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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page 79
ACADEMIC PERSONNEL
245
OCR for page 80
Total Academic Faculty
With rapid increases in student enrollments during the 1960s and 1970s, the total number of
academic faculty increased from 270,000 in 1958 to a peak of 750,000 in 1983, then declined to
720~000 by 1988. For the past three decades, the distribution of faculty among types of
institutions has remained nearly constant, with 35 percent in doctoral institutions, 40 percent
in comprehensive institutions, and 25 percent in 2-year institutions.
Figure 2-64: Academic Faculty
by Institution Type
Boo
600
400
Thousands
800 1 00
600
400
200
O ~!~ ~ ://////////////~:0
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1'
i=3 Doctoral ~ Comprehensive
1~3 Two-Year
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not Overlapped; top line represents total.
Flours 2-65: Dlstrlbutlon of Academic
Faculty by Instit~dlon Type
Perceni
and
~ 1007.
]80x
60%
40x
~ Ant.
; iD/D/~////////////////////~ ;
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
1= Doctoral HI Comprehensive
=3 Two-Year
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Faculty include all instructional members of the instruction or research staff whose major regular
assignment is instruction, including those with release time for research. Doctoral institutions are higher education institutions
that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two
decades; they include 116 public and 69 private institutions. Comprehensive institutions are those that grant at least half of their
degrees for courses of study that normally require 4 or more years to complete; they include 370 public and 854 private
institutions. Two-year institutions award primarily 2-year associate or technician degrees; they include 902 public and 486 private
institutions.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Polipy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: American Council on Education; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics;
National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges.
246
OCR for page 81
Academic Scientists and Engineers
Scientists and engineers employed by universities and colleges in faculty and non-faculty
positions have increased steadily from 120,000 in 1958 to 330,000 in 1988 (full-time equivalent).
For the past three decades, doctoral institutions have consistently employed 60 percent of all
academic scientists and engineers.
Figure 2-66: Academic Scientists
and Engineers (FTE) by
Institutlon Type and Governance
loo r
350
300
250
200
150L
4 ^^ ~,,,, ~
~ V V I I I I I ~. L
__ ~
O ~
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
1~3 Doctoral 3 Other
Thousands
400
3sO
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
Figure 2~67: Dlatrib~dion of Academic
Sclentists and Engineers (FTE) by
Institutlon Type and Governance
~ ooz
Red
607.
40%
2 %~///////////////////////~/K/~ 0'
1958 1~163 lS'ff8 1973 1978 1983 1988
Bn~
60
!40%
=3 Doctoral ~ Other
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Scientists and engineers (F-lE) include all professional employees~faculty and non-faculty personnel
and post-doctorates~employed full-time by higher education institutions, plus a full-time equivalent for part-time employees,
within the broad fields of physical sciences, engineering, environmental sciences, life and health sciences, mathematics and
computer sciences, and social and behavioral sciences. Doctoral institutions are higher education institutions that have granted
an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades; they include
116 public and 69 private institutions. Other institutions include 1,124 comprehensive institutions that grant at least half of their
degrees for courses of study that normally require 4 or more years to complete, and 1,3~ 2-year institutions that primarily
award 2-year associate or technician degrees.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Polipy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primal data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering
Personnel Employed at Universities and Colleges.
247
OCR for page 82
Doctoral Institution Faculty
Doctoral institutions employed 255,000 faculty members in 1988, roughly stable since the mid-
1970s. Over the past three decades, the public doctoral institution share of faculty members has
slowly increased from 70 percent in 1958 to over 75 percent in 1988.
Flours 2~68: Doctoral Institution Faculty
by Institution Governance
Thousands
300
my. ~ _
250
200 _
150
C_ _ T T . I I I I I 1~'~ ~ ~ .
50 : Tr ~ ' . ~ ' , . . . ' . . : : ~ c ;z~'
. ~ ~ . .' .i, . ~ 7 ~ , ~ ~ ~
O CAL
1 9S8 1963 1968 1973 1978
~ Priva1e ~' Public
300
C,~1~'rrr l ~ 250
hi I rI 11 T~ ~
~..... .
1 r, ~ .
12 Rae r ~ l e ~ ~ .
T I ~ ~ .........
1 .... - ........
I ., .., ..,, ., .. :
T I~TITI~
~! ~ !
T 11 i I · · · · · · · · · ~ · · _
1 ... 1
200
150
.00
so
-2 ;-
1 983 1 988
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
Figure 2~69: Dlstrlb~dlon of Doctoral
Institution Faculty
by Institution Governance
R0~
and
40%
20~:
. 1007.
807.
60~:
`07.
20
Cal r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v ~ ~ ~ ~ I, ~ ~ ~¢ ~
9S8 ~ 963 ~ 968 ~ 973 ~ 978 ~ 983 ~ 988
=3 Private HI Public
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Faculty include all instructional members of the instruction or research staff whose major regular
assignment is instruction, including those with release time for research. Private doctoral institutions are institutions that have
granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades, and
are under the control offer affiliated with--non-profit, independent organizations with or without religious affiliation; they
include 69 institutions. Public doctoral institutions are institutions that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees
per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades, and are under the control of-or affiliated with--
federal, state, local, state and local, or state-related agencies; they include 116 institutions.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Polipy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-time Instructional Faculty; American Council on
Education; National Association of Universities and Land Grant Colleges.
2~8
OCR for page 83
Doctoral Institution Faculty: Per Student and Degree
In the late 1970s, the student-to-faculty ratio within doctoral institutions returned to 1950s
levels, where it remained stable throughout the l980s. During the 1950s, the growth rate in
student enrollments exceeded the growth rate in numbers of faculty, raising the over-all student-
to-faculty ratio. While enrollment growth slowed in the early 1970s, doctoral institutions, as a
whole, continued to employ additional faculty. By 197S, the student-to-faculty ratio returned to
the 1958 level. The ratio of total degrees awarded per faculty member followed a similar pattern
and has remained stable for the past decade.
Figure 2~70: Student-to-Faculty Ratio
in Doctoral Institutions
20
10
, _
5
o
Figure 2~71: Degrees Awarded-per-Faculty
Ratio In Doctoral Institutions
WN/\
Students/Faculty ldember
, 20 10
10
Degr~s/Feculty Member
8
6t
4
or
\~N
10
8
6
_ 4
) '''1''''1''''1''''1''''1'''' o O ''''1''''1''''1 °
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1 9B8
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Smdent-t - Facula Ratio is derived for each year by dividing total number of students (F-l ~) by total
number of faculty. Degrees Awarded-per-Facul~ Ratio is derived for each year by dividing the total number of degrees awarded
by doctoral institutions by the total number of faculty. Students (~-lt;) include all full-time students plus a full-time equivalent
of part-time students as reported by doctoral institutions. Degrees include all degrees awarded by doctoral institutions in all
academic disciplines, both undergraduate and graduate. Faculty include all instructional members of the instruction or research
staff of doctoral institutions whose major regular assignment is instruction, including those with release time for research.
Doctoral institutions are higher education institutions that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in
the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades; they include 116 public and 69 private institutions.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this data base are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education; Degrees and Other Formal Awards
Conferred, Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-time Instructional Faculty; American Council on Education; National
Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges.
2~9
OCR for page 84
Doctoral Institution Scientists and Engineers
The number of scientists and engineers (FTE) employed by doctoral institutions, in both
faculty and non-faculty positions, has increased steadily from 66,000 in 1958 to nearly 200,000 in
1988. For the past two decades, public doctoral institutions have employed nearly 70 percent of
all doctoral institution scientists and engineers.
Figure 2~72: Scientists and Engineers (FTE}
In Doctoral Institutions by
Institution Governance
Thousands
250 ~ ~ ~ ~ -~ -~ ~ -~
200
150 1
100
_ ~ .................................
Ott
;m
~ ~/.//~/~///,~/~//,//~/~
.
1 9S8 1963 1968 1973 1978
l~3 Private ~ Public
1983 1988
250 1 ones
200 80X
60%
100
50 20
0 07e
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
Figure 2~73: Distrlb~nlon of Sclentists and
Engineers (FTE) In Doctoral Instit~dlons
by Institution Governance
958 ~ 963 ~ 968 ~ 973
1~3 Private ~ Public
~ 00
80X
60%
Ins
^ one
J~
o%
1 978 1 983 1 988
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Scientists and engineers include all professional emplc~yees--faculty, non-faculty, and post-doctorate
personnel~empl~yed by higher education institutions (plus a full-time equivalent for part-time employees), within the broad
fields of physical sciences, engineering, environmental sciences, life and health sciences, mathematics and computer sciences, and
social and behavioral sciences. Pavane doctoral institutions are institutions that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D.
degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades, and are under the control offer affiliated
with--non-profit, independent organizations with or without religious affiliation; they include 69 institutions. Public doctoral
institutions are institutions that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or
engineering over the past two decades, and are under the control of--or affiliated with--federal, state, local, state and local, or
state-related agencies; they include 116 institutions.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering
Personnel Employed at Universities and Colleges.
2-50
OCR for page 85
Doctoral Institution Research Personnel
The number of investigators (FTE)--faculty and non-faculty--has increased from 25,000 in
1958 to 63,000 by 1988. The public doctoral institutions share of investigators (FTE) rose from
50 percent in 1958 to 65 percent in 1988.
Figure 2~74: Investigators (FTE) In Doctoral
Institutions by Instit~nlon Governance
The
70 ., ~
60 _
50 _
an
70
60
l
11111 It
11,....
FIRE
, , , , , , ~
~1 1 [T1 1
.......
~mill,lilill : I,l,l,;50
~1 ·1 111 ~1Tll Ye.
~.. , .,, /'
111 1111~1 1111 1~ ~ ~ ~
1 1 1 V aim.
~lrlli` i i i ilk////,
~ //
10 ~
O Cot
40
30
20
10
o
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
1~3 Private ~ Public
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
Figure 2-75: DIstrlbutlon of Investigators (FTE)
In Doctoral Instit~nlone
by Instit~nlon Governance
Into
60%
401%:
20:~//////////////////D//////~20~
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
1 00x
and
and
And
1~3 Private ~ Public
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Investigators (Few) include scientists and engineers (in the physical sciences, engineering,
environmental sciences, life and health sciences, mathematics and computer sciences, and social and behavioral sciences)
conducting separately budgeted academic R&D; their numbers are estimated by the fraction of faculty time spent in research
activities, non-faculty scientists and engineers employed to conduct research in campus facilities (except tiRDCs), postdoctoral
researchers working in academic institutions. Private doctoral institutions are higher education institutions that have granted an
average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades, and are under
the control offer affiliated with~non-profit, independent organizations with or without religious affiliation; they include 69
institutions. Public doctoral institutions are higher education institutions that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D.
degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two decades, and are under the control offer affiliated
with--federal, state, local, state and local, or state-related agencies; they include 116 institutions.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering
Personnel Employed at Universities and Colleges.
2-51
OCR for page 86
Doctoral Institution S&E Personnel Ratios
Within doctoral institutions, the over-all ratio of scientists and engineers (FTE) to total faculty
(FTE) has slowly increased during the l980s; for private doctoral institutions, the number of
scientists and engineers employed (faculty and non-faculty) exceeds the total number of faculty
members in all academic disciplines. The ratio of investigators (FTE) to an scientists and
engineers (FTE) has been stable for the past decade.
Figure 2-76: Ratio of FTE Scientists
and Engineers to All Faculty in
Doctoral Institutions
ROliO
2 . _
1.5 _
1 .5
~\ /
; I'm ~ ~' ~__ ~JO 1
-N ~
o ~'''1''''1''''1''''1''''1'''' o
1 9S8 1963 t 968 1973 1978 1983 1988
~~~ Doctoral Private Doctoral Public
~ 5
Figure 2-77: Ratio of FTE Investigators
to FTE Scientists and Engineers
in Doctoral Institutions
Ratio
0.8
0.6
0.4
0 2
~ Fax
1968
~ 978
1983
~~~ Doctoral Private -Doctoral Public
~08
_
_ 0.6
0.4
0.2
988
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Faculty include all instructional members of the instruction or research staff whose major regular
assignment is instruction, including those with release time for research. P-1E scientists and engineers include all professional
emplc~yees~faculty, non-faculty, and post-doctorate personnel~employed by higher education institutions (plus a full-time
equivalent for part-time employees), within the broad fields of physical sciences, engineering, environmental sciences, life and
health sciences, mathematics and computer sciences, and social and behavioral sciences. [-Liz; investigators include those
scientists and engineers (within the physical sciences, engineering, environmental sciences, life and health sciences, mathematics
and computer sciences, and social and behavioral sciences) conducting separately budgeted academic R&D; an estimate derived
from the fraction of faculty time spent in research activities, non-faculty scientists and engineers employed to conduct research
in campus facilities (except [~HDCs), and post-doctoral researchers working in academic institutions. Doctoral Public
institutions are higher education institutions that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural
sciences or engineering over the past two decades, and are under the control odor affiliated with~federal, state, local, state
and local, or state-related agencies; they include 116 institutions. Doctoral Private institutions are higher education institutions
that have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering over the past two
decades, and are under the control of--or affiliated with~non-profit, independent organizations with or without religious
affiliation; they include 69 institutions.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering
Personnel Employed at Universities and Colleges; American Council on Education; National Association of State Universities
and Land Grant Colleges.
2-52
Representative terms from entire chapter:
education institutions
