Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
[ODE~ IN THE YEAR 2000
amp ~ cow
Board on Eartb Sciences and Resources
Commission on Physical Sciences, ~alhcmatics, and Rcsourccs
National Rcscarcb Council
AL KNAUER PRESS
shing10n, D.C. 1990
%
OCR for page R2
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the
Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from
the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of
Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee
responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with
regard for appropriate balance.
The Overview and Recommendations of this report have been reviewed by a
group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review
Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The contributed papers
represent the opinions of their authors only, and appearance in this volume does
not constitute endorsement of their conclusions by the National Research Council
or the Committee on Geodesy.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating
society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research,
dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the
general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress
in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president
of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the
charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of
outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the
selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the
responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of
Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs,
encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of
engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of
~ . .
engineer 1ng .
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy
of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of the appropriate
professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the
public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National
Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal
government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care,
research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of
Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of
Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with
the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal
government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the
Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing
services to the government? the public, and the scientific and engineering
communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and The
Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and
vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided by National Geodetic Survey, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Defense Mapping Agency; Air Force Office
of Scientific Research; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and
Department of Energy.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 89-63530
International Standard Book Number 0-309-04145-7
Additional copies of this report are available from
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
SOSS
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
COMMITTEE ON GEODESY
JOHN RUNDLE, Sandia National Laboratory, Chairman
TIMOTHY H. DIXON, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
CLYDE GOAD, Ohio State University
ERNEST H. METZGER, Bell Aerospace Textron
J. BERNARD MINSTER, University of California, San Diego
RICHARD SAILOR, The Analytic Sciences Corporation
ROSS STEIN, U.S. Geological Survey
S Gaff
HYMAN ORLIN, Consultant
Lia ~ son Members
WILLIAM H. CHAPMAN, U.S. Geological Survey
MIRIAM BALTUCK, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
DONALD H. ECKHARDT, Air Force Geophysical Laboratory
CHARLES HALL, Defense Mapping Agency
GEORGE KOLSTAD, U.S. Department of Energy
JOHN G. HEACOCK, Office of Naval Research
MICHAEL A. MAYHEW, National Science Foundation
COL. JERRY PERRIZO, Air Force Office of Scientific Research
WILLIAM STRANGE, National Geodetic Survey, NOAA
. . .
OCR for page R4
BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES
WILLIAM L. FISHER, University of Texas, Austin, Co-Chairman
BRIAN J. SKINNER, Yale University, Co - Chairman
SAMUEL S. ADAMS, Colorado School of Mines
KEIITI AKI, University of Southern California
ALBERT W. BALLY, Rice University
JAMES R. BAROFFIO, Chevron Canada Resources Limited
SANDRA L. BLACKSTONE, University of Denver
DONALD J. DePAOLO, University of California, Berkeley
GORDON P. EATON, Iowa State University
W. GARY ERNST, Stanford University
ROBERT N. GINSBURG, University of Miami
ALEXANDER F.H. GOETZ, University of Colorado
PRISCILLA C.P. GREW, Minnesota Geological Survey
PERRY R. HAGENSTEIN, Resource Issues, Inc.
HARRISON C. JAMISON, Atlantic Richfield Exploration Company (Retired)
THOMAS H. JORDAN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CHARLES J. MANKIN, University of Oklahoma
CAREL OTTE, Unocal Corporation (Retired)
FRANK M. RICHTER, University of Chicago
J.J. SIMMONS, III, Interstate Commerce Commission
STEVEN M. STANLEY, Johns Hopkins University
IRVIN L. WHITE, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
S gaff
ROBERT S. LONG, Staff Director
BETTY C. GUYOT, Staff Associate
1V
OCR for page R5
COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND RESOURCES
NORMAN HACKERMAN, Robert A. Welch Foundation, Chairman
ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
B. CLARK BURCHFIEL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
GEORGE F. CARRIER, Harvard University
RALPH J. CICERONE, University of California at Irvine
HERBERT D. DOAN, The Dow Chemical Company (retired)
PETER S. EAGLESON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DEAN E. EASTMAN, IBM, T.J. Watson Research Center
MARYE ANNE FOX, University of Texas
GERHART FRIEDLANDER, Brookhaven National Laboratory
LAWRENCE W. FUNKHOUSER, Chevron Corporation (retired)
PHILLIP A. GRIFFITHS, Duke University
NEAL F. LANE, Rice University
CHRISTOPHER F. McKEE, University of California at Berkeley
RICHARD S. NICHOLSON, American Association for the Advancement of
Science
JACK E. OLIVER, Cornell University
JEREMIAH P. OSTRIKER, Princeton University Observatory
PHILIP A. PALMER, Vanderbilt University
DENTS J. PRAGER, MacArthur Foundation
DAVID M. RAUP, University of Chicago
ROY F. SCHWITTERS, Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory
LARRY L. SMARR, National Center for Supercomputing Applications
KARL K. TUREKIAN, Yale University
MYRON F. UMAN, Acting Executive Director
v
OCR for page R6
OCR for page R7
Preface
During the course of the efforts required by the Committee on Geodesy to
assemble this volume, it became clear that the discipline of geodesy is passing
through a unique time of opportunity and challenge, in the scientific and
technological areas. The advent of space geodetic technology, beginning more
than thirty years ago, together with the recent rapid advances in hardware, data
processing methods, and computational and modeling techniques, makes clear that
after the year 2000, geodesy will be a fundamentally different science from what
it was prior to Sputnik. The rapidity and convenience with which it will be
possible to gather highly accurate masses of geodetic data will be unprecedented.
As a result, a groundswell of interest from many agencies, institutions, and
people is steadily building, which is, paradoxically, the source of a number of
current difficulties.
Geodesy is becoming a truly global science, both in the technical, as well
as in the political, sense. For example, many of the new observational
technologies require the nearly continuous tracking of artificial earth
artificial earth satellites. And, since the earth's topography and gravity field
are continuous across all political and geographic boundaries, mapping them
requires careful integration of data collected by various survey techniques in
different countries and physiographic regions. These tasks can only be carried
out with cooperation among many countries. Moreover, many of the scientific
problems of interest, one of which is the study of earthquakes for the purpose
of mitigation of seismic hazard, are international in scope.
It is against the backdrop of an evolving international space technology
that this report, Geodesy in the Year 2000, should be viewed. The Committee on
Geodesy, recognizing the critical nature of this transitional period, sponsored
a session at the fall 1987 American Geophysical Union meeting to highlight the
opportunities the immediate future holds for scientific and technical progress.
The speakers at that session were asked to contribute papers to this volume.
The Overview and Recommendations, prepared by the Committee on Geodesy, are based
upon these papers, some of which were updated following the meetings at Erice,
Sicily, and Coolfont, West Virginia, described below, and the deliberations of
the committee.
Following the 1987 American Geophysical Union meeting, a workshop entitled
"The Interdisciplinary Role of Space Geodesy" was organized by the International
School of Geodesy of the E. Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture and held in
Erice, Sicily, during the period July 23-29, 1988, at which more than 100
representatives from a variety of nations convened to discuss the scientific and
technological challenges that confront us. The result of that workshop is a
lengthy document (Mueller and Zerbini, 1989), outlining where the international
NT11
OCR for page R8
community currently stands, both scientifically and technologically, as well as
likely directions for future research.
As a complement to this effort, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) organized a similar workshop at Coolfont, West Virginia,
during July 1989, to plan the NASA space-geodesy program for the period spanning
1991-2002. This period of time, which immediately follows the termination of
the highly successful NASA Crustal Dynamics Project, encompasses a critical
transitional period for the disciplines of geodynamics and geology. During this
interval, it is expected that the Earth Observing System, and the associated
Mission to Planet Earth, will become operational, presaging an era in which the
earth will be studied from an integrated systems viewpoint. The result of the
Coolfont meeting will be a program plan, budget, and strategy for implementing
an integrated NASA program.
John B. Rundle, Chairman
Committee on Geodesy
. . .
vie ~
OCR for page R9
Contents
OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONTRIBUTED PAPERS
Geodesy in the Year 2000
John B . Rundl e
.
An Historical Perspective
Implications of Precise Positioning
Jean -B ernard H . Mins ter, Thomas H . Jordan, Bradford H . Hager,
Duncan C . Agnew, and Leigh H. Royden
If Only We Had Better Gravity Data.
Marcia McNu t t
Common Interests in Geodetic and Oceanographic Research
Vic tor Zlotnicki
Lasers for Geodesy in the Year 2000
Davi d E . Smi th
Seafloor Geodesy by the Year 2000
F.N. Spiess
The Accuracy of Position Determinations by VLBI Expected
by the Year 2000
Alan E. E. Rogers
1
7
9
23
53
85
91
100
114
GPS-Based Geodesy Tracking: Technology Prospects for the Year 2000 124
W. G. Melbourne
1X
i
OCR for page R10
