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References Ackerman, R.A. 1980. Physiological and ecological aspects of gas exchange by sea turtle eggs. Am. Zool. 20:575-83. Amos, A.F. 1989. Trash, debris and human activities: Potential hazards at sea and obstacles to Kemp's ridley sea turtle nesting. P. 42 in Proceedings of the First International Sympo- sium on Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle Biology, Conservation and Management, held October 1-4, 1985 in Galveston, Texas, C.W. Caillouet, Jr. and A.M. Landry, Jr., eds. TAMU-SG-89- 105. Galveston: Sea Grant College Program, Texas A&M University. Anonymous. 1976. Incidental capture of sea turtles by shrimp fishermen in Florida. Prelim- inary report of the Florida West Coast Survey, University of Florida Marine Advisory Pro- gram. 3 pp. Anonymous. 1977. Alabama shrimp fishermen interviews for 1977-1978. Marine Resources Office, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service. 1 p. Applied Biology, Inc. 1989a. Florida Power and Light Company, St. Lucie Unit 2: Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988. Atlanta, Gal: Applied Biology, Inc. 82 pp. Applied Biology, Inc. 1989b. Annual Activity Report for 1989 to Florida Department of Nat- ural Resources. Atlanta, Gal: Applied Biology, Inc. (Unpublished). Balazs, G.H. 1980. Synopsis of Biological Data on the Green Turtle in the Hawaiian Islands. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-7. National Marine Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 141 pp. Balazs, G.H. 1982. Growth rates of immature green turtles in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Pp. 117-125 in Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, K.A. Bjorndal, ed. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Balazs, G.H. 1983. Recovery Records of Adult Green Turtles Observed or Originally Tagged at French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-36. 42 pp. 154

155 References Balazs, G.H. 1985. Impact of ocean debris on marine turtles: Entanglement and ingestion. Pp. 387-429 in Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, 27-29 November, 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, R.S. Shomura and H.O. Yoshida, eds. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54. Balazs, G.H. 1986. Fibropapillomas in Hawaiian green turtles. Mar. Turtle Newsl. 39:1-3. Baldwin, W.P., Jr., and J.P. Lofton. 1959. The loggerhead turtles of Cape Romain, South Car- olina (abridged and annotated by D.K. Caldwell). Bull. Fla. State Mus. 4:319-348. Barnard, D.E., J.A. Keinath, and J.A. Musick. 1989. Marine turtles (Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys conacea, and Lepidochelys kemph in Virginia and Adjacent Waters. Poster at First World Congress of Herpetology, held September 1989, at the University of Kent, Canterbury, England. Bell, R., and J.I. Richardson. 1978. An analysis of tag recoveries from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) nesting on Little Cumberland Island, Georgia. Pp. 20-24 in Proceedings of Florida and Interregional Conference on Sea Turtles, 24-25 July 1976, Jensen Beach, Florida. Fla. Mar. Res. Publ. No. 33, 66 pp. Bellmund, S.A., P. Defur, C.W. Su, and J.A. Musick. 1985. Aromatic hydrocarbon analysis of Virginia sea turtles: Methods and implications. P. 56 in Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, J.I. Richardson, comp. Athens: Insti- tute of Ecology, University of Georgia. (Unpublished). Bellmund, S.A., J.A. Musick, R.C. Klinger, R.A. Byles, J.A. Keinath, and D.E. Barnard. 1987. Ecology of sea turtles in Virginia. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Special Scientific Report No. 119. Gloucester Pt., Va.: Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 49 pp. Bjorndal, K.A., ed. 1981. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Proceedings of the World Conference on Sea Turtle Conservation, 26-30 November, 1979. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Bjorndal, K.A. 1985. Nutritional ecology of sea turtles. Copeia 1985 (3):736-751. Bjorndal, K.A., and A.B. Bolten. 1988. Growth rates of immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, on feeding grounds in the southern Bahamas Atlantic Ocean. Copeia 1988 (3):555-564. Bjorndal, K.A., and A. Carr. 1989. Variation in clutch size and egg size in the green turtle nesting population at Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Herpetologica 45:181-189. Bjorndal, K.A., A.B. Meylan, and B.J. Turner. 1983. Sea turtles nesting at Melbourne Beach, Florida, I. Size, growth and reproductive biology. Biol. Conserv. 26:65-77. Bjorndal, K.A., A. Carr, A.B. Meylan, and J.A. Mortimer. 1985. Reproductive biology of the hawksbill, Eretmochelys imbr~cata, at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, with notes on the ecology of the species in the Caribbean. Biol. Conserv. 34:353-368. Boulon, R.H., Jr. 1983. The National Report for the Country of U.S. Virgin Islands. Pp. 489- 499 in Proceedings of the Second Western Atlantic Turtle Symposium, L. Ogren et al., eds. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFC-226. Brongersma, L.D. 1972. European Atlantic Turtles. Iitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natnurlicke Historie te Leiden 121:1-318. Brongersma, L.D. 1982. Marine turtles of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Pp. 407-416 in Biolo- gy and Conservation of Sea Turtles, K.A. Bjorndal, ed. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Bryant, T.L., ed. 1987. Stop plastic pollution. Delaware Sea Grant Reporter 6(3):6. Bullis, H.R., Jr., and S.B. Drummond. 1978. Sea turtle captures off the southeastern United States by exploratory fishing vessels 1950-1976. Proceedings of the Florida and Interre gional Conference on Sea Turtles, 24-25 July, Jensen Beach, Florida. Fla. Mar. Res. Pub. 33:45-50. Bustard, H.R., and K.P. Tognetti. 1969. Green sea turtles: A discrete simulation of density- dependent population regulation. Science 163:939-941.

156 Decline of the Sea Turtles Bytes, R.A. 1988. Behavior and Ecology of Sea Turtles from Chesapeake Bay, Virginal Ph.D. dissertation. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. 121 pp. Bytes, R.A. 1989. Satellite telemetry of Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempi, in the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 25-26 in Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology held 7-11 February, 1989 at Jekyll Island, Georgia, S.A. Eckert, K.L.Eckert, and T.H. Richardson, comp. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-232. Miami, Fla.: South- east Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. Calder, D.R., PJ. Eldridge, and E.B. Joseph. 1974. The Shrimp Fishery of the Southeastern United States: A Management Planning Profile. South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report No. 5, September, 1974. Caldwell, D.K. 1959. The loggerhead turtles of Cape Romain, South Carolina. (Abridged and annotated manuscript of W.P. Baldwin, Jr. and J.P. Loftin, Jr.). Bull. Fla. State Mus. Biol. Sci. 4:319-348. Caldwell, D.K., F.H. Berry, A. Carr, and R.A. Ragotzkie. 1959a. Multiple and group nesting by the Atlantic loggerhead turtle. Bull. Fla. State Mus. 4:309-318. Caldwell, D.K., A. Carr, and L.H. Ogren. 1959b. Nesting and migration of the Atlantic log- gerhead turtle. Bull. Fla. State Mus. 4:295-308. Carr, A.F., Jr. 1952. Handbook of Turtles. The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja California. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Carr, A.F., Jr. 1963. Panspecific reproductive convergence in Lepidochelys Kempi. Ergeb. Biol. 26:298-303. Carr, A.F., Jr. 1967. So Excellent a Fishe. Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press. 249 pp. Carr, A.F., Jr. 1973. The Everglades. The American Wilderness series. New York: Time-Life Books. 184 pp. Carr, A.F., Jr. 1975. The Ascension Island green turtle colony. Copeia 1975 (3):547-555. Carr, A.F., Jr. 1980. Some problems of sea turtle ecology. Am. Zool. 20:489-498. Carr, A.F., Jr. 1986a. New Perspectives on the Pelagic Stage of Sea Turtle Development. NOAA-TM-SEFC-190. Miami, Fla.: Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. 36 pp. Carr, A.F.,Jr. 1986b. Rips, FADS, and little loggerheads. Bioscience 36:92-100. Carr, A.F., Jr. 1987. The impact of nondegradable marine debris on the ecology and survival outlook of sea turtles. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 18(6B):352-356. Carr, A.F., Jr., and A.B. Meylan. 1980. Evidence of passive migration of green turtle hatch- lings in sargassum. Copeia 1980:366-368. Carr, A.F., Jr., and L. Ogren. 1960. The ecology and migrations of sea turtles, IV: The green turtle in the Caribbean Sea. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 121:1-48. Carr, A.F., Jr., and S. Stancyk. 1975. Observations on the ecology and survival outlook of the hawksbill turtle. Biol. Conserv. 8:161-172. Carr, A.F., Jr., M.H. Carr, and A.B. Meylan. 1978. The ecology and migrations of sea turtles. Part 7. The West Caribbean green turtle colony. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 162:1-46. Carr, A.F., Jr., L. Ogren, and C. McVea. 1981. Apparent hibernation by the Atlantic logger- head turtle Caretta caretta off Cape Canaveral, Florida. Biol. Conserv. 19:7-14. Chavez, H., M. Contreras, and T.P.E. Hernandez. 1967. Apectos biologicos y proteccion de la Tortuga Lora, Lepidochelys kempi (German), en la Costa de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Insti- tuto Nacional Investigaciones Biologico-Pesqueras, Mexico 17:1-39. Clark, D.R., Jr., and AJ. Krynitsky. 1980. Organo chlorine residues in eggs of loggerhead turtles (Carerra caretta) and green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting at Merritt Island, Florida, USA-July and August 1976. Pestic. Monit. J. 14:7-10. Clark, D.R., Jr., and AJ. Kr,voitsky. 1985. DDE residues and artificial incubation of logger- head sea turtle eggs. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34:121-125.

157 References Clement Associates, Inc. 1989. Shrimp Trawling Requirements Rulemaking: Initial Techni- cal Review. Fairfax, Va.: Clement Associates, Inc. Cole, L.C. 1954. The population consequences of life history phenomena. Q. Rev. Biol. 29:103-137. Coleman, E., ed. 1987. Marine litter: More than an eyesore. Aquanotes. Louisiana Sea Grant College Program 16(2):1-4. Collard, S.B. 1987. Review of Oceanographic Features Relating to Neonate Sea Turtle Distri- bution and Dispersal in the Pelagic Environment: Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempO in the Gulf of Mexico. Final report, NOAA-NMFS contract no. 40-GFNF-5-00193. National Marine Fisheries Service. 70 pp. Conley, W.J., and B.A. Hoffman. 1987. Nesting activity of sea turtles in Florida, 1979-1985. Fla. Sci. 50:201-210. Conner, D.K., 1987. Turtles, trawlers, and TEDs: What happens when the Endangered Species Act conflicts with fishermen's interests. Water Log (Coastal and Marine Law Research Program, University of Mississippi) 7:3-27. Corliss, L.A., J.I. Richardson, C. Ryder, and R. Bell. 1989. The hawksbills of Jumby Bay, Antigua, West Indies. Pp. 33-35 in Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology held 7-11 February, 1989 at Jekyll Island, Georgia, S.A. Eckert, K.L.Eckert, and T.H. Richardson, comp. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-232. Miami, Fla.: Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. Cornelius, S.E. 1986. The Sea Turtles of Santa Rosa National Park. San Jose, Costa Rica: Fundacion de Parques Nacionales. 64 pp. Cottingham, D. 1988. Persistent marine debris: Challenge and response. The federal per- spective. Alaska Sea Grant College Program. 41 pp. Cox, B.A., and R.G. Mauermann. 1976. Incidential Catch and Disposal of Sea Turtles by the Brownsville-Port Isabel Gulf Shrimp Fleet. Texas Shrimp Association. (Unpublished). Crouse, D.T., L.B. Crowder, and H. Caswell. 1987. A stage-based population model for log- gerhead sea turtles and implications for conservation. Ecology 68:1412-1423. Daniel, R.S., and K.U. Smith. 1947. Migration of newly hatched loggerhead turtles towards the sea. Science 106:398-399. Danton, C., and R. Prescott. 1988. Kemp's ridley in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts-1987. Pp. 17-18 in Proceeding of the Eighth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology held 24-26 February, 1988 at Fort Fisher, North Carolina, B.A. Schroeder, comp. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-214. Miami, Fla.: Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. Davis, G.E., and M.C. Whiting. 1977. Loggerhead sea turtle nesting in Everglades National Park, Florida, U.S.A. Herpetologica 33:18-28. Dickerson, D.D., and D.A. Nelson. 1988. Use of long wavelength lights to prevent disorien- tation of hatchling sea turtles. Pp. 19-21 in Proceeding of the Eighth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology held 24-26 February, 1988 at Fort Fisher, North Carolina, B.A. Schroeder, comp. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-214. Miami, Fla.: Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. Dickerson, D.D., and D.A. Nelson. 1989. Recent results on hatchling orientation responses in light wavelengths and intensities. Pp. 41-43 in Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Work- shop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology held 7-11 February, 1989 at Jekyll Island, Georgia, S.A. Eckert, K.L. Eckert, and T.H. Richardson, comp. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC- 232. Miami, Fla.: Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. Dickerson, D.D., and D.A. Nelson, comps. 1990. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Methods to Minimize Dredging Impacts on Sea Turtles, 11 and 12 May 1988, Jacksonville, Florida. Misc. Paper EL-90-5. Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water~vays Experiment Station. 89 pp.

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This book explores in detail threats to the world's sea turtle population to provide sound, scientific conclusions on which dangers are greatest and how they can be addressed most effectively. Offering a fascinating and informative overview of five sea turtle species, the volume discusses sea turtles' feeding habits, preferred nesting areas, and migration routes; examines their status in U.S. waters; and cites examples of conservation measures under way and under consideration.

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