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References Alber, Jens 1981 Modernization, democratization and the development of welfare states in Western Europe. Pp.37-80 in Peter Flora and Arnold J. Heidenheimer teds.), The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America. New Brunswick, N.J., and London: Transaction Books. Alpert, William, and M. Ozawa 1986 Fringe benefits in nonmanufacturing industries: How they vary. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology (April): 189-200. Ambry, M. 1988 At home in the office. American Demographics 10:30-33, 61. American Society for Personnel Administrators 1988 Employers and Child Care: The Human Resource Professional's View. Alexandria, Va.: American Society for Personnel Administrators. Andrews, Emily S. 1988 An Overview of the Employee Benefit System. Paper presented to the National Research Council Panel on Employer Policies and Working Families, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Is sues (November 11~. Washington, D.C.: Employee Benefit Research Institute. Arrow, Kenneth. 1973 The theory of discrimination. In Orley Ashenfelter and Albert Rees teds.), Discrimination in Labor Markets. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Auerbach, Judith D. 1988 In the Business of Child Care: Employer Initiatives and Working Women. New York: Praeger. Axel, Helen 1985 Corporations and Families: Changing Practices and Perspectives. Re- port No. 868. New York: The Conference Board. 202

REFERENCES Baca-Zinn, Maxine 1989 Family, race and poverty in the eighties. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14~2~:856-874. Baca-Zinn, Maxine, and D. Stanley Eitzen 1990 Diversity in Families, Second Edition. New York: Harper & Row. Bailyn, Lotte 203 1970 Career and family orientation of husbands and wives in relation to marital happiness. Human Relations 23 :97- 113. 1988 Freeing work from the constraints of location and time. New Technol ogy,WorkandEmployment 3~21:143-152. 1989 Toward the perfect workplace? Communications of the ACM 32~4~:460 471. Barnes, Roberta Ott, and Linda D. Giannarelli 1988 The Distribution Effects of Alternative Child Care Proposals. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Meeting of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, Seattle, Wash. (October 17-191. Wash- ington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. Barney, J.L. 1977 The prerogative of choice in long-term care. The Gerontologist 23:300- 306. Bartlett, R.L., and C. Callahan 1984 Wage determination and marital status: Another look. Industrial Rela- tions 23:90-96. Baruch, Grace C., Lois Beiner, and Rosalind C. Barnett 1987 Women and gender in research on work and family stress. American Psychologist 42: 130- 136. Bean, Frank D., and Marta Tienda 1988 The Hispanic Population of the United States. Sage Foundation. Becker, Gary S. 1985 The allocation of effort, specific human capital, and differences be- tween men and women in earnings and occupations. Journal of Labor Economics 31/Part 21:S33-S58. Belous, Richard S. 1989 The Contingent Economy: The Growth of the Temporary, Part-Time and Contingent WorIfforce. Washington, D.C. National Planning Asso- ciation. New York: Russell Belsky, Jay 1988 A reassessment of infant day care. Pp. 100-119 in Edward F. Zigler and Meryl Frank teds.), The Parental Leave Crisis: Toward a National Policy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Bergmann, Barbara R. 1976 Reducing the pervasiveness of discrimination. In Eli Ginzberg (ed.), Jobs for Americans. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Berkeley Planning Associates 1988 Small Business Options for Child Care. Final Report to the Small Business Administration. Contract No. SBA-2056-AER-87 (March 201.

204 WORK AND FAMILY: POLICIES FOR A CHANGING WORK FORCE Berkowitz, Edward D. 1979 The American disability system in historical perspective. Pp. 16-74 in Edward D. Berkowitz (ed.), Disability Policies and Government Pro- grams. New York: Praeger. Berman, Melissa A. 1987 What do women get? Across the Board (March). (Published by The Conference Board). Besharov, D., and P. Tramontozzi 1988 The Costs of Federal Child Care Assistance. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Policy Research. Bielby, Denise D., and William T. Bielby 1985 She works hard for the money: Household responsibilities and alloca- tion of effort. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Statistical Association. Blank, H., and A. Wilkins 1985 Child Care: Whose Priority? A State Child Care Fact Book. Washing- ton, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund. Blank, H., A. Wilkins, and M. Crawley 1987 State Child Care Fact Book1987. Washington,D.C.: Children'sDe- fense Fund. Blank, Rebecca M. 1989 Part-time and temporary work. Pp. 1519-1558 in Investing in People: A Strategy to Address America's Work~force Crisis. Commission on Workforce Quality and Labor Market Efficiency, U.S. Department of Labor. Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Blau, David M., and Philip K. Robins 1986 Fertility, Employment and Child Care Costs: A Dynamic Analysis. Paper presented at the meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco, Calif. Blau, Francine D., and Marianne A. Ferber 1986 The Economics of Women, Men, and Work. Prentice-Hall. 1987 Discrimination: Empirical evidence from the United States. American Economic Review 77~2~:316-320. Bloom-Feshbach, Sally, Jonathan Bloom-Feshbach, and Kirby A. Helter 1982 Work, family and children: Perceptions of the world. Pp. 268-308 in Sheila B. Kameman and Cheryl D. Hayes (eds.), Families That Work: Children in a Changing World. Panel on Work, Family, and Commu nity, Committee on Child Deveopment Research and Public Policy, Com mission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Blostin, Allan P., Thomas P. Burke, and Lora M. Lovejoy 1988 Disability and insurance plans in the public and private sectors. Monthly Labor Review 111~121:9-17. Blum, Terri C., and Paul Roman 1989 Employee assistance programs and human resources management. In K. Rowland and G. Ferris teds.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management 7:259-312. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:

REFERENCES 205 Blumstein, Philip, and Pepper Schwartz 1983 American Couples. New York: William Morrow. Bolger, Niall, Anita de Longes, Ronald C. Kessler, and Elaine Wethington 1989 The contagion of stress across multiple roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family 51(February):175-183. Bonilla, Carlos E. 1989 Determinants of Employee Absenteeism. Chamber Foundation. Washington, D.C.: National Boris, Eileen, and Cynthia R. Daniels, eds. 1989 Homework: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Paid Labor at Home. Chicago: The University of Illinois Press. Brandes, S.D. 1976 Welfare Capitalism: 1880-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brazelton, T.B. 1986 Issues for working parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 56:14- 25. Broberg, Anders 1988 The Swedish child care system. Unpublished paper (cited in Galinsky). Brody, Elaine M. 1981 Women in the middle and family help to older people. The Gerontolo- gist 21~51:471-480. 1985 Parent care as a normative family stress. The Gerontologist 25(11:19- 29. Brody, Elaine M., and Claire B. Schoonover 1986 Patterns of parent care when adult daughters work and when they do not. The Gerontologist 26:372-381. Bronfenbrenner, Urie, and Ann C. Crouter 1982 Work and family through time and space. Pp.39-83 in Sheila B. Kamerman and Cheryl D. Hayes teds.), Families That Work: Children in a Chang ing World. Panel on Work, Family, and Community, Committee on Child Development Research and Public Policy, Commission on Behav ioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Brownlee, W. Elliot, and Mary M. Brownlee 1976 Women in the American Economy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univer sity Press. Brush, L. 1987 Usage of Different Kinds of Child Care: An Analysis of the SIPP Data Base. Paper prepared for the Social Services Policy Division, Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Octo ber 14. 1989 Projecting the Costs of Full-Day Child Care from the Costs of Head Start. Paper prepared for the Panel on Child Care Policy, Committee on Child Development Research and Public Policy, Commission on Behav ioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Burden, Diane S., and Bradley Googins 1987 Balancing Job and Homelife Study: Managing Work and Family Stress

206 WORK AND FAMILY: POLICIES FOR A CHANGING WORK FORCE in Corporations. Boston, Mass.: Boston University School of Social Work. Bureau of the Census 1983 Geographic Mobility of Labor, March 1980 to March 1981. Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 377. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1986 Earnings in 1983 of Married Couple Families by Characteristics of Husband and Wife. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 153 (March). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1987 Who's Minding the Kids. Child Care Arrangements: Winter 1984-85, Data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Current Population Reports, Series P-70, No. 9. Washington, D.C.: U.S. De partment of Commerce. 1989a Fertility of American Women: June 1988. Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No.436. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1989b Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States, 1988. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 166. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1989c Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States, 1987. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 162. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1989d Population Profile of the United States. Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 159. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Com merce. 1989e Poverty in the United States, 1987. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 163. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1989f Statistical Abstract of the United States, 109th Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1990a Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States, 1989. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 168. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1990b Statistical Abstract of the United States, 110th Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1983 Monthly Labor Review 106~11). 1985a Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms, 1984. Bulletin 2237 (June). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1985b Employment, Hours and Earnings of the United States, 1909-1984, Volume 2. Bulletin 1312-12 (March). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart ment of Labor. 1987 Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms, 1986. Bulletin 2281 (June). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1988a BLS Reports on Employer Child Care Practices. News Release 88-7 (January 15~. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1988b Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments, 1987. Bulletin 2309 (May). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1988c Employment and Earnings (August), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern ment Printing Office.

REFERENCES 207 1989a Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms, 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1989b Survey of Employer Anti-Drug Programs. Report 760. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1990a Employer Costs for Employee Compensation, March 1990. News Re lease 90-317 (June 191. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1990b Employment and Earnings 37~1~. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1990c Employment and Earnings 37~3J. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Bureau of National Affairs 1988a Alternative Work Schedules: Changing Times for a Changing Workforce. Special Report #5. The National Report on Work and Family. Wash- ington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs. 1988b Employee Assistance Programs: Focusing on the Family. Special Re- port #6. The National Report on Work and Family. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs. 1989 Text of family care provisions of the AT&T labor contract. The Na- tional Report on Work and Family. (June 9~:9-10. Washington, D.C.: Buraff Publications. Burke, R.J., T. Weir, and R.F. Duwors, Jr. 1980 Work demands on administrators and spouse well-being. Human Rela- tions 33:253-278. Burkhauser, Richard V., and T. Aldrich Finegan 1989 The minimum wage and the poor: The end of a relationship. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 8~1~:53-71. Burkhauser, Richard V., and Petri Hirvonen 1988 United States Disability Policy in a Time of Economic Crisis: A Com- parison with Sweden and the Federal Republic of Germany. Paper prepared for the Milbank Memorial Fund Round Table on Disability Policy (November). Burud, Sandra L., Pamela R. Aschbacher, and Jacquelyn McCrosky 1984 Employer-Supported Child Care: Investing in Human Resources. Do Business Insurance ver, Mass.: Auburn Mouse ~u~llsnlng company. 1989 41 States Revise Workers' Compensation Laws (October 161:41. Butler, Barbara, and Janis Wasserman 1988 Parental leave: Attitudes and practices in small businesses. Pp. 223-232 in Edward F. Zigler and Meryl Frank, (eds.), The Parental Leave Crisis: Toward a National Policy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Cameron, David 1982 On the limits of the public economy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 459(January):46-62. Catalyst 1986 Report on a National Study of Parental Leaves. New York: Catalyst. Cherlin, Andrew 1979 Work life and marital dissolution. In G. Levinger and O.C. Moles (eds.),

208 WORK AND FAMILY: POLICIES FOR A CHANGING WORK FORCE Divorce and Separation: Context, Causes, and Consequences. New York: Basic Books. Chollet, Deborah 1987 Financing retirement today and tomorrow: The prospect for America's workers. Pp. 25-44 in America in Transition: Benefits for the Future. Washington, D.C.: Employee Benefit Research Institute. Uninsured in the United States: The Nonelderly Population Without Health Insurance, 1986. Washington, D.C.: search Institute, P-42. (October). 1988 Employee Benefit Re Christensen, Kathleen 1988 Women and Home-Based Work: The Unspoken Contract. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Flexible Staffing and Scheduling in U.S. Corporations. Research Bulle- tin No. 240. New York: The Conference Board. Christensen, Kathleen, and Graham Staines 1990 Flextime: A viable solution to work-family conflict. Journal of Family Issues. Cicirelli, Victor G. 1981 Helping Elderly Parents: The Role of Adult Children. Boston: Auburn House. Clark-Stewart, K.A., and G.G. Fein 1983 Early childhood programs. Pp. 917-999 in P.H. Mussen ted.), Hand- book of Child Psychology, Vol. 2. New York: Wiley. Clifford, R., and S. Russell 1989 Financing programs for preschool age children. Theory into Practice. Special Issue 28~11. Committee for Economic Development 1985 Investing in Our Children. New York: Committee for Economic De- velopment. Committee on Nursing Home Regulation 1986 Improving the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes. Report of the Com- mittee on Nursing Home Regulation, Institute of Medicine. Washing- ton, D.C.: National Academy Press. Committee on Population 1989 1987 Demographic Change and the Well-Being of Children and the Elderly: Proceedings of a Workshop. Committee on Population, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Congressional Research Service 1988 Health Insurance and the Uninsured: Background Data and Analysis. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (May). Cook, Alice 1989 Paper prepared for the Panel on Employer Policies and Working Fami- lies, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Na- tional Research Council, Washington, D.C.

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The United States has seen a dramatic increase in the number of dual-earner and single-adult families. This volume reviews accompanying changes in work and family structures and their effects on worker productivity and employer practices. It presents a wide range of approaches to easing the conflicts between work and family, exploring appropriate roles for business, labor, and government.

Work and Family offers up-to-date information, looking at how the family and the workplace arrived at their current relationship and evaluating the quality and the cost of care for dependents in this nation.

The volume describes the advantages and disadvantages of being part of a working family and takes a critical look at the range of benefits provided, including existing and proposed employer programs for families. It also presents a comparative review of family-related benefits in other countries.

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