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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page 74
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AN
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75
where the planting of trees and shrubs may be most helpful. The use
of salt-tolerant species in pasture unprovement may allow the use of
brackish water for irrigation.
In this section, salt-tolerant grasses, shrubs, and trees with po-
tential for fodder use are described.
GRASSES
EaBar Grass
Kaliar grass (Leplochloa fusca) is a highly salt-tolerant perennial
forage that grows wed even in waterlogged conditions. Its deep roots
help open hardened soils and harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria. It
recovers well from grazing and can also be cut for hay. Pastures can
be established from seed, but the use of rooted slips or stem cuttings
yields better results.
KalIar grass Is widespread in tropical and southern Africa, the
Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Although largely indifferent to
rainfall levels, it does require almost constant moisture for its roots.
It grows best in waterlogged soils, lake or river margins, and on
seasonally flooded flats.
In Pakistan, March is the favored time for planting. A reasonable
stand of grass develops in a month, with maximum yields during July
and August, the monsoon season. Five cuttings can be obtained
during the year with a total yield of about 40 tons of green fodder.
Even during the winter months (November through February) when
the growth of grass is retarded, a single cutting can yield 3 tons per
hectare. Even this low yield is valuable in salt-affected areas where
winter fodder is scarce. The grass appears palatable to sheep, goats,
buffalo, and cattle.
The qualities that allow kalIar grass to grow well under adverse
conditions also contribute to its ability to compete well in rice fields
and in irrigation canals as a weed.
Silt Grass
Silt grass (Paspalum vaginat;um) occurs naturally on muddy sea-
coasts, in tidal marshes, and brackish sandy areas of tropical and
subtropical regions. Either erect or prostrate, it has tough, creeping
roots and forms dense mats. Once well established, it serves as a
useful pasture grass, especially in bog and seepage areas that stay
wet with salty water. Although quite suitable for grazing, it dries
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77
Silt grass is especially useful for revegetating seepage areas that stay wet with
salty water. (C.V. Malcolm)
of Russian-thistIe is in the 15-20 percent range and the amino acid
composition of this protein is quite similar to that of alfalfa. In a
study in New Mexico (USA), biomass yields of 10 tons per hectare
were demonstrated.
Although salinity tolerance at germination is low, seedlings toler-
ate brackish water wed, and this exposure seems to unprove salinity
tolerance in the later vegetative and reproductive stages. Moderate
salinity levels resulted in improved yields. Table 11 shows some of
these data.
Salsola may also find use as an energy crop. The energy content
of field-dried Salsola ~ comparable to lignite. It has been successfully
compressed into pellets for use as boiler fuel.
Saltgrasees
Distichtis spicata ~ used as forage for cattle near Mexico City.
Grown on 20,000 hectares of salt flats, this may represent the worId's
largest area devoted to an introduced halophyte. There are distinct
seashore ant} inland ecotypes; the seashore ecotype has been grown
with water twice as salty as seawater.
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78
TABLE 11 Yield arid Moisture Content of Salsola iberica at Five Salinity
Levels. (Saline irrigation was initiated six days after planting; harvest
was 64 days after planting.)
brig adon Fresh Dry Moisture
Salinity (dS/m) Weighttg) Weighting) Content(%)
1.3 921.4 179.6 80.7
10.5 1,217.0 279.8 77.1
18.2 972.8 222.4 77.2
26.7 625.6 131.4 79.0
33.2 386.6 75.0 80.7
SOURCE: Fowler et al., 1985.
Another variety of Distichlis developed by NyPa, Inc. has growth
rates and nutrient characteristics similar to those of alfalfa. Yields of
20 tons per hectare (dry matter) have been reported using irrigation
water containing 1-2 percent salts. A perennial that can tolerate
both waterlogging and long periods of drought, it appears suitable
for use in many hot arid areas where saline water is available for
· · -
Irrigation.
Ch:~nne] Millet
Channel millet (Echinochioa turnerana) is an uncultivated, wild
Australian plant. Its most significant feature is that in its native
habitat it requires only a single watering to develop from germination
to harvest. It is always found In silty clay that cracks deeply when
dry and is subjected to sporadic flooding. Sites may remain dry for
years, but when flooding occurs growth is abundant. The seed will
not germinate after light rains; deep flooding is required.
Channel millet grows almost exclusively in the so-called 'channel
country" of Queensland in inland Australia, where it is recognized
as a productive, palatable, and nutritious fodder grass. The grain
is consumed by cattle, horses, and sheep. In addition, the leaves,
culms, and seedheads are eaten by livestock and the whole plant
makes excellent hay.
Little is known about the agronomy of channel millet; few at-
tempts have been made to domesticate it and there is little docu-
mented information on its botany, germination, growth, environmen-
tal requirements, and yield. I,aboratory salinity testing indicated
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79
that a Percent reduction in grain yield occurs at 24 dS/m. Some
species of Echinochioa are ruinous weeds in rice fields. The weedi-
ness of channel motet Is unknown, but quarantine measures should
be used in its testing to prevent inadvertent release.
E. crus-galli Is reported to be a good fodder for cattle, with its
grain fed in tune of scarcity. E. frumentacea is grown as a quick-
maturing (six weeks) food crop in India. Both are grown in Egypt
on lands too saline for other crops.
Cor~grasses
Members of the Spartina genus are tough, long-leaved grasses
found in tidal marshes in North America, Europe, and Africa. These
grasses have hollow stems (calms) and rhizomes. The hollow stems
allow air transport from the leaves to the roots during tidal inunda-
tion to maintain aerobic conditions in the root zone. Most Spartina
species propagate vegetatively by means of spreading underground
rhizomes, which grow new roots and buds. Seeds are a less important
means of propagation for most species. These grasses survive salt
water and saline soils by excreting salt through special glands in their
leaves.
Spartina alterniflora (smooth cor~grass) is a tall (1-3 m), robust
species that grows closest to the water line. It transplants well
and can be seeded under some conditions. S. folioso (California
cor~grass) is shorter (1 m) and produces less seed. It grows along
the western coast of North America from California to Mexico. S.
patens (salt meadow cor~grass) grows densely in marshes in the area
of mean high water. S. patens has historically been used for grazing
or cut for hay.
s. atterniflora tidal salt marshes are important nursery grounds
and sources of nutrients for aquatic organisms. These marshes also
provide food and habitat for wildlife, reduce shoreline erosion, and
assimilate excess nutrients from pollutants such as sewage and agri-
cultural drainage. Because of this, studies have been made of estate
lishment methods and long term stability of man-made marshes. In
North Carolina (USA), it was shown that, after four growing seasons,
there was no difference in growth between a transplanted S. allerni-
flora marsh and an adjacent natural marsh. Biomass production of
the two marshes was similar during the remainder of the ten-year
study.
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-
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81
Tall Wheat Grass
Tall wheat grass (Elytrigia [Agropyron~ elongata') is native to
southern Russia and Asia Minor where it grows in seashore marshes.
It was introduced in Australia more than 50 years ago, where it has
since been used for revegetating salted areas. A perennial, it is well
adapted to poorly drained saline ~oils. Although it grows moderately
wed on saline areas that are permanently wet, best growth occurs
where the soil dries out in the summer. Tall wheat grass can be
established from seed. It germinates well but is slow to establish.
Once a crown of stems develops near ground level, it can withstand
moderate grazing.
Other Species
Sporobolus airoides (see p. 20 ), S. heivolus, and S. maderas-
patanus are all grown on sandy and saline soils in India as fodder
for horses and cattle. In Pakistan, irrigation of S. arabicus with 17
dS/m water gave yields of 3.9 kg per m2 per year. In recent tests, S.
stappanus demonstrated salt tolerance comparable to kalIar grass.
Puccinellia distans (North Africa) and P. ciliate (Australia) are
fodder grasses highly tolerant to salinity. Puccinellia has been widely
used on saline areas in Australia. The plant is an outstanding pioneer
species on bare salted land. Seedlings grow slowly and establishment
is most successful on bare areas where there is no competition from
other plants and where there is protection from grazing. Crude
protein contents of 4 percent and digestibilities of about 50 percent
are common.
Hedysarum carnosum is a biennial fodder legume that occurs
in eastern Algeria and Tunisia on saline clay soils. Native stands in
southern Tunisia may yield 2,00() 3,000 kg dry matter per hectare per
year. Data on H. carnosum and other salt-tolerant Mediterranean
basin forage grasses are shown in Table 12.
SHRUBS
Although shrubs such as the saltbush (Atriplex) and bluebush
(Maireana) occur widely on saline soils, their salt tolerance at germi-
nation Is poor. Atriplex species have relatively narrow temperature
ranges under which germination will occur. As the external salt con-
centration increases, the temperature range for germination narrows.
When saltbush and bluebush species are sown on saline soils under
OCR for page 82
pa Sues
'~{C\.
I $
~ ~ seedlings. bungs $c#era~s)~u~ps ally leas% ~ ~Ilu~1es
~C. V. Malcolm ant a. J. alley. 1~1. We gales Dime Sewer fir plait
est~lls\~^t on Cult site. ~^ ~ ^~ 3:1~*109.
OCR for page 83
83
TABLE 12 Fodder Grasses Growing on Salt-Affected Land in the Mediterranean Basin.
Salt
Frost Tolerances
Species Rainfalls Tolerance2 EC dS/m
Non-Legumes
(Perennial)
Festuca elatior 400 G 20
(subspecies arundinacea)
Elytrigia elongatum 300 G 20
Agropyrops~s lolium 300 G 20
Pucciniella distans 200 G 20
Sporobolus tourneuxii 50 F 20
S. helvolus 50 F 20
Legumes
(Annual & Biannual)
Medicago ciliaris 400 F 10
M. intertexta 400 F 10
M. h~spada 200 F 10
Hedysarr~n carnosum 150 F 30
Melilotus indica 300 F 10
M. alba 300 G 10
(Perennial)
Trifoliurn fragiferum 400 G 15
Lotus creticus 150 P 10
L. corniculatus 400 G 10
Teragonolobus siliquosus 400 G 15
1. Minimum rainfall requirement in rnm/yr.
2. Frost tolerance; G = good, F = fair, P = poor.
3. Maximum salt tolerance = electrical conductivity of soil saturation extract at 25°C.
SOURCE: Adapted from Le Houerou, 1986.
. Deposits seed and muIch in the niche at approximately 2 m
intervals and sprays the muIch and seed with a black coating to raise
the soi] temperature.
The seedbed shape, ridge height, and plant spacing can be ad-
justed for different soi] and climatic conditions. In arid areas, the
niche is made lower and wider to capture more water; ~n high rain-
fall areas, it is made narrower and higher to reduce the danger of
waterIogging.
Although newly planted fields can usuaDy be protected from
stock animals, the seedlings are attractive to insects, rodents, and
other small animals that are more difficult to exclude.
Atriplex
Saltbushes grow throughout the worId. They tolerate salinity
in soi! and water, and many are perennial shrubs that remain green
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at:
=11.
T~ filled Alum Sewer (t~p) is Clump fir est~l~g straps on splat
sewer acme tag Amps (~$~ ~ =llec$ Cater
tc $Se
plug saga Ems ~ glue ~ the ce~t~1 bang deposes ages Id Mulch 1~
tag glues ala spray tire ~1~h Ma saga fists ~ blow Tug to Else the sell
tc~e~ture. (C.V. ~1~1~)
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92
TREES
Trees can be used as forage in several ways. Tees with low
branches can be grazed directly. Management of these stands can
involve seasonal control of stocking rates to avoid periods when the
plants are susceptible to grazing damage. Trees with branches out of
the reach of livestock can provide fallen leaves and pods for fodder.
Such taller trees can also be lopped for fodder. Trees of any size
can be protected in their stands and fodder cut and carried to the
livestock.
Acacia
Acacia* species are widely used in arid and saline environments
as supplementary sources of fodder. Although dry matter digestibil-
ity of Acacia leaves has not been determined for a large number of
species, available data indicate it is relatively low. This is proba-
bly associated with the high lignin content of the cell wall and the
presence of tannins, both of which inhibit digestibility.
Acacia pods provide food for livestock in large areas of the
semiarid zone of Africa. Since most of the Acacia branches are above
the reach of the livestock, overgrazing is not a problem.
A. Cyclops and A. bivenosa tolerate salt spray and salinity. They
grow on coastal dunes as small trees or bushy shrubs. Pods and leaves
of both are consumed by goats. Although salt tolerance is likely in
many Acacia species found in coastal areas, it is unmeasured or
~ ,~
unconfirmed for most.
A. ampliceps grows in saline soils in northwestern Australia and
appears to be a useful fodder species. Other Australian Acacias with
potential for use as fodder include A. holosericea, A. saZigna, A.
salicina, and A. victoriae.**
L`eucaena
Leucaena leucocephala*** is a tree legume widely cultivated in
tropical and subtropical countries. It is both salt and drought re-
sistant. Leaves, pods, and seeds are browsed by cattle, sheep, and
*See also Mangium and Other Fa~t-Gro wing Acacias for the Humid Tropics. To
order, see p. 135.
**Personal communication, Lex Thomson, CSIRO, Australia
***See also Leucacna: Pro miring Forage and Alec Crop for the Tropics. To order,
see p. 135.
OCR for page 93
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same ma ~_~S~ t\~St~ t~e~-rld.~ ~!~ Act ~^ ~= ~
At galas {I 4~)~ ~ ~:~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ !~!!~S!~ ~:~ it: ~ ~!~ EMS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Ida age AIMS ~ =~e.
:rust mat mat 0.5 m aim c_ ~^ ~ me ~d. mat
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(P I. ~ _ ~: tab tag
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^e
~ tag seats
-
e~ste~ P~ Eel ~~ ~f ~o~: C~. (l~t~to ^~1)
A_ ~ c~
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~.
^ a. . . . .~ . ^
. ague a leeUl~g ~ .ue Slowly ~ tam 01
Quip h~ 3~561 percent digestibEi~ Id Me an exceDe~ Wed far
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95
About 1.5 sheep per hectare can subsist on the tamarugo forest
range and produce about 3-5 kg of woo} per fleece. Supplemental
feeding with alfalfa raises meat yields.
In addition, the dense and durable tamarugo wood finds many
uses. The heartwood is extremely resistant to weathering and has
desirable timber qualities. It is used for heavy construction, railway
ties, poles, furniture, tool handles, and, because of its hardness, for
parquet floors. It also makes superior firewood and can be used to
produce a high quality charcoal as well.
REFERENCES AND SELECTED READINGS
General
Ahmad, R. 1987. Saline Agriculture at Coastal Sandy Belt. University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan.
Barrett-Lennard, E. G., C. V. Malcolm. W. R. Stern and S. M. Wilkins (eds.~.
1986. Forage and Fuel Prod?`ctior~fiom Salt Affected wasteland Elsevier, Oxford,
UK.
Greenwood, E. A. N. 1986. Water use by trees and shrubs for lowering saline
groundwater. Rcclamation and Rcuegetation Research 5:423-434.
Le Houerou, H. N. 1986. Salt tolerant plants of economic value in the Mediter-
ranean basin. Rcclamation and Rcocgetation Research 5:319-341.
Le Houerou, H. N. 1985. Forage and fuel plants in the arid zone of North
Africa, the Near and Middle East. Pp. 117-141 in: G. E. Wickens, J. R.
Goodin and D. V. Field (eds.) Plants for Arid Land`. George Allen & Unwin,
London, UK.
Le Houerou, H. N. 1979. Resources and potential of the native flora for fodder
and sown pasture production in the arid and semi-arid zones of North
Africa. Pp. 384-401 in: J. R. Goodin and D. K. Northington (eds.) Arid
Land Plant Resourcce. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, US.
Looijen, R. C. and J. P. Bakker. 1987. Utilization of different salt-marsh plant
communities by cattle and geese. Pp. 52-64 in: A. H. L. Huiskes, C. W. P.
M. Blom and J. Rozema teds.) Vegetation Between Land and Sea. W. Junk
Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Mahmood, K., K. A. Malik, K. H. Sheikh and M. A. K. Lodhi. 1989. Allelopathy
in saline agricultural land: vegetation successional changer and patch
dynamics. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15~2~:565-579.
McKell, C. M. 1986. Propagation and establishment of plants on arid saline
land. Rcclamation and Rcocyetation Research 5:363-375.
Rautenstrauch, K. R., P. R. Krausman, F. M. Whiting and W. H. Brown. 1988.
Nutritional quality of Desert Mule Deer forage in King Valley, Arizona.
Dc~crt Plants 8~4) :172-174.
Sen, D. N., R. B. Jhamb and D. C. Bhandari. 1985. Utilization of saline
areas of Western Rajasthan through suitable plant introduction. GEOBIOS
1985:348-360.
Zedler, J. B. 1984. Sat M=sh Restoration California Sea Grant Program, Uni-
versity of California, La Jolla, California 92093, US.
OCR for page 96
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
channel millet
Gram
I! !!!~- !4 aft ~!!~Z!~!~!~!:~I^~!!~is~.
s
S~S:.: :S:::~S: :~:~:S:~ ::S:S:~:::~:S~S:: S::::S .~:S: ~ ~ ~ ~ S.:::SS:: S: ,. SO
~ ~i,~!~!~!~19803~!~ ~!i~
. s ~ leg Is ~rss!~ult~e!~ssss~~ ~s~s~ss~> sP=ht~.
(~61; MOB ,'' si1~, ~.'S~SA6a61l~6s~s~*s~s~ !~19#~2 :~s~~ ~
aid I
i~!^!~!,~ I! ~!~!~ {!~!~1~95~l99~.
6~a~$. C. By-, 2. ^1~$ At. Sagas Ss~^~!~!~S=t~!~:!!B-~S!~q4~ 1~ ~!~ ~~ -
C. #~ Jc~. 1~981- T~ e~ ~ ~I1~# on the ,^ i~ cowl
~= (~= go. ~ ~- 4:176181.
I.. l~O~.~S!~t~s~
97
Rhodes Grass
Malkin, E. and Y. Waisel. 1986. Mass selection for salt resistance in Rhodes
grass (Chlon~ Guyana). Phy~ologica Plantarum 66:443-446.
Tariq, A. R. and H. M. A. Tayab. 1984. Cultivation of Chloru gayana cv: Pioneer
on saline water under hyper-arid climate. The Puritan Journal of Forestry
34~7~:151-154.
Tan Wheatgrass
Roundy, B. A. 1985. Emergence and establishment of basin wildrye and tall
wheatgrass in relation to moisture and salinity. Journal of Range Management
38(2):126-131.
Shannon, M. C. 1978. Testing salt tolerance among tall wheatgrass lines.
Agronomy Journal 70:719-722.
Hedy~arum carnosum
Le Houerou, H. N. 1986. Salt tolerant plants of economic value in the Mediter-
ranean basin. Reclamation and Rcuegetation Research 5:319-341.
Puccinellia
Negus, T. R. 1982. Puccinellia its grazing value and management. Farmnotc
34/82. Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Aus-
tralia.
Negus, T. R. 1980. Spray-seed for puccinellia establishment. Fannnotc 17/80.
Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
Sporobolus
Ahmad, R. 1987. Saline Agriculture at Coastal Sandy Belt. University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan.
Chadha, Y. R. (ed.~. 1976. Sporobolue. 17~c Wealth of India x 24-25. CSIR, New
Delhi, India.
Wood, J. N. and D. F. Gaff. 1989. Salinity studies with drought-resistant species
of Spombolus. Occologia 78:559-564.
S1unlbs
General
Malcolm, C. V. and T. C. Swaan. 1989. Screcr~ir~g Shrubs for Establishmcnt and
Su?.uval on Sak-affccted Soils in Southwestern Australia. Technical Bulletin 81.
Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
Malcolm, C. V. 1986. Saltland management-revegetation. Farmnotc 44/86. West-
ern Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
Malcolm, C. V. 1983. Seeding shrub pastures on saltland. Farmnotc 43/83.
Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
0~' ~> C. Act. ~KeD ala o.~ ~ am. 1~98~2. ~ ~ ^~ ~6 mat
~ ~ui~ ~ ~sE-~s~_~gg op~ hasty Wages 4,rl~g~ h11
.E~6 I+ Tam- am ~ ~ So 35~f61~:~13753~ Isis
sea . sssS ~ ss~ S s sag ~ so as s as as S ~ as s s . s ~ ads Bass S as ssS sea a: so . s
x
s sSs~ s scat as
~$ J. ^, D. Steam a~ ~ Debt. 1985. ~ =S S~ ~-
u ~ 12~0 ha. u^~: =_r ~!~ ~ ~s~e^,
C. F. ~t^!~$ B. Hi. ~_~ ma ~ C. ~(~s-} ~^
Is my; ~ 1~6~ ~ aim ~s~bet ~6 S~s-~=e~
~^~'~^+s~a~sSB~ss~- ~B^~:'~l~Tl i ~ Am at isle
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If_ 4~E tea ~ the Wry ~ ask ~ id ~^
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~^~$~ . ~. ~V, ~ ~1~985~P-ct;~.~s:s~lT~ :. aim: ~
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99
Trees
Acacia
Goodchild, A. V. and N. P. McMeniman. 1987. Nutritive value of Acacia
foliage and pods for animal feeding. Pp. 101-106 in: J. W. Turnbull
(ed.) Australian Acacias in Developing Countric~. ACIAR Proceedings No.16,
Canberra, Australia.
Turnbull, J. W. 1986. Acacia an~liccpe. Multipurpose Awiralian Aces and Shrubs
(Pp. 96-97~. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,
Canberra, Australia.
Leucaena
Ahmad, R. 1987. Saline Agriculturc at Coastal Saruly Belt. University of Karachi,
Karachi, Pakistan.
Kitamura, Y. 1988. Leucaena for forage production in the Ryukyu Islands.
Japan Agriculture Rcacawh Qum~crly 22~1~:40-48.
Pros opis
Almanza, S. G. and E. G. Maya. 1986. The use of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in
the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Forcat Ecology and Management
16:49-56.
Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion. 1983. Actividades Fore~tales y
Ganaderas en la Pampa del Tamarugal (1963-1982~. Tomo I: Aspectos
Forestales y Ganaderas. Tomo II: Aspectos Ganaderos. Tomo III: Aspectos
Economicos y Evaluacion Social.
Harden, M. L. and R. Zolfaghari. 1988. Nutritive composition of green and ripe
pods of honey mesquite (Pro~opu glandulosa, Fabaceae). Econonuc Botany
42:522-532.
Lyon, C. K., M. R. Gumbmann and R. Becker. 1988. Value of mesquite leaves
as forage. Journal of the Scicnec of Food and Agriculturc 44~2~:111-117.
Marangoni, A. and I. Alli. 1988. Composition and properties of seeds and
pods of the tree legume Prosopi~ juliflora. Journal of the Scicnec of Food and
Agriculture 44(2):99-110.
Stienen, H. 1985. Prompt tamarugo in the Chilean Atacama - ecophysiological
and reforestation aspects. Pp. 103-116 in: G. E. Wickens, J. R. Goodin and
D. V. Field (eds.) Plank for And Lands. George Allen & Unwin, London,
UK.
Vercoe, T. K. 1987. Fodder potential of selected Australian tree species. Pp.
95-100: in J. W. Turnbull (ed.) Australian Acacias in Dcveloping Countrice.
ACIAR Proceedings No. 16, Canberra, Australia.
Zelada, L. and P. Joustra. 1983. Ganderia en La Pampa del Tamarugal. Panel
VI Seminario Desarrollo de Zonas Deserticos de Chile. CORFO, Gerencia
de Desarrollo AA 83/45. Santiago, Chile.
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~ G. ~ Jonas Cager for <1d~ me Stags, ^~e~i~ Co]- ~ ^~B
~1~', B~!r$ ~1~, ~!7 2~$ I.
^s, ~
ant arm
0!. 9,~!~!~0l~, angst ~ ~sts~D~~e~ ~ ^^blture$ South ~)
615; If s ~ as ~
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J.~ L. lea ~DSp~=t~ ~# Camp ~lIS~S6~l=~s~ ~w ~ State Chew
sl^~sC~S arm S.
At' ~$ In ~.; 727 ~h ~1~h amen Saga ^2 ~85~5s~! Bug!.
Cat. SERUM+ USES SO ~e~ L^oz^^ 4500 C1~^ Dow
Cord Gr_
D. L. 0~$ Blur ~11il~ ^~: S^~' ~ 7~ By.
J. L. Colliers ^11~ of ~ Studl=' Oi^=l~ of Bell Bush DE
1~S587 US.
E. D. ~: ^~h C~1~s State amid Em TIC 2S95, us.
101
Rhodes Grass
Y. Waisel, Department of Botany, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
TaD Wheatgra~s
J. Dvorak, Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of Califor-
nia, Davis, CA 95616, US.
B. A. Roundy, School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721, US.
Hedy~arum carnosum
H. N. Le Houerou, CEPE/Louis Emberger, BP 5051, Montpellier-Cedex 34033,
France.
PuccineHia
C. V. Malcolm, Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth
6151, Australia.
Shrubs
Triples
R. K. Abdul-Halim, Department of Land Reclamation, Center for Agriculture
and Water Resources, Council for Scientific Research, PO Box 2416,
Baghdad, Iraq.
A. E1 Hamrouni, Institut des Regions Arides, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia.
H. N. Le Houerou, CEPE/Louis Emberger, BP 5051, Montpellier-Cedex 34033,
France.
C. V. Malcolm, Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth
6151, Australia.
C. M. McKell, School of Natural Sciences, Weber State College, Ogden, UT
84408, US.
J. F. O'Leary, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, US.
M. K. Sankary, Range and Arid Zone Ecology Research Unit, University of
Aleppo, PO Box 6656, Aleppo, Syria.
D. N. Ueckert, Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center, San
Angelo, TX 76901, US.
Maireana
P. R. George, Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth 6151,
Australia.
B. Kok, Department of Agriculture, Carnarvon, W. A. 6701, Australia.
Kochia
M. A. Zahran, Department of Botany, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
102
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