multiple responses allowed; percentages do not add to 100%. Yes; however, there are differing charges 10 34.5 depending on route transferring to No 4 13.8 Total responding agencies 29 100.0 FARE MEDIA AND FARE PURCHASE OPTIONS Table 26 is a summary of the fare media that are available for With regard to off-board fare payment, all 29 respon- the operators in their PoP operations. The vast majority of dents indicated that they provide one or more ways to pur- operators offer the following fare media: single-ride ticket, chase fare media in this manner. Table 28 indicates that monthly pass, and day pass. in 44.8% of the cases, some type of on-vehicle purchase is also available as well. Relatively large proportions of As the table suggests, a wide variety of fare media types the operators rely on third-party outlets (86.2%), internal are used. In addition, the comments offered by respondents agency sales centers (62.1%), and the Internet (58.6%) for found an even wider base of fare media types: off-board sales.