National Academies Press: OpenBook

Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit (2012)

Chapter: Front Matter

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14655.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14655.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14655.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14655.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14655.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14655.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/14655.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M TCRP SYNTHESIS 98 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2012 www.TRB.org Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation SubScriber categorieS Policy  •  Public Transportation Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit A Synthesis of Transit Practice conSultantS GAIL MURRAY Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates, Inc. San Francisco, California and MARK E. CHASE Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts With EUNICE KIM and MARKIE McBRAYER Tufts University Students Medford, Massachusetts

TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, environ­ mental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is nec­ essary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Pro­ gram (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near­term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report 213—Research for Public Transit: New Directions, pub­ lished in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Transit Admin istration (FTA). A report by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, problem­solving research. TCRP, modeled after the longstanding and successful National Coopera­ tive Highway Research Program, undertakes research and other technical activities in response to the needs of transit service provid­ ers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit research fields including planning, service configuration, equipment, fa­ cilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and ad­ ministrative practices. TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Effi­ ciency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academy of Sciences, acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB); and the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit educational and research organization established by APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the independent govern­ ing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selec­ tion (TOPS) Committee. Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodi­ cally but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the TOPS Committee to formulate the re­ search program by identifying the highest priority projects. As part of the evaluation, the TOPS Committee defines funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, ap­ pointed by TRB. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative re­ search programs since 1962. As in other TRB activ ities, TCRP project panels serve voluntarily without com pensation. Because research cannot have the desired impact if products fail to reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on disseminating TCRP results to the intended end users of the re­ search: transit agencies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB provides a series of research reports, syntheses of transit practice, and other supporting material developed by TCRP research. APTA will arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by urban and rural transit industry practitioners. The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can coop­ eratively address common operational problems. The TCRP results support and complement other ongoing transit research and train­ ing programs. TCRP SYNTHESIS 98 Project J­7, Topic SB­19 ISSN 1073­4880 ISBN 978­0­309­22353­9 Library of Congress Control Number 2012032132 © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not­for­profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not­for­profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Co­ operative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Gov­ erning Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Transit Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national­academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol- ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni- cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad- emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad- emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci- plinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transporta- tion, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Director, Cooperative Research Programs CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs GWEN CHISHOLM SMITH, Senior Program Officer EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications SYNTHESIS STuDIES STAFF STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and Special Programs JON M. WILLIAMS, Program Director, IDEA and Synthesis Studies JO ALLEN GAUSE, Senior Program Officer GAIL R. STABA, Senior Program Officer DONNA L. VLASAK, Senior Program Officer TANYA M. ZWAHLEN, Consultant DON TIPPMAN, Editor CHERYL KEITH, Senior Program Assistant DEMISHA WILLIAMS, Senior Program Assistant DEBBIE IRVIN, Program Associate TOPIC PANEl A. JEFF BECKER, Regional Transportation District–Denver, CO OLAF KINARD, Charlotte Area Transit System (CATS), NC MARTINE A. MICOZZI, Transportation Research Board BRADFORD J. MILLER, Des Moines Area Regional Transit Agency, IA SUSAN SHAHEEN, University of California at Berkeley CHARLES STEIGERWALD, Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission (PRTC), Woodbridge, VA PARK WOODWORTH, King County (WA) Metro Transit, Bainbridge Island BYRON YORK, 2Plus, Inc., Cary, NC ANN CIHON, Federal Transit Administration (Liaison) CARYN R. SOUZA, Association for Commuter Transportation (Liaison) TCRP COMMITTEE FOR PROJECT J-7 CHAIR DWIGHT A. FERRELL Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA MEMBERS DEBRA W. ALExANDER Capital Area Transportation Authority, Lansing, MI DONNA DeMARTINO San Joaquin Regional Transit District, Stockton, CA MARK W. FUHRMANN Metro Transit—Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN ROBERT H. IRWIN Consultant, Sooke, BC, Canada JEANNE KRIEG Eastern Contra Costa Transit Authority, Antioch, CA PAUL J. LARROUSSE Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ DAVID A. LEE Connecticut Transit, Hartford, CT FRANK T. MARTIN Atkins, Tallahassee, FL BRADFORD J. MILLER Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority (PSTA), St. Petersburg, FL HAYWARD M. SEYMORE, III Kitsap Transit, Bremerton, WA FRANK TOBEY First Transit, Inc., Moscow, TN PAM WARD Ottumwa Transit Authority, Ottumwa, IA FTA lIAISON MICHAEL BALTES Federal Transit Administration LISA COLBERT Federal Transit Administration APTA lIAISON KEVIN DOW American Public Transportation Association TRB lIAISON JENNIFER A. ROSALES Transportation Research Board Cover figure: Courtesy: Metropolitan Transportation Commission Website.

Transit administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which infor­ mation already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and prac­ tice. This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviat­ ing the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to the transit industry. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day­to­day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such use­ ful information and to make it available to the entire transit community, the Transit Coop­ erative Research Program Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study, TCRP Project J­7, “Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Problems,” searches out and syn­ thesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute a TCRP report series, Synthesis of Transit Practice. This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. FOREWORD The purpose of the synthesis was to report the state of the practice, as well as to aid transit agencies and other entities in deciding how to enhance ridesharing and public transit. Key results show that closing gaps and penetrating difficult to serve areas are the top reasons that transit agencies integrate ridesharing into public transit; however, the agencies involved in this effort remain modest in number. A review of the relevant literature was conducted for this effort. Although much has been written about ridesharing, only a few documents appear to discuss the public transit and ridesharing linkage. As of July 2010, there were approximately 384 ridematching programs in the United States, but only 32 operated by public transit agencies. A selected survey of public transit agencies of varying sizes and serving different areas, such as regions, single counties, and entire states, as well as non­transit agencies linking ridesharing and public transit, yielded an 84% response rate (41 of 49). Brief agency pro­ files, achieved through interviews, highlight successful or innovative approaches offered at ten transit providers: Pace in Illinois; King County Metro, the state of Washington legisla­ ture, and the Washington State Department of Transportation and Avego Corporation pilot program in Washington State; Des Moines Area Rapid Transit in Iowa; Kings County Area Public Transit Agency, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, and Bay Area Rapid Transit in California; Space Coast Area Transit in Florida; and Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission in Virginia. Gail Murray and Mark E. Chase, Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates, Inc., collected and synthesized the information and wrote the report, under the guidance of a panel of experts in the subject area. The members of the topic panel are acknowledged on the pre­ ceding page. This synthesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research and practice continues, new knowledge will be added to that now at hand. PREFACE By Donna L. Vlasak Senior Program Officer Transportation Research Board

CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY 5 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Overview, 5 Methodology, 5 Literature Review, 5 Survey, 5 Agency Profiles, 6 Organization of the Report, 6 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction, 7 Public Transit Agencies with Ridesharing Programs, 7 Transit­Operated Vanpool Programs, 7 Ridesharing Programs and Incentives, 8 Casual Carpooling, 8 Dynamic Ridesharing, 9 Economic Considerations of Ridesharing within Public Transit Agencies, 9 Conclusion, 10 11 CHAPTER THREE SURVEY RESULTS: RIDESHARING WITHIN PUBLIC TRANSIT AGENCIES Ridesharing Services Offered by Transit Agencies, 11 Profile: King County Metro Transit in Seattle Integrates Ridesharing into Agency, 11 Profile: Kings County Area Public Transit Agency Vanpools Serve Farmworkers, 14 Profile: Pace Covers the “Last Mile” with Metra Feeders, 15 Ridesharing in the Planning Process, 15 Funding of Ridesharing, 16 Performance Measures of Ridesharing Success, 16 Cost­Benefit Comparison of Ridesharing and Transit Services, 17 Profile: Des Moines Area Regional Transit Agency (DART) Captures Vanpool Miles to Maximize Revenue, 17 Coordination with Regional Entities, 18 Challenges, 18 19 CHAPTER FOUR SURVEY RESULTS: RIDESHARING WITHIN NON­TRANSIT AGENCIES Motivating Factors, 19 Ridesharing Services Offered, 19 Profile: Metropolitan Transportation Commission Leverages Ridesharing and Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area, 19 Incentives, 20 Coordination and Integration with Transit Agencies, 22

Profile: Washington State Leads Nation in Vanpooling, 22 Performance Measures of Ridesharing Success, 23 Challenges, 23 25 CHAPTER FIVE SURVEY RESULTS: MARKETING AND TECHNOLOGY Marketing Strategies Integrating Ridesharing and Transit, 25 Profile: Vanpoolers Get Deals on Transit Rides at DART, Pace, and King County Metro, 25 Incorporating Customers’ Perspectives, 25 Technology and Social Media, 27 Profile: SCAT and DART Communicate through Social Media, 28 Dynamic Ridesharing, 29 Profile: Dynamic Ridesharing Coming to Seattle, 29 31 CHAPTER SIx SURVEY RESULTS: PUBLIC TRANSIT AGENCIES AND CASUAL CARPOOLING Profile: BART and Cities Manage Casual Carpooling, 31 Profile: PRTC Supports Casual Carpooling, 32 33 CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSIONS Reasons for Public Transit and Ridesharing to Work Together, 33 Technology, 33 Challenges, 33 Opportunities, 34 Conclusion, 35 36 REFERENCES 38 APPENDIx A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE AND RESULTS 57 APPENDIx B PROFILES OF PARTICIPATING TRANSIT AND NON­TRANSIT AGENCIES 60 APPENDIx C TRANSIT MODES OPERATED BY RESPONDENTS 61 APPENDIx D RIDESHARING PLACEMENT WITHIN AGENCIES Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb. org) retains the color versions.

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TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 98: Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit explores current practices in using ridesharing to complement public transit and highlights ways to potentially enhance ridesharing and public transit.

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