Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 253
Index
A
Aerial surveys, 3, 29, 52, 54-57, 111, 183,
199-201
Alabama, 58, 224, 225, 227, 233, 235-236,
239-242
Ascension Island, 33, 113
Atlantic Ocean, 6, 17, 54, 56, 90, 103-106,
120
Kemp's ridleys, 24
loggerheads, 30-31
shrimp fishing, 53, 55, 82~4, 85, 87
strandings, 52, 87-89, 94, 95, 96, 97,
100-101, 103-106, 126
see also specific Atlantic Coast states
Automobiles, see Motor vehicles
B
Bacteria, 64-65
Bahamas, 125
Beaches, 122
armoring, 77-78, 121
lighting, artificial, 33, 79, 121-122, 153
nourishment, 78, 121
predators, 62-64, 67
strandings, 105
253
vegetation, 65, 81-82
see also Nesting and nesting habitat
Biological processes, 19, 21-41, 150
diseases and disorders, 64-67, 151
green turtles, 32-35
hawksbills, 35-39
imprinting, 10, 42, 124
Kemp's ridleys, 23-28, 180-185
leatherbacks, 3~41
life cycles, 2-3, 4-5, 61-73
loggerheads, 4-5, 28-32
mortality and, 62-65, 61-73, 118
olive ridleys, 41
research, 19
thermal, 38, 66-67, 135
toxic substances, 6, 77, 113-114, 138-139
vegetation, 65, 81-82
see also Breeding; Developmental bio-
logy; Feeding and food; Population
factors; Reproductive processes
Boats, see Ships and boats; Shrimp trawling
Brazil, 33
Breeding
captive, general, 10, 124, 130, 152-153
headstrong, ~10, 14, 19, 122-124, 130, 186
OCR for page 254
254
Decline of the Sea Turtles
Bycatch, 10-12
see also Turtle excluder devices; Tow
time, trawling
CCanada, 40
Caribbean Sea, 36, 125-126
Chesapeake Bay, 104-105, 109
Kemp's ridleys, 24-25, 105
Conservation measures, 5, 9-15, 51,
118-143, 146-149, 151-153, 185-186
Endangered Species Act, 1, 10, 16, 17,
19-20, 119, 126, 136, 146, 175-178,
179
headstarting, 9-10, 14, 19, 122-124,
130, 186
international activities, 17, 19-20,
123-124, 125-126, 142-143, 182, 185
Kemp's ridleys, 63, 123-124, 146,
185-186
loggerheads, 61-62
Mexico, 19-20, 24, 123-124, 125, 142,
182, 185-186
nesting, 9, 120-121, 149-150, 185-186
predation and, 63
reproduction processes, 149-150
see also Regulations; Turtle excluder
devices
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species, 125, 143
Costa Rica, 65
Court cases, see Litigation
Cutaneous fibropapillomatosis, 64
D
Data bases, Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage
Network, 52, 57-58, 60, 92, 95, 109
Debris, see Plastics and debris
Demography, see Geographic distribution;
Population factors
Department of Commerce, 17
see also National Marine Fisheries
Service
Department of the Interior, 17, 149
Depth factors, water
Kemp's ridleys, 24, 60
loggerheads/leatherbacks, 58, 60
shrimping effort, 99
Developmental biology, 2, 310-312
green turtles, 34-35
hawksbills, 38-39
Kemp's ridleys, 26-28, 181-182
loggerheads, 30-32
mortality and critical life stages, 4-5,
61-73, 118
see also Reproductive processes
Diseases and disorders, 64-65, 151
hypothermia, 66-67
see also Mortality; Toxic substances
Dredging, 6, 8, 12, 76, 107-109, 135-137,
14~149
Dunes, 81-82
Economic factors
funding, 140-141, 142, 224-237,
239-247
land acquisition, 149-150
turtle excluder devices, 18, 128-130,
140-141
Edison Electric Institute, 113
Education, 13, 17, 140, 141-142, 218-223,
224-237, 238-247
Eggs and hatchlings, 2
conservation measures, 9, 120, 121-122
green turtles, 34
hawksbills, 36, 38
headstarting, 9-10, 14, 19, 122-124,
130, 186
imprinting, 10, 42, 124
Kemp's ridleys, 24, 25, 27, 63
legal protection, 125
lighting, beaches, 33, 79, 121-122, 153
loggerheads, 31, 61, 71-72
mortality, 4-5, 61, 62-63, 65, 66, 67,
68, 71-72, 74, 77~2
see also Nesting and nesting habitat
Endangered Species Act, 1, 10, 16, 17, 19-20,
119, 126, 136, 146, 175-178, 179
Equipment, see Dredging; Fishing and
fishing equipment; Oil platforms;
Power plants; Turtle excluder devices
Entrainment, power plant intakes, 6, 12, 75,
112-113, 116-117, 138
Erosion, 4, 66, 120-121
Explosives, 110-112, 149, 151
F
Feeding and food, 2-3
green turtles, 33, 34
hawksbills, 35-36, 37
Kemp's ridleys, 23-26
OCR for page 255
255
Decline of the Sea Turtles
leatherbacks, 40
loggerheads, 24, 30
research, 151
see also Plastics and debris; Toxic
substances
Females
Kemp's ridleys, 27-28
loggerheads, 29-30, 31-32
sex ratios, 27-28, 38, 68, 123, 150
see also Nesting and nesting habitat;
Reproductive processes
Fish, as predators, 63
Fishing and fishing equipment
bycatch, 10-12
entanglement in discarded, 101-107
non-shrimping, and turtle mortality, 6,
7 - , 76, 101-107, 135, 146, 148, 152
poaching, turtles, 10, 17, 113, 125-126,
149, 185
shrimping, and turtle mortality, see Hawaii, 64
Shrimp trawling Hawksbills
see also Turtle excluder devices
Fish and Wildlife Service, 149
Florida, 3, 4, 33, 37, 47-48, 56, 62-63, 64,
83, 84, 87, 89, 106, 108, 109, 112, 113,
120, 128, 136, 137, 144-145, 149, 226,
239
Food, see Feeding and food
Funding, 140-141, 142, 224-237, 239-247
Fungi, 64-65
G
Geographic distribution, 3, 19, 51-60, 151
aerial surveys, 3, 29, 52, 54-57, 111,
183, 199-201
green turtles, 32-34
hawksbills, 35-37
Kemp's ridleys, 23-26, 181
leatherbacks, 39-40, 56
loggerheads, 3, 2~29, 54-57, 60
Georgia, 4, 5, 7, 13, 47-48, 83, 87, 89, 96,
144, 146, 225, 226, 229-230, 233-235,
244-245
Green turtles
biological processes, 32-35
feeding, 33, 34
legal status, 16, 119
mortality, 35, 58, 110
nesting, 4, 33-34, 48, 50, 60, 144-145
population factors, 32-34, 48, 50, 145
reproductive processes, general, 34-35
Gulf of Mexico, 4, 17, 109
hawksbills, 36
Kemp's ridleys, 23-24, 25, 26, 60
leatherbacks, 57
loggerheads, 30, 32, 55, 56, 60
oil platform removal, 110-112
shrimp fishing, 53, 55, 82~4, 85,
86~7
strandings, 52, 60, 87~9, 93, 94,
95-96, 97, 99-100, 106-107, 126
see also specific Gulf Coast states
H
Habitats
dunes, 8102
reefs, 35-36
see also Beaches; Feeding and food;
Geographic distribution; Nesting and
nesting habitat
biological processes, 35-39
feeding, 35-36, 37
legal status, 119
mortality, 39, 58
nesting, 36-37, 38, 4~49, 50, 145
population factors, 35-37, 4~49, 50,
145
reproductive processes, general, 3039
Headstarting, 9-10, 14, 19, 122-124, 130, 186
Human factors, 5-9, 10-14, 16-17, 21, 23,
51, 74-117, 145, 14~149
boat collisions with turtles, 8, 12, 76,
109-110, 137-138
dredging, 6, 8, 12, 76, 107-109,
135-137, 14~149
education, 13, 17, 140, 141-142,
21~223, 224-237, 23~247
motor vehicles, 81, 122
oil platforms, 8, 12, 17, 76, 110-112,
138, 149, 151
poaching, 10, 17, 76, 113, 125-126, 149,
185
power plants, turtle entrainment, 6, 12,
75, 76, 112-113, 138
recreation, 80-81, 101, 108, 122
see also Conservation measures; Eco
nomic factors; Fishing and fishing
equipment; Laws; Lighting; Plastics
and debris; Shrimp trawling
Hypothermia, 66-67
OCR for page 256
256
Decline of the Sea Turtles
Imprinting, 10, 42, 124
International activities, 17, 19-20, 116,
123-124, 125-126, 142-143, 149, 182,
185
International Convention for the Prevention
of Pollution from Ships, 116, 149
International Union for the Conservation of
Nature Marine Turtle Specialist
Group, 143
K
Kemp's ridleys, 179-187
biological processes, 23-28, 180-185
conservation measures, 63, 123-124, 146,
185-186
eggs and hatchlings, 24, 25, 27, 63
feeding, 23-26
geographical distribution, 23-26, 181
legal status, 16, 119
Mexican waters, 24, 25, 26, 90, 144, 182,
185-186
mortality, 5, 7, 28, 58, 74, 75, 76, 90, 113,
116, 117, 138, 183-185
nesting, 3-4, 13, 25, 26-27, 43, 47, 144,
181-183, 185-186
population factors, 23-25, 26, 27-28, 43,
47, 49, 60, 145, 181-183
reproductive processes, general, 26-28,
149
strandings, 58, 145
Laws
Endangered Species Act, 1, 10, 16, 17,
19-20, 119, 126, 136, 146, 175-178,
179
international, 116, 125-126, 142-143,
149, 185
Mexican, 19-20, 125, 142, 185-186
poaching, 10, 17, 76, 113, 125-126, 149,
185
see also Litigation; Regulations
Land acquisition, 149-150
Land use planning, 120
Leatherbacks
biological processes, 39-41
feeding, 40
geographical distribution, 39-40, 56
legal status, 16, 119
mortality, 41, 58, 102-103
nesting, 40, 49, 50, 145
population factors, 39-40, 49, 50, 54, 56,
57, 145
reproductive processes, general, 41
Lighting, beaches, 33, 79, 121-122, 153
Litigation, turtle excluder devices, 18-19
Lobsters, 103
Loggerheads, 146
biological processes, 4-5, 2~32
conservation measures, 61-62
eggs and hatchlings, 31, 61, 71-72
feeding, 24, 30
geographical distribution, 3, 28-29,
54-57, 60
legal status, 16, 119
mortality, 5, 7, 32, 57-58, 61-63, 71-72,
74, 75, 76, 95-100, 108, 110, 117, 138,
145, 188
nesting, 7, 13, 29-32, 47-48, 50, 55, 61,
119, 144, 145
population factors, 4, 28-30, 47-48, 50,
61, 69, 96-97,145
repellents, 137
reproductive processes, 30-31, 61-62,
69-72, 149
strandings, 57-58, 145
Louisiana, 227, 235, 243-244
M
Management practices, see Conservation
measures
Macrochelid mites, 64
Mating
Kemp's ridleys, 26
loggerheads, 30
Mexico, 4, 13, 19-20, 123-124, 125
Kemp's ridleys, 24, 25, 26, 90, 144, 182,
185-186
Microbial pathogens, 65
Minerals Management Service, 110, 111, 149
Mississippi, 58, 227, 230-231, 235-236,
241-243
Models
mortality, 87, 89, 90-91, 95-96, 131
population factors, 27, 29, 61, 6~69,
71-72, 87, 89, 150-151
trawl tow time, 9~91, 131, 151
Monofilament line, 102
Mortality
adult and subadult, general, 5, 71, 72, 75,
125-139, 147, 149
OCR for page 257
257
Decline of the Sea Turtles
boat collisions, 8, 12, 76, 109-110,
137-138
critical life stages and, 4-5, 61-73, 118
diseases and disorders, 64-67, 151
dredging and, 6, 8, 12, 76, 107-109,
135-137, 140149
eggs and hatchlings, 4-5, 61, 62-63, 65,
66, 67, 68, 71-72, 74, 77~2
fishing, non-shrimp, 6, 7-8, 76, 101-107,
135, 146, 148, 152
green turtles, 35, 58, 110
hawksbills, 39, 58
headstarting, 9-10, 14, 19, 122-124, 130,
186
human factors, general, 5-9, 10-14,
16-17, 21, 23, 51, 74-117, 145,
14~149
Kemp's ridleys, 5, 7, 28, 58, ,4, 75, 76,
90, 113, 116, 117, 138, 183-185
leatherbacks, 41, 58, 102-103
loggerheads, 5, 7, 32, 57-58, 61-63,
71-72, 74, 75, 76, 95-100, 108, 110,
117, 138, 145, 188
models, 87, 89, 90-91, 95-96, 131
motor vehicles, 81, 122
oil platforms and, 8, 12, 17, 76, 110-112,
138, 149, 151
plastics, debris and, 6, - 9, 12-13, 17,
77, 101-107, 114-116, 138-139, 146,
149
poaching, 10, 17, 113, 76, 125-126, 149,
185
power plants, entrainment, 6, 12, 75, 76,
112-113, 138
predation, non-human, 62-64, 67
research, 19, 67-72
strandings, 3, 6, 7, 52, 57-58, 59, 60,
87-90, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99-101,
103-107, 126, 145, 202-213
trawling and, general, 1, 13-14, 117,
145-146, 147-148
trawl tow time, 6, 11-12, 14, 90-92, 127,
131-135, 145, 147-148, 151, 152
Motor vehicles, 81, 122
N
National Marine Fisheries Service
educational efforts, 21~223, 246
fishing, non-shrimp, 101, 107, 109
headstarting, 123
observer program, 60, 84, 85
oil platforms, 110
plastics studies, 116
pollution reduction, 149
recovery plan, 119-120
trawl tow time studies, 90, 91-92, 132
turtle excluder devices, 17-19, 127-129,
140-141, 147-148
Nesting and nesting habitat, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 17,
42-50, 51-52, 54, 63-64, 65, 66,
77-82, 153
conservation measures, 9, 120-121,
149-150, 185-186
geographic distribution, 51-52, 54
green turtles, 4, 33-34, 48, 50, 60,
144-145
hawksbills, 36-37, 38, 48-49, 50, 145
imprinting, 10, 42, 124
Kemp's ridleys, 3-4, 13, 25, 26-27, 43,
47, 144, 181-183, 185-186
leatherbacks, 40, 49, 50, 145
lighting, beach, 33, 79, 121-122, 153
loggerheads, 7, 13, 29-32, 47-48, 50, 55,
61, 119, 144, 145
predators, 62-64, 67
vegetation and, 65, 81-82
see also Beaches; Dunes; Eggs and hatch-
lings
New England, 40, 57, 60, 102-103
New Jersey, 112
New York Bight, 103, 115
North Carolina, 7, 55, 57, 84, 100-101, 117,
225, 227-229, 231-232, 236, 23~239
o
Oil platforms, 8, 12, 17, 76, 110-112, 138,
149, 151
Olfactory processes, see Imprinting
Olive ridleys, 23, 41, 65
Okeanos Ocean Research Foundation, 103
p
Parasites, 64-65
Physiological processes, 151
thermal, 38, 66-67, 135
Plastics and debris, 6, 09, 12-13, 17, 77,
101-107, 114-116, 13~139, 146, 149
Poaching, turtles, 10, 17, 76, 113, 125-126,
149, 185
Pollution, see plastics and debris; Toxic sub-
stances
OCR for page 258
258
Decline of the Sea Turtles
Population factors, 3~, 42-50, 51-60,
144-146
green turtles, 32-34, 48, 50, 145
hawksbills, 35-37, 48-49, 50, 145
Kemp's ridleys, 23-25, 26, 27-28, 43, 47,
49, 60, 145, 181-183
leatherbacks, 39~0, 49, 50, 54, 56, 57,
145
loggerheads, 4, 28-30, 47-48, 50, 61, 69,
96-97, 145
models, 27, 29, 61, 6~69, 71-72, 87, 89,
150-151
see also Geographic distribution; Mortali
ty; Nesting and nesting habitat;
Reproductive processes; Surveys
Power plants, turtle entrainment, 6, 12, 75,
76, 112-113, 11~117, 138
Precipitation (meteorology), see Rain
Predation
non-human, 62-64, 67
poaching, 10, 17, 113, 76, 125-126, 149, 185
Puerto Rico, 49, 50
R
Radio tracking, 24, 25, 137
Rain, 66
Recreation, 80-81, 101, 109, 122
Reefs, 35-36
Regulations
fishing equipment, 1, 12~127, 131, 134,
148, 151
intentional harvest, 10
land use planning, 120
non-shrimp fishing activities, 135
plastics and debris, 139
poaching, 10, 17, 113, 76, 125-126, 149,
185
turtle excluder devices, 1~19, 131,
147-148, 151-152
Remote sensing
aerial, 3, 29, 52, 54-57, 111, 183,
19~201
radio tracking, 24, 25, 137
satellite, 24, 25
Repellants, 137
Reproductive processes, 4-5, 67-68,
149-150
green turtles, 34-35
hawkshills, 3039
Kemp's ridleys, 2~28, 149
leatherbacks, 41
loggerheads, 3~31, 61-62, 69-72, 149
mating, 26, 30
sex ratios, 27-28, 38, 68, 123, 150
see also Breeding; Eggs and hatchlings;
Nesting and nesting habitat
Research, 13, 14-15, 17, 19-20, 150-153
aerial surveys, 3, 29, 52, 54-57, 111, 183,
199-201
breeding, captive, 150, 152
dredge equipment, 136-137, 14~149
feeding, 151
mortality, 19, 67-72
radio tracking, 24, 25, 137
study methodology, 1-2
trawl tow time, 91-92, 151, 152
see also Headstarting
S
Satellites, 24, 25
Seasonal factors, 87-90, 92-96
dredging, 137
hypothermia, 66-67
loggerhead/leatherback distribution,
54-57, 60
shrimp fishery, 85-90, 92-93, 110, 145
strandings, 58, 60, 87-90, 92-93, 104
tow times, trawling, 11-12, 14, 127,
132-134, 135, 151
see also Nesting and nesting habitat
Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage Network,
52, 57-58, 60, 92, 95, 109
Sex ratios, 68, 150
hawksbills, 38
Kemp's ridleys, 27-28, 123
Sharks, 63
Ships and boats
collisions with turtles, 8, 12, 76, 109-110,
137-138
see also Dredging; Shrimp trawling
Shrimp trawling, 5, 6-7, 17, 75, 76, 82-101,
116, 117, 126-135, 145-146, 147-148
bycatch, 10-12
fishery description, 82-90, 215-217
gear regulations, general, 1
Gulf of Mexico, 53, 55, 82-84, 85, 86-87
research, 2
tow time, trawls, 6, 11-12, 14, 90-92,
127, 131-135, 145, 147-148, 151, 152
zones, Atlantic and Gulf, 53, 55, 82-84,
85, 87
see also Turtle excluder devices
OCR for page 259
259
Decline of the Sea Turtles
South Atlantic Fishery Management Council,
247
South Carolina, 4, 6, 7, 13, 29, 47, 83, 87, 89,
94, 95, 96, 106, 117, 144, 146, 152,
229, 232, 245
Spirorchidiasis, 64
State-level actions, 224247
see also specific states
Statutes, see Laws
Strandings, 3, 6, 7, 52, 57-58, 59, 60, 87-90,
93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99-101, 103-107,
126, 145, 202-213
Atlantic Coast, 52, 87-89, 94, 95, 96, 97,
100-101, 103-106, 126
Gulf of Mexico, 52, 60, 87-89, 93, 94,
95-96, 97, 99-100, 106-107, 126
Surinam, 49, 66
Surveys
aerial, 3, 29, 52, 54-57, 111, 183,
199-201
nesting, 43
radio tracking, 24, 25, 137
satellite, 24, 25
Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage Network,
52, 57-58, 60, 92, 95, 109
tagging, research, 150
T
Technology
aerial surveys, 3, 29, 52, 5457, 111, 183,
199-201
radio tracking, 24, 25, 137
satellite tracking, 24, 25
transfer, 140-142
see also Research; Turtle excluder
devices
Texas, 6, 58, 89, 93, 94, 95-96, 107, 115,
117, 152, 224, 225, 226, 229, 232-233,
236-237, 245-247
Thermal factors, 66-67, 135
hawksbills, 38
Kemp's ridleys, 2425
see also Seasonal factors
Tides, 66
Tow time, trawling, 6, 11-12, 14, 90-92, 127,
131-135, 145, 147-148
models, 90-91, 131, 151
research, 91-92, 151, 152
seasonal factors, 11-12, 14, 127, 132-134,
135, 151
Toxic substances, 6, 77, 113-114, 13~139
Trawling, shrimp, see Shrimp trawling
Turtle excluder devices, 2, 11, 14, 15, 97-99,
127-131, 134, 142, 147-148, 151-152,
185, 186
educational efforts, 210223, 224237
history, 17-19
illustrations of, 193-198
technology transfer, 140-142
U
University of Georgia, 18, 142
V
Vegetation, 65, 81-82
Virginia, 104
Virgin Islands, 37, 49, 50
Visual perception, light, 33, 79, 121-122
W
World Herpetological Congress, 143
OCR for page 260
Representative terms from entire chapter:
excluder devices
