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The system was reported to have been in use since the 1. Deck surface preparation,
mid-1980s. Previously, a system of asphalt overlay on a sheet
of mastic or glass fleece had been used, but it did not provide 2. Application of a primer to the concrete,
the necessary protection against the ingress of water con-
taining deicing salts. 3. Installation of the waterproofing membrane,
A 2009 scanning study reported that the use of water- 4. Installation of protection board if used,
proofing membranes on concrete decks for corrosion pro-
tection with epoxy underneath to seal cracking in the young 5. Repair of unacceptable areas resulting from mem-
concrete is standard practice throughout Europe (1). The brane thickness inadequacies, and
use of waterproofing membranes on integral and continuous
bridges is mandatory in the United Kingdom. Its engineers 6. Installation of asphaltic concrete riding surface.
were reported to be highly confident of the enhanced per-
formance that waterproofing membranes can provide and Figures 11 and 12 show various steps in the installation
do not believe that other deck protection strategies can pre- process.
clude the use of membranes. The standard deck design in
the United Kingdom consists of 8- to 10-in. thick decks with Results from the survey for this synthesis showed that
a waterproofing membrane overlaid with asphalt. European 19 of 31 agencies (31%) have specifications for the surface
practice, however, is not to use bare concrete decks or decks preparation of new concrete bridge decks prior to applica-
reinforced with epoxy-coated, stainless steel clad, or solid tion of the waterproofing membrane system, and 26 of 32
stainless steel bars. (81%) have them for existing bridge decks. These numbers
reflect that more agencies use waterproofing membranes for
The 1995, 2004, and 2009 scanning studies recom- existing bridge decks than for new bridge decks. In general,
mended that further consideration be given to implementing the specifications require that the concrete surface be free of
the use of European waterproofing membrane systems in the protrusions or rough edges, all contamination be removed,
United States (1, 13, 16 ). and the surface be cleaned of all loose material without the
use of water.
CONSTRUCTION AND INSPECTION Most specifications do not go into the means and methods
to achieve the desired concrete surface. However, the New
According to the specifications reviewed for this synthesis, Hampshire specifications for surface preparation for use with
bridge deck waterproofing generally consists of the follow- heat-welded and liquid-spray barrier membranes provide more
ing steps: details. The specifications require that the deck be shot-blasted
FIGURE 10 Bridge deck multiple-level protection system (16 ).
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
FIGURE 11 Steps in the installation of a preformed sheet membrane: (a) Application of primer to the concrete deck, (b) Laying
out the sheet membrane, (c) Heating the sheet membrane with a torch, (d) Sealing the overlap seams with a hand roller, (e)
Completed membrane, (f) Compacting the hot mix asphalt [Source : Photos courtesy of Soprema for a, b, c, and e; New York State
DOT for d and f].
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(a)
(b)
FIGURE 12 Application of a liquid membrane: (a) Hand spraying, (b) Machine spraying [Source : Photos courtesy of Stirling Lloyd
for a; New York State DOT for b].
