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TCRP
Transit
cooperative
Research
Program
Synthesis 97
Sponsored by
Improving Bus Transit the Federal
Safety Through Rewards Transit Administration
and Discipline
A Synthesis of Transit Practice
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TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2012 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
SELECTION COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
Keith Parker Chair: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
VIA Metropolitan Transit Vice Chair: Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern
Corporation, Norfolk, VA
MEMBERS Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
John Bartosiewicz
McDonald Transit Associates MEMBERS
Michael Blaylock J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Jacksonville Transportation Authority William A.V. Clark, Professor of Geography and Professor of Statistics, Department of Geography,
Raul Bravo University of California, Los Angeles
Raul V. Bravo & Associates Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
Terry Garcia Crews James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas-Fort Worth International
Metro Cincinnati Airport, TX
Carolyn Flowers Paula J. C. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Charlotte Area Transit System Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort
Angela Iannuzziello Chris T. Hendrickson, Duquesne Light Professor of Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University,
Genivar Consultants Pittsburgh, PA
John Inglish Adib K. Kanafani, Professor of the Graduate School, University of California, Berkeley
Utah Transit Authority Gary P. LaGrange, President and CEO, Port of New Orleans, LA
Paul Jablonski Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island DOT, Providence
San Diego Metropolitan Transit System Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Sherry Little Joan McDonald, Commissioner, New York State DOT, Albany
Spartan Solutions LLC Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Jonathan H. McDonald Neil J. Pedersen, Consultant, Silver Spring, MD
HNTB Corporation Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
Gary W. McNeil Mandeville, LA
GO Transit Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Bradford Miller Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and CEO, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority,
Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority Atlanta, GA
Frank Otero David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
PACO Technologies Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University,
Peter Rogoff West Lafayette, IN
FTA Thomas K. Sorel, Commissioner, Minnesota DOT, St. Paul
Jeffrey Rosenberg Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute
Amalgamated Transit Union of Transportation Studies; and Acting Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
Richard Sarles Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
Michael Scanlon C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of
San Mateo County Transit District Texas, Austin
James Stem
United Transportation Union EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Gary Thomas
Dallas Area Rapid Transit Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute,
Frank Tobey Smyrna, GA
First Transit Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Matthew O. Tucker LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of
North County Transit District the Interior, Washington, DC
Phillip Washington John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads,
Denver Regional Transit District Washington, DC
Alice Wiggins-Tolbert John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and
Parsons Brinckerhoff Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
Michael P. Huerta, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS David T. Matsuda, Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Michael P. Melaniphy
Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association,
APTA
Washington, DC
Robert E. Skinner, Jr.
Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
TRB Tara O'Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland
John C. Horsley Security, Washington, DC
AASHTO Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department
Victor Mendez of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
FHWA Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration, U.S.DOT
TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Louis Sanders Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
APTA Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding
SECRETARY
General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
Christopher W. Jenks
Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District,
TRB
Diamond Bar, CA
Gregory D. Winfree, Acting Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology
Administration, U.S.DOT
*Membership as of December 2011. *Membership as of February 2012.
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Transit cooperative Research Program
TCRP Synthesis 97
Improving Bus Transit
Safety Through Rewards
and Discipline
A Synthesis of Transit Practice
Consultants
JAY GOODWILL AND AMBER REEP
Center for Urban Transportation Research
University of South Florida
and
RANDALL PINE
Pine and Associates, Inc.
S ubscriber C ategories
Administration and Management · Education and Training · Public Transportation · Safety and Human Factors
Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with
the Transit Development Corporation
Transportation Research Board
Washington, D.C.
2012
www.TRB.org
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRPSynthesis 97
The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, environ Project J-7, Topic SF-16
mental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit ISSN 1073-4880
systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of ISBN 978-0-309-22342-3
upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, Library of Congress Control Number 2011943706
and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is nec © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
essary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new
technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations
into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Pro
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
gram (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the
transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for
meet demands placed on it. obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the
The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein.
Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce
Report 213--Research for Public Transit: New Directions, pub
material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes.
lished in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be
Transit Admin istration (FTA). A report by the American Public used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit
Transportation Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or
recognized the need for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document
modeled after the longstanding and successful National Coopera for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment
tive Highway Research Program, undertakes research and other of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the
technical activities in response to the needs of transit service provid material, request permission from CRP.
ers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit research
fields including planning, service configuration, equipment, fa-
cilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and ad- NOTICE
ministrative practices. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Co-
TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. operative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research
Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research
authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Effi Council.
ciency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and
agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with
the three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academy of regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical
Sciences, acting through the Transportation Research Board panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and
overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Gov
(TRB); and the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a
erning Board of the National Research Council.
nonprofit educational and research organization established by The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those
APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the independent govern of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those
ing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selec of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or
tion (TOPS) Committee. the program sponsors.
Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodi
cally but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is
the responsibility of the TOPS Committee to formulate the re- The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National
search program by identifying the highest priority projects. As Research Council, and the sponsors of the Transit Cooperative Research
part of the evaluation, the TOPS Committee defines funding Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers'
levels and expected products. names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, ap- object of the report.
pointed by TRB. The panels prepare project statements (requests
for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance
and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for
developing research problem statements and selecting research
agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative re-
search programs since 1962. As in other TRB activ
ities, TCRP
project panels serve voluntarily without com pensation.
Because research cannot have the desired impact if products
fail to reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on
disseminating TCRP results to the intended end users of the re- Published reports of the
search: transit agencies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB
TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
provides a series of research reports, syntheses of transit practice,
and other supporting material developed by TCRP research. are available from:
APTA will arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and Transportation Research Board
other activities to ensure that results are implemented by urban Business Office
and rural transit industry practitioners. 500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can coop
eratively address common operational problems. The TCRP results and can be ordered through the Internet at
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
support and complement other ongoing transit research and train
ing programs. Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol-
ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni-
cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration
and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for
advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs
aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve-
ments of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the
services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining
to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of
Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative,
to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad-
emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences
and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the
Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively,
of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The
mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and
progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci-
plinary, and multimodal. The Board's varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and
other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of
whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation
departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transporta-
tion, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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TCRP Committee for Project J-7 Cooperative Research ProgramS Staff
Christopher W. JENKS, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Chair CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research
Dwight A. Ferrell Programs
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA GWEN CHISHOLM SMITH, Senior Program Officer
EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications
Members
Debra W. Alexander Synthesis STUDIES Staff
Capital Area Transportation Authority, Lansing,MI Stephen R. Godwin, Director for Studies and Special Programs
Donna DeMartino Jon M. Williams, Program Director, IDEA and Synthesis Studies
San Joaquin Regional Transit District, Stockton, CA JO ALLEN GAUSE, Senior Program Officer
Mark W. Fuhrmann GAIL R. STABA, Senior Program Officer
Metro Transit--Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN DONNA L. VLASAK, Senior Program Officer
Robert H. Irwin TANYA M. ZWAHLEN, Consultant
Consultant, Sooke, AB, Canada DON TIPPMAN, Senior Editor
JEANNE KRIEG CHERYL KEITH, Senior Program Assistant
Eastern Contra Costa Transit Authority, Antioch, CA DEMISHA WILLIAMS, Senior Program Assistant
PaulJ. Larrousse DEBBIE IRVIN, Program Associate
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
David A. Lee Topic Panel
Connecticut Transit, Hartford, CT ANDREW BATA, MTA, New York City Transit
Frank T. martin JAMES A. BRADFORD, JR., CT Transit
Atkins, Tallahassee, FL BEN GOMEZ, Dallas Area Rapid Transit
Bradford J. Miller PATRICK GOUGH, Orange County Transportation Authority
Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority (PSTA), St. Petersburg, FL TAWNYA MOORE-McGEE, Port Authority of Allegheny County,
Hayward M. Seymore, III Pittsburgh
Kitsap Transit, Bremerton, WA RICHARD PAIN, Transportation Research Board
FRANK TOBEY BLAKE VAUGHAN, FirstGroup America, Vancouver
First Transit, Inc., Moscow, TN ED WATT, Transport Workers Union of America, AFL-CIO
Pam Ward CAROL WRIGHT, Small Urban and Rural Transit Center, Fargo, ND
Ottumwa Transit Authority, Ottumwa, IA RYAN J. FRIGO, Federal Transit Administration (Liaison)
NICHOLE NEAL, Federal Transit Administration (Liaison)
FTA Liaison JOSEPH W. NIEGOSKI, American Public Transportation
Michael Baltes Association (Liaison)
Federal Transit Administration JOSEPH SCOTT, National Transportation Safety Board (Liaison)
lisa colbert CARYN R. SOUZA, Association for Commuter Transportation
Federal Transit Administration (Liaison)
APTA LIAISON
KEVIN DOW
American Public Transportation Association
TRB Liaison
JENNIFER ROSALES
Transportation Research Board
Cover figure: A traffic sign with the message "SAFETY FIRST." Center
for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida. Source:
iStockphoto--http://www.istockphoto.com/.
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FOREWORD Transit administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which informa
tion already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and practice.
This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full
knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its
solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked,
and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviating
the problem.
There is information on nearly every subject of concern to the transit industry. Much of
it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their
day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such useful
information and to make it available to the entire transit community, the Transit Cooperative
Research Program Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee authorized the Trans
portation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study, TCRP Project J-7,
"Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Problems," searches out and synthesizes useful
knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific
topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute a TCRP report series, Synthesis of Transit
Practice.
This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format,
without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report
in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures
found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems.
Preface This synthesis addresses the current practices and experiences of public transit agencies in
By Donna L. Vlasak applying both corrective actions and rewards to recognize, motivate, and reinforce a safety
Senior Program Officer culture within their organizations. The synthesis may be used to aid public transit agencies
Transportation and other stakeholders in deciding how to proceed in this area.
Research Board A literature review summarizes reports and documents, addressing the connection between
employee safety performance and reward programs, as well as the effectiveness of reward/
discipline initiatives in transit organizations. The survey of selected transit agencies yielded an
83% response rate, 25 of 30. Follow-up telephone interviews held across the country included
a range of small to large transit agencies, rural and urban, and multimodal systems and
addressed such issues as organizational commitment to safety, engagement of the work force,
labor partnerships, safety standards and practices, rewards and discipline, and operations and
maintenance.
Nine case studies offer additional insight on active and innovative practices and
related issues on the use of reward and discipline programs to promote and improve bus
transit safety. Case study agencies were: Dallas Area Rapid Transit (Texas); Fayetteville
Area System of Transit (North Carolina); GO Transit (Ontario, Canada); King County Metro
(Seattle, Washington); Minnesota Valley Transit Authority (Twin Cities, Minnesota); River
Cities Public Transit (Pierre, South Dakota); SouthWest Transit (Eden Prairie, Minnesota);
Utah Transit Authority (Salt Lake City, Utah); and Wind River Transportation Authority
(Riverton, Wyoming).
Jay Goodwill and Amber Reep, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of
South Florida, and Randall Pine, Pine and Associates, Inc., collected and synthesized the
information and wrote the report, under the guidance of a panel of experts in the subject area.
The members of the topic panel are acknowledged on the preceding page. This synthesis is
an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the
limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research
and practice continues, new knowledge will be added to that now at hand.
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CONTENTS
1SUMMARY
5 CHAPTER one Introduction
Overview, 5
Methodology, 5
Report Organization, 5
6 Chapter Two Literature Review
Transit Incentive Program Context, 7
Other Industries and Incentives, 7
8 Chapter Three Survey Results
Methodology, 8
Overview of Respondents, 8
The Organization and Safety, 8
Organizational Policies Related to Safety Discipline, 16
Safety Incentives and Rewards, 19
Challenges and Opportunities, 23
Summary, 25
27 Chapter Four Case Examples
Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, Texas, 27
Fayetteville Area System of Transit, Fayetteville, North Carolina, 28
GO Transit, Southern Ontario, Canada, 30
King County Metro, Seattle, Washington, 30
Minnesota Valley Transit Authority, Twin Cities Area, Minnesota, 32
River Cities Public Transit, Pierre, South Dakota, 33
SouthWest Transit, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, 33
Utah Transit Authority, Salt Lake City, Utah, 36
Wind River Transportation Authority, Riverton, Wyoming, 38
Summary, 38
41 Chapter Five Conclusions
Major Conclusions, 41
Suggestions for Future Research, 41
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43 Abbreviations And Acronyms
44References
45 Appendix A Survey Questionnaire
53 Appendix B List Of Respondents
Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to
grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org)
retains the color versions.
