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Scaling Up: A Research Agenda
Fc~/~" ~'neer~n"
Computer Science and Technology Board
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1989
OCR for page R2
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Aeademy of Scienees, the
National Aeademy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible
for the report were chosen for their special eompetences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed lay a group other than the authors according to procedures approved
by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Aeademy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Aeademy of Scienees is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished
scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress
in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and
technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Aeademy of Scienees.
Ike National Aeademy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Seienees, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Aeademy of Scienees the
responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineenng also sponsom
engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes
the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of
_ . .
ng~neenng.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Aeademy of Sciences to secure
the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining
to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of
Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative,
to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Seienoes in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Aeademy,
the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the
National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific
and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of
Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the
National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided by the following organizations and agencies: Control Data
Corporation, Cray Research, Inc., the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Grant No. N00014-87-
J-1110), Digital Equipment Corporation, the Department of Energy (Contract No. DE-FG05-87ER25029),
Hewlett Packard, IBM Corporation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant No. CDA-
860535), the National Science Foundation (Grant No. CDA-860535), and the Office of-Naval Research
(Grant No. N00014-87-J-1110~.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 89-63272
International Standard Book Number 0-309-04131-7
Available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20418
S039
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, October 1989
Second Pnnting, June 1990
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COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD
JOSEPH F. TRAUB, Columbia University, Chairman
JOHN SEELY BROWN, Xerox Corporation
MICHAEL L. DERTOUZOS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
SAMUEL H. FULLER, Digital Equipment Corporation
JAMES FIREMAN GILBERT, University of California at San Diego
WILLIAM ~ GODDARD III, California Institute of Technology
JOHN E. HOPCROFT, Cornell University
ROBERT E. KAHN, Corporation for National Research Initiatives
SIDNEY KARIN, General Atomics
LEONARD KLEINROCK, University of California at Los Angeles
DAVID J. KUCK, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ROBERT LANGRIDGE, University of California at San Francisco
ROBERT W. LUCKY, AT&T Bell Laboratories
RAJ RED DY, Carnegie Mellon University
MARY SHAW, Carnegie Mellon University
WILLIAM J. SPENCER, Xerox Corporation
IVAN E. SUTHERLAND, Sutherland, Sproull & Associates
VICI OR VYSSOTSKY, Digital Equipment Corporation
SHMUEL WINOGRAD, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
IRVING WLADAWSKY-BERGER, IBM Corporation
MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Staff Director
DAMIAN M. SACCOCIO, Staff Officer
MARGARET ~ KNEMEYER, Staff Associate
C. K GUNSALUS, Staff Consultant
DONNA F. ALLEN, Administrative Secretary
CATHERINE ~ SPARKS, Secretary
111
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COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND RESOURCES
NORMAN HACKERMAN, Robert ~ Welch Foundation, Chairman
ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
B. CLARK BURCHFIEL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
GEORGE F. CARRIER, Harvard University
RALPH J. CICERONE, National Center for Atmospheric Research
HERBERT D. DOAN, The Dow Chemical Company (retired)
PETER S. EAGLESON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DEAN E. EASTMAN, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
MARYE ANNE FOX, University of Texas
GERHART FRIEDLANDER, Brookhaven National Laboratory
LAWRENCE W. FUNKHOUSER, Chevron Corporation (retired)
PHILLIP A. GRIFFITHS, Duke University
NEAL F. LANE, Rice University
CHRISTOPHER F. McKEE, University of California at Berkeley
RICHARD S. NICHOLSON, American Association for the Advancement of Science
JACK E. OLIVER, Cornell University
JEREMIAH P. OSTRIKER, Princeton University Observatory
PHILIP ~ PALMER, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
FRANK L. PARKER, Vanderbilt University
DENIS J. PRAGER, MacArthur Foundation
DAVID M. RAUP, University of Colorado
ROY F. SCHWI'l'l'~RS, Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory
LARRY L. SMARR, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
KARL K TUREKIAN, Yale University
MYRON F. UMAN, Acting Executive Director
ROBERT M. SIMON, Acting Associate Executive Director
1V
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Preface
How to produce software of sufficient quality and in sufficient quantity to meet
national needs is a problem that has been festering for some time and is getting worse.
Of particular concern is the need to facilitate the development of software for large and
complex systems, on which the world is becoming critically dependent. This problem
has concerned the National Research Council's Computer Science and Technology Board
(CSTB) since its inception in 1986.
On February 13-15, 1989, in Austin, Texas, the CSTB sponsored a two-and-one-
half-day workshop on complex software systems research needs. A diverse group of
software engineers, representing a range of industry perspectives and the academic
community, participated (Appendix A). The workshop was chaired by Victor Vyssotsky
of Digital Equipment Corporation, and the steering committee included Laszlo Belady of
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC), Mary Shaw of Carnegie
Mellon University, and Shmuel Winograd of IBM Corporation's T. J. Watson Research
Center.
The CSTB workshop took as a starting point the notion that large and growing
opportunity costs are resulting from the inability to produce sophisticated, reliable soft-
ware in a timely manner. Its objective was to identify directions for software engineering
research and potential mechanisms to improve the way software engineering research
builds from and contributes to practice in the field. Consequently, workshop discussions
focused on characterizing impediments perceived by software engineers, promising re-
search directions, and options for improving the interplay between software engineering
research and practice.
This report summarizes the deliberations of workshop participants, focusing on
directions for research. Included in Appendix B are brief position statements contributed
by individual participants. The report is aimed at leaders in the academic and corporate
research community who should be concerned about large-system software engineering.
It is also directed to government funders of software engineering research, who control
key levers of change.
Joseph F. Itaub, Chairman
Computer Science and Technology Board
v
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. .
2
PERSPECTIVE
3 ENGINEERING PRACTICE .
4 RESEARCH MODES .........
5 CONCLUSIONS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIXES
A WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
B POSITION STATEMENTS .....
-
. .
V11
7
........ 15
..19
.23
....25
........ 31
32
. . . . . .
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