Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
NCFRP
NATIONAL
COOPERATIVE
FREIGHT
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 14
Sponsored by the
Research and
Innovative Technology
Guidebook for Understanding Administration
Urban Goods Movement
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2011 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Neil J. Pedersen, Consultant, Silver Spring, MD
VICE CHAIR: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, TX
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island DOT, Providence
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Joan McDonald, Commissioner, New York State DOT, Albany
Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and CEO, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
Lawrence A. Selzer, President and CEO, The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VA
Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Thomas K. Sorel, Commissioner, Minnesota DOT, St. Paul
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim
Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
John T. Gray, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Michael P. Melaniphy, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
Tara O'Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA
Gregory D. Winfree, Acting Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
*Membership as of November 2011.
OCR for page R3
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE FREIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCFRP REPORT 14
Guidebook for Understanding
Urban Goods Movement
Suzann S. Rhodes
WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES/CDM
Columbus, OH
Mark Berndt
WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES/CDM
Minneapolis, MN
Paul Bingham
WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES/CDM
Arlington, VA
Joe Bryan
HALCROW, INC.
Boston, MA
Thomas J. Cherrett
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
Highfield, Southampton, England
Peter Plumeau
RESOURCE SYSTEMS GROUP, INC.
Burlington, VT
Roberta Weisbrod
PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE PORTS
New York, NY
Subscriber Categories
Freight Transportation · Planning and Forecasting
Research sponsored by the Research and Innovative Technology Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2012
www.TRB.org
OCR for page R4
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE FREIGHT NCFRP REPORT 14
RESEARCH PROGRAM
America's freight transportation system makes critical contributions Project NCFRP-15A
to the nation's economy, security, and quality of life. The freight ISSN 1947-5659
transportation system in the United States is a complex, decentralized, ISBN 978-0-309-21387-5
and dynamic network of private and public entities, involving all Library of Congress Control Number 2012931341
modes of transportation--trucking, rail, waterways, air, and pipelines. © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
In recent years, the demand for freight transportation service has
been increasing fueled by growth in international trade; however,
bottlenecks or congestion points in the system are exposing the COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
inadequacies of current infrastructure and operations to meet the
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
growing demand for freight. Strategic operational and investment written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
decisions by governments at all levels will be necessary to maintain published or copyrighted material used herein.
freight system performance, and will in turn require sound technical Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
guidance based on research. publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
The National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) is
FMCSA, FTA, RITA, or PHMSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice.
a cooperative research program sponsored by the Research and It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-
Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) under Grant No. for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or
reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP.
DTOS59-06-G-00039 and administered by the Transportation Research
Board (TRB). The program was authorized in 2005 with the passage of
the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A
Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). On September 6, 2006, a contract to NOTICE
begin work was executed between RITA and The National Academies. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Freight
The NCFRP will carry out applied research on problems facing the Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
freight industry that are not being adequately addressed by existing
The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
research programs.
report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
Program guidance is provided by an Oversight Committee comprised The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
of a representative cross section of freight stakeholders appointed by procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
the National Research Council of The National Academies. The NCFRP
Oversight Committee meets annually to formulate the research The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
funding levels and expected products. Research problem statements
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
recommending research needs for consideration by the Oversight Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Freight Research Program do not
Committee are solicited annually, but may be submitted to TRB at any endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely
time. Each selected project is assigned to a panel, appointed by TRB, because they are considered essential to the object of the report.
which provides technical guidance and counsel throughout the life
of the project. Heavy emphasis is placed on including members
representing the intended users of the research products.
The NCFRP will produce a series of research reports and other
products such as guidebooks for practitioners. Primary emphasis will
be placed on disseminating NCFRP results to the intended end-users of
the research: freight shippers and carriers, service providers, suppliers,
and public officials.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE FREIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R5
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific
and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel
organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members
of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of
science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and
the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta-
tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange,
conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board's varied activities annually engage about
7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia,
all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal
agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu-
als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
OCR for page R6
COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCFRP REPORT 14
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
William C. Rogers, Senior Program Officer
Charlotte Thomas, Senior Program Assistant
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Hilary Freer, Senior Editor
NCFRP PROJECT 15A PANEL
Freight Research Projects
Diane Davidson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN (Chair)
Miguel Andres Figlozzi, Portland State University, Portland, OR
Barbara A. Ivanov, Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA
Janet F. Kavinoky, US Chamber of Commerce, Washington, DC
Peter A. Rutski, The Tioga Group, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL
Edward L. Strocko, FHWA Liaison
Ann Purdue, TRB Liaison
OCR for page R7
FOREWORD
By William C. Rogers
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
NCFRP Report 14: Guidebook for Understanding Urban Goods Movement presents infor-
mation and suggestions for improving public decisions affecting urban commercial
motor vehicle movements for goods delivery. While many aspects of urban goods move-
ment have been thoroughly documented, no single report provides a comprehensive,
concise guide for public decisionmakers to accommodate and expedite urban goods
movement while minimizing the environmental impact and community consequences of
goods movement. The guidebook and cases studies will help decisionmakers understand
the potential impacts of their decisions on urban goods movements among the following
categories: transportation infrastructure and operations; land use and site design; and
laws, regulations, and ordinances applicable to urban areas.
The guidebook, with an accompanying overview for local officials and CD-ROM (CRP-
CD-105) containing the contractor's final report and appendices (unedited by TRB), includes
case studies of urban supply chains and how they connect to the urban economy, infrastruc-
ture, and land use patterns; the impacts of land use codes and regulations governing metro-
politan goods movement on private-sector freight providers; and planning strategies for
improving mobility and access for goods movements in urban areas. The CD-ROM also
includes two PowerPoint presentations with speaker notes that transportation planners can
use to educate local decisionmakers on how they can improve mobility and access for goods
movement in their area.
The efficient flow of goods is essential for the economic well-being of the vast majority
of Americans who live in urbanized areas. The performance of the freight flow system also
has direct implications for the productivity of the nation, the costs of goods and services,
and the global competitiveness of industries. Land use and zoning decisions at the local
level, by determining the location of the origin or destination of goods, as well as restric-
tions on time and routes followed, often occur without a full understanding or considera-
tion of urban goods movement by commercial motor vehicles. As a consequence, the
logistical needs of businesses and consumers may be degraded, opportunities for economic
development may be missed, and freight movements may unnecessarily detract from the
quality of life through congestion or emissions.
Under NCFRP Project 15A, Wilbur Smith Associates was asked to (1) review the liter-
ature on urban goods movement by trucks, with particular emphasis given to describing
the impacts on such movement of local zoning regulations regarding off-street parking
and loading, street standards and roadway design, and ordinances relating to parking per-
mitting and enforcement; (2) describe the fundamentals of urban goods movement from
the private perspective; (3) describe public-sector entities that are involved in land use,
OCR for page R8
economic development, and transportation, and their current practices and decision-
making criteria; (4) develop detailed descriptions of several urban supply chains that have
significant impacts on the economy and make up a large share of total truck trips; and (5)
develop a guidebook that supplies the foundation for understanding and focusing on the
local actions, codes, ordinances, regulations, policies, and management that influence freight
performance thereby accommodating and expediting the growing demand for urban goods
movement, while mitigating its environmental impact and community consequences.
Note: The online PDF of this report presents the contractors' art as originally submitted
in color.
OCR for page R9
CONTENTS
1 Chapter 1 Introduction and Purpose
3 Why Read the Guidebook
4 The Guidebook's Intended Audience
4 How the Guidebook Is Organized
6 Chapter 2 Background: The Importance of Goods Movement
in the Urban Environment
6 A Brief History of Urban Development and Freight in America
7 Urban Goods Movement in the Twenty-First Century
8 How Goods Move
8 Who Is Moving Your Goods?
10 What Moves: Supplying Urban Populations
10 Why Freight Moves: Supporting the New Economy
14 Congestion and Cost
14 Where Freight Moves in the City--"The Last Mile"
16 Chapter 3 Moving Urban Goods: It's All about Supply Chains
17 Case Illustration 1: Soft Drink Beverages
18 Case Illustration 2: Gasoline and Petroleum Fuels Supply Chain
20 Case Illustration 3: Apparel Retail Supply Chain
21 Case Illustration 4: Aggregate-Based Construction Materials Supply Chain
22 Supply Chain Comparisons
29 Chapter 4 Using Freight Data for Planning
30 Neighborhood Freight Data
33 Freight Node Data
34 Freight Network Data
36 Freight Flow Data
38 Freight Data Protocols
41 Chapter 5 Regulations Impacting Urban Goods Movement
41 Overview
42 Design Standards
44 Urban Infrastructure Design
45 Land Use and Zoning
47 Urban Truck Regulations
52 Chapter 6 Putting It All Together: A Process for Evaluating
and Addressing the Impacts
52 Recognize the Political Environment
52 Receiving Support or Authorization to Integrate Freight Analysis into
the Planning Process
53 Get Organized
54 Develop Baseline Information: Field Surveys/Inventories
OCR for page R10
54 Identify Stakeholders and Conduct Interviews
54 Summarize the Issues, Problems, and Their Locations
56 Education, Outreach, and Gaining Support
56 Review and Evaluate Current Regulations
57 Identify Potential Solutions and Strategies to Improve Urban
Goods Movements
62 Measuring Success
64 Chapter 7 Case Studies
64 Atlanta: Effectively Managing Truck Traffic in the Urban Environment
67 Baltimore: The Maritime Industrial Zone Overlay District (MIZOD)
69 Toronto: Harmonizing of Loading Area Regulation across a Mega-City
74 Washington, D.C.: Commercial Vehicle Regulation
76 Nashville: Vanderbilt Medical Center--Freight Consolidation
79 London: Reducing Freight Impacts via Out-of-Hours Deliveries
83 Bristol (United Kingdom): Reducing Freight Impacts through
Consolidation Centers
86 New York City: Commercial Vehicle Regulation and Off-Peak Delivery
89 Buffalo: Brownfield Redevelopment for a Logistics Hub
93 Case Studies--Key Findings
95 Appendix A Additional Supply Chain Case Illustrations
106 Appendix B References and Resources
Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale
for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.
