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NCHRP COMMITTEE FOR PROJECT 20-05 COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF
CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Director, Cooperative
CHAIR Research Programs
CATHERINE NELSON CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Deputy Director, Cooperative
Oregon DOT Research Programs
NANDA SRINIVASAN, Senior Program Officer
MEMBERS EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications
KATHLEEN S. AMES
Maker Baker Jr., Inc.
SYNTHESIS STUDIES STAFF
STUART D. ANDERSON STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and
Texas A&M University Special Programs
CYNTHIA J. BURBANK JON M. WILLIAMS, Program Director, IDEA and
PB Americas, Inc. Synthesis Studies
BRIAN A. BLANCHARD JO ALLEN GAUSE, Senior Program Officer
Florida DOT GAIL R. STABA, Senior Program Officer
LISA FREESE DONNA L. VLASAK, Senior Program Officer
Scott County (MN) Public Works Division TANYA M. ZWAHLEN, Consultant
MALCOLM T. KERLEY DON TIPPMAN, Senior Editor
Virginia DOT CHERYL KEITH, Senior Program Assistant
RICHARD D. LAND DEMISHA WILLIAMS, Senior Program Assistant
California DOT DEBBIE IRVIN, Program Associate
JOHN M. MASON, JR.
Auburn University
TOPIC PANEL
ROGER C. OLSON
Minnesota DOT ABBAS ABGHARI, California Department of Transportation
THOMAS COOLING, URS Corporation, St. Louis, MO
ROBERT L. SACK
TIMOTHY E. HUFF, Tennessee Department of Transportation
New York State DOT
G.P. JAYAPRAKASH, Transportation Research Board
FRANCINE SHAW-WHITSON
STEVEN L. KRAMER, University of Washington
Federal Highway Administration
NICOLAS LUCO, US Geological Survey, Golden, CO
LARRY VELASQUEZ
ELMER MARX, Alaska DOT and Public Facilities, Juneau
JAVEL Engineering, LLC.
JAMES STRUTHERS, Washington State Department of
Transportation
FHWA LIAISONS JUSTICE J.G. MASWOSWE, Federal Highway Administration,
JACK JERNIGAN Baltimore, Maryland (Liaison)
MARY LYNN TISCHER PHILIP YEN, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison)
TRB LIAISON
STEPHEN F. MAHER
Cover figure: Damage to the Nimitz Freeway following the 1989
Loma Prieta earthquake (courtesy of: Dr. Neven Matasovic).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Mr. Byungmin Kim, graduate student
at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, and Mr. Spencer
Marcinek, Staff Engineer with Geosyntec Consultants, for their assis-
tance during development drafts of this study. The authors would also
like to thank Dr. Edward Kavazanjian, Jr., of Arizona State University
and Dr. Sharid Amiri of Caltrans for their continuous support of this
work and to Dr. Rodolfo Sancio of Geosyntec Consultants who peer-
reviewed several drafts of this study.