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OCR for page 47
NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURES
2-13
OCR for page 48
National R&D: Performers
During the l960s, academic institutions increased their share of total national R&D
expenditures, from 5 percent~to 10 percent, where it has remained. By 198S, total U.S. R&D
expenditures had risen to over $125 billion.
Flqure 2-11: U.S. R&D Expenditures
by Performer
Sl988 Billions
140
120
100 _
80 _
an
40
on
1 959
1 965
1971
1 977
~1 Acodemk ~ Industry
=1 Federal Hi Ot~r
140
120
nn
~` _ ~. _
Am' ~ rTTTT]
n: ..~...
~XX`' ~ I rTT~T'
~` r =
N ~ T
(X\' : 1 rate ,
- N ~ ~ bit ' on
.~: I rem''' ; ~ v
1983
An
~0
20
l9Rq
1 00%
BO%
60%
407.
Figure 2~12: Distrlbutlon of U.S. R&D
Expenditures by Performer
Percent
~ ~ 00%
On 1 Per men ~ I id 80S:
0%
1953 1 959
1965 1971 1977
=3 Endemic EE' Industry
~ F - bral 1=l Other
60%
2nx
~ 0x
19831 989
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988
constant dollars to reflect real long-tenn growth trends.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: R&D expenditures include current-fund cx - nditures for all research and development activities that
are separated budgeted and accounted for. Academm sector consists of public and private institutions of higher education
including 185 doctoral, 1,224 comprehensive, and 1,3~ 2-year institutions; federals funded research and development centers
(FIXDCs) administered by universities are reported under the Other category. Industry sector consists of both manufacturing
and non-manufactunng companies; FF~DCs administered lay industry are reported within this category. Federal sector consists
of all agencies of the federal government. Other sector consists of public and private non-profit organizations that are involved
in performing R&D, including fr~DCs administered by non-profit organizations.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data sources: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Federal Funds for
Research and Development; Survey of Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Non-profit Organizations; Survey of
Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges; Survey of Industrial Research and Development.
2-14
OCR for page 49
National R&D: Sources of Funding
Since the mid-1960s, the federal share of support for total national R&D expenditures has
declined, from 65 percent in 1968 to less than half in 1988. During the same period, industry's
share has grown, from 30 percent in 1968 to nearly 50 percent in 1988.
Figure 2~13: U.S. R&D Expenditures
by Source of Funds
1 1 QRR RTllions
140 ( ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~
.
120 _
100 _
80 _
;120
C: ; :
_ ~ , _
_ _ ; _
~ ~ ~ _
_ . , .
_ . . .
^ - : : : ! 100
~ iF TrTI r: ~ _ _ _ _
TUT C : : :
. Hi! ~ E .
or : TTTT C ;
~ ~ I ~ :~ T I I . _
~ ~ ~ ~ C : :
FT 1 _ III I ~ : _
: T : ~ : : _A
; ~ _ ~ I I ~ ; ; EMU
40
20
Figure 2~14: Dlstributlon of U.S. R&D
Expenditures by Source of Funds
140 10070
6070
an
~ 40
407;~
~ ~ ~+ ~ ~ r ~ ~ r - - ~ r
0 0 o%
1953 1959 1965 1971 1977 19831989 1953 1959 t 965 1971 1977 1983
lo Federal E8l Industry
633 Academic/State ~ Other
~ 20
20~:
~ Federal ~ Industry
E=] Academic/Sta1e Al Other
1 00%
80%
60X
;40x
~ 207.
0X
1 989
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988
constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Research is the systematic study directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding (basic and
applied) of the subject studied; development is systematic use of the knowledge or understanding gained from research,
directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including design and development of
prototypes and processes. R&D expenditures include current-fund expenditures for all research and development activities that
are separately budgeted and accounted for. Federal sector consists of all agencies of the federal government. Industry sector
consists of both manufacturing and non-manufacturing companies; industry funding of industrial research includes all funds (e.g.
state and local) other than those received from the federal government. AcademiclState funding of research and development
includes general educational funds, from any source, that academic institutions have been free to allocate for separately
budgeted research; and state and local government funds separately budgeted for academic R&D. Other sector consists of
institutions that are primarily granting in nature, such as private philanthropic foundations and voluntary health agencies.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data sources: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Federal Funds for
Research and Development; Survey of Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Non-profit Organizations; Survey of
Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges; SUIV9Y of Industrial Research and Development.
2-15
OCR for page 50
National Research: Performers
For the past two decades, academic institutions have maintained a 25-percent share of total
national research (basic and applied) expenditures. By 1988, total research expenditures had risen
to S46 billion.
Figure 2~15: U.S. Research Expenditures
by Performer
50
40
30 ~
20 _
10
rat - r ~
4 30
~ ~ ~ I ~
1 rare
1 N .
I . .
. I . . ~ .
: rTr' ;
al 1 1 .
. rota :
. I~ ~ ~
. rent :
. ~ :
; ~ l
C~S ~ ~, ~ 1 1 1
~ ! ~ ~: 20
1953 1959 1965 1971 1977 1983
~3 Acodemic ED Industry ~1 Federol l~ Other
Figure 2-16: Distrlbutlon of U.S. Research
Expenditures by Performer
S1988 Billions
so 1 007
40 R07^
40~;
_ _ _ ,,,,,,, _,,
;zu7. hilill~ll~lillI~///
I ~ ~
Percent
100%
~3
80~
j 60%
; 40%
20%
o% I- ~ rid it- I it-- r-~ r -- -- r -Jo%
1953 1959 1965 1971 1977 1983 1989
Acooemic ~ Industry
=l Federal 1= other
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988
constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Research is a systematic study directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding (basic and
applied) of the subject studied. Research expenditures include current-fund expenditures for all research activities that are
separately budgeted and accounted for. Acaderruc sector consists of public and private institutions of higher education, induding
185 doctoral, 1,224 comprehensive, and 1,388 2-year institutions; (federally funded research and development centers
(FFRDCs) administered by universities are reported under the Other category). Industry sector consists of both manufacturing
and non-manufacturing companies; FFRDCs administered by industry are reported within this category. Federal sector consists
of all agencies of the federal government. Other sector consists of public and private non-profit organizations that are involved
in performing R&D, including F^DCs administered try non-profit organizations.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data sources: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Federal Funds for
Research and Development; Survey of Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Non-profit Organizations; Survey of
Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges; Survey of Industrial Research and Development.
2-16
OCR for page 51
National Research: Sources of Funding
Since the mid-1960s, the federal share of support for total national research (basic and
applied) expenditures has declined from 62 percent in 1968 to 52 percent in 1988, while industry's
share has grown from 33 percent in 1968 to 38 percent in 1988.
Flqure 2~17: U.S. Research Expenditures
by Source of Funds
~ 1988 Billions
50
40
30
o
19531959 1965
1971 1977
Federal ~ Industry
cademtc/Sta1e 1= O~.r
1983 1 989
50
40 80%
30 60%
20 407:
1 0 20%
Flqure 2~18: Dlatrlb~nlon of U.S. Research
Expenditures by Source of Funds
Percent
07.
19531959 1965
1971 1977
f - owl 1~ Insane
Aca~mic/Sta ~ Other
, 100%
80%
. 60X
f40%
20%
_
0%
1983 1989
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988
constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Research is the systematic study directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding (basic and
applied) of the subject studied. Research expenditures include current-fund expenditures for all research activities that are
separately budgeted and accounted for. Federal sector consists of all agencies of the federal government. Industry sector consists
of both manufacturing and non-manufacturing companies; industry funding of industrial research includes all funds (e.g. state
and local) other than those received from the federal government. AcademiclState funding of research and development
includes general educational funds, from any source, that academic institutions have been free to allocate for separated
budgeted research; and state and local government funds separated budgeted for R&D. Other sector consists of institutions
that are primarily granting in nature, such as private philanthropic foundations and voluntary health agencies.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Polipy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data sources: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Federal Funds for
Research and Development; Sun ey of Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Non-proSt Organizations; Survey of
Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges; Sunday of Industrial Research and Development.
2-17
OCR for page 52
National Basic Research: Performers
Academic institutions have assumed a prominent role in the conduct of the nation's basic
research, increasing their over-all share of basic research expenditures from 25 percent in 1953 to
50 percent by the early-1970s; after declining to 45-percent share in the late 1970s, academic
institutions resumed 50-percent share by the late l980s. By 198S, total U.S. basic research
expenditures had risen to over $18 billion.
Flgure 2~19: U.S. Baslc Research
Expenditures by Performer
20
15 ~
1953
S 1988 Billions
j15
I\ n
1965
1971
1977
1 983
20 1 00%
Flgure 2-20: Dlstrlbutlon of U.S. Baslc
Research Expenditures by Performer
Percent
. Inns
Ron ~
~1;~
40%
~ .- . ~ .
A'' ~
~:
_ _
20%:
0%
~ 0 1 953 1 959
1989
1965 1971 1977
=1 Acodemic ED Industry
t=1 Acodemic t3 Industry =1 Federol ~ Other ED federal ~ Other
60~
4070
ant
:_-
0x
1 983 1 989
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988
constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Basic research is a systematic study where the primary aim of the investigator is directed toward
fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, rather than a practical or commercial application thereof.
Research expenditures include current-fund expenditures for all research activities that are separated budgeted and accounted
for. Acadenuc sector consists of public and private institutions of higher education, including 185 doctoral, 1,224 comprehensive,
and 1~388 2-year institutions; federally funded research and development centers (~KDCs) administered by universities are
reported under the Other category. Industry sector consists of both manufacturing and non-manufacturing companies; PP~DCS
administered by industry are reported in this category. Federal sector consists of all agencies of the federal government. Other
sector consists of public and private non-profit organizations that are involved in performing R&D, including FF~DCs
administered by non-profit organizations.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data sources: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Federal Funds for
Research and Development; Survey of Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Non-profit Organizations; Survey of
universes aC8~155ige~ [;6t4te~ed~n~nF~f~'di~nl~ei0~`o.~leces: Survev of Industrial Research and mvelonment.
2-18
~~sc~e-nt-inc~ and~~-ng-~neer~ng t;xpena~tures at
OCR for page 53
National Basic Research: Sources of Funding
The federal share of support for basic research grew from 55 percent in 1958 to 70 percent in
the 1960s and 1970s; declining to 64 percent by 1988. The industrial support share declined during
the 1960s, from 33 percent in 1958 to 15 percent in 1978; rising to 20 percent by 1988. The share
contributed together by academic institutions and state and local governments has increased from
2 percent in 1953 to over 12 percent in 1988.
Figure 2~21: U.S. Basic Research
Expenditures by Source of Funds
S 1 Y88 Billions
15
C_ _ _
_ _ _
_ . _ _
_ . _ _
. . _
_ _ _
. _
. ~ ~
{10
~ 5
1983 1989
1971 1977
EE]I Industry
tHher
20 1 non
Figure 2~22: Distribution of U.S. Basic Research
Expenditures by Source of Funds
Percent
O~ ~ · · · · · · · r ~-
TO ~>
4n7. \
._. ~
207
0%
1953 1959 1965
E~3 Federal ED Indust~
Al Academic/510tc if Other
Inn 1 002:
8070
60%
3407.
20%
OK
1971 1977 19831989
tin the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988
it real long-term growth trends.
IIS: Basic research is a systematic study where the primary aim of the investigator is directed toward
lerstanding of the subject under study, rather than a practical or commercial application thereof
nclude current fund expenditures for all research activities that are separated budgeted and accounted
ists of all agencies of the federal government. Industry sector consists of both manufacturing and non-
~s. Industry funding of industrial research includes all funds (e.g. state and local) other than those
al government. Acadenuc/State sector consists of all institutions of higher education, both public and
ng of research and development includes state and local government funds separately budgeted for
ational funds, from any source, that the institutions have been free to allocate for separately budgeted
ins that are primarily granting in nature, such as private philanthropic foundations and
Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
rated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Inundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Federal Funds for
deral Support to Universities, Colleges, and Non-profit Organizations; Survey of
Universities and Colleges; Survey of Industrial Research and Development.
2-19
20
15
10
O.
1953 1959 1965
Federal
A cc de m ic /Stat.
NOTE: Data series wit
constant dollars to refit
DEFINITION OF TERI
fuller knowledge or un
Research expenditures
for. Federal sector con.
manufacturing compan
received from the fede
private. Academic fund
R&D; and general edL
research. Other sector consists of institution
voluntary health agencies.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation,
within this database are estimates, incorp
Primary data sources: National Science F
Research and Development; Survey of Ft
Scientific and Engineering Expenditures a
OCR for page 54
Representative terms from entire chapter:
primary data
