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OCR for page 271
Index
Administrator and Teacher Survey (1984),
143, 153n.37
Adult influences on children's growing up,
113, 114-115
Affirmative action programs, 194
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
(AFDC), 169, 245
denial of benefits, 102-103
recipient characteristics, 239, 244
state benefit variations, 237, 238
American Enterprise Institute, 69
American Housing Survey, 207n.18, 267
Annual Housing Survey, 207n.18
Apartment buildings, 82, 105
Asians, 10~109
Atlanta, Ga.
ghetto poverty in, 41
income in, 204
subway system, 23~231
Automobile ownership, 102
Baltimore, Md., 20n.6
ghetto poverty in, 36, 37, 41, 72
recidivism study, 161-162
subway system, 23~231
Blacks, 16
income
job proximity and, 196-202
neighborhood effects, 28, 29, 9~97,
168 169, 170
residential segregation and, 187-188,
189-196, 217, 220
school effects, 171-172, 173
suburban employment, 202-206, 218
271
suburban residence, 206 216, 218, 219,
230, 255
in ghettos, 20, 30, 36, 37, 124, 25~259
income, 2S, 29, 96-97, 230
number of, 43-44, 50, 59-67
decreases in, 74, 85, 88, 228
increases in, 35, 37, 39-41, 42-43,
22~229
proportion of, 1, 2, 10, 11, 24, 26, 27,
48
unemployment, 256
middle class, 8, 76, 88, 124
neighborhood effects on, 111, 117-118
crime, 160, 257
educational attainment, 135, 136 137
income, 16~169, 170
teenage sexual behavior, 123, 131n.10,
163-166, 167, 175-176
public housing and, 226, 227
rural poor, 33-34
school effects on, 177
cognitive skills, 140, 14~152, 153, 154,
175
educational attainment, 12~130,
131-132, 133-135, 174
income, 171-172, 173
teenage sexual behavior, 166, 176
and welfare, 237
Boston, Mass., 20n.6
ghetto poverty in, 2, 10, 41, 72
SMSA boundaries, 58
Brooke amendment (1969), 225
Brooklyn (New York), 101-102
Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, Tex.
ghetto poor in, 36, 37
OCR for page 272
272
Buffalo, N.Y.
poverty neighborhoods, 72
Bush administration, 105
Cabrini-Green housing project (Chicago),
82, 83, 91, 225
California
AFDC benefits, 237
Camden, Ad., 21, 25, 39
Census Bureau, l9n.4, 20, 76, 178, 179,
207n.18, 238, 267
Current Population Survey (CPS), 25,
32n.20, 209, 212, 219, 267
data suppression, 56-57, 134n.15
index of poverty, 69
SMSA boundaries, 57
Survey of Economic Opportunity (SEO),
208
Survey of Income and Program
Participation, 239, 258, 267
Census tracts
as basis for definition of ghetto poverty,
9-10
changes in, 45~7, 7~71, 72
as data sources, 30, 69
data suppression, 5~57
mixed-income, 20, 45, 47, 48~9, 5~51
as neighborhoods, 9, 19-20, 23, 112, 160
Chapter 1 (Education Consolidation and
Improvement Act), 241, 242-243
Chicago, Ill.
black employment in, 191, 19~193, 194,
195-196, 197
"community areas," 19
high school gangs, 132
housing conditions in, 77, 82, 83, 91
job proximity in, 198, 199, 218
mass transit use, 232
number of ghetto poor, 36, 37
out-migration, 254
poverty neighborhoods, 7~71, 72, 73,
88, 92
economic and social conditions, 78
erects on crime, 157-160, 162, 175
and teenage pregnancy, 123, 165, 166,
167, 175, 257
public housing, 82, 83, 91, 225
residential segregation, 228, 229
suburbs, 117-118, 120n.3
Chicago Housing Authority, 118n.2
Children. See also Teenagers
education, family income and, 24~241
in poverty neighborhoods, 3, 83, 108,
111, 112, 113-118
cognitive skills, 13~155, 17~175
crime, 155-162, 175
INDEX
educational attainment, 127-138, 174
labor market success, 167-173, 176
measuring effects on, 11~121, 123,
124, 125-126
sexual behavior, 162-167, 175-176
in single-parent families, 17, 27-28, 163,
256
welfare and, 259-260
Child support, 102
Cincinnati, Ohio
poverty neighborhoods, 72
Cities. See also Ghetto poverty
job proximity in, 199-201, 202
out-migration from, 49, 228
poverty in
blacks, 213-216, 219-220, 228, 254
children, 164, 241
concentration levels, 2, 4, 7, 8-9, 11,
36 39, 40, 51, 69-70, 10~107
federal policies and, 223-224, 227, 245
public housing in, 225-226
residential segregation in, 229, 265
unemployment in, 209-210, 21~220,
254-255
welfare benefits in, 236 237, 238,
239-240
Civic Center (Los Angeles), 85, 102
Civil Rights Act (1968), 227
Clayton County, Gal, 204
Cleveland, Ohio
ghetto poor in, 25, 44, 45, 49
poverty neighborhoods, 47, 48, 50,
71-72, 73, 88
suburban employment income, 202, 204,
205, 206n.17, 213, 218
Cognitive skills, 138, 15~155, 167
school racial composition
and blacks, 14~152
and whites, 152-154
socioeconomic status
elementary school, 144 146, 174-175,
179, 257
high school, 139-144, 170175
Coleman report (1966), 139, 146
Collective socialization models, 113,
110115, 116
College attendance
effect on income, 203
high school effects
racial composition, 131-132
socioeconomic status, 127-131, 172,
174, 176, 17~179
Community development strategies,
105-106
Community health centers, 239-240
Concentration of poverty. See Ghetto
poverty
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INDEX
Congressional Budget Office, 243
Consolidated metropolitan statistical areas
(CMSA), 32n.21
Consumer Price Index (CPI), 70, 71
Contraceptive use, teenage, 166, 167, 176
Crime, 30, 31
federal programs and, 241-242, 244, 245
neighborhood effects, 157-160, 167, 175,
177, 257
race and, 131
recidivism, 161-162
school eRects, 155-157
and wages, 195
Crowding
in poverty neighborhoods, 87, 88, 89, 91,
94
analysis of, 95, 97, 98
Chicago, 78, 82
East and Midwest, 75, 78, 79, 81
Los Angeles, 83, 84, 92
New York, 80, 82
Cuban refugees, 87
Dallas, Tex.
SMSA boundaries, 57
Data sources
Census Bureau suppression, 56-57
ghetto poverty, 24-25
neighborhood effects, 179, 180
neighborhood poverty, 6~69
Davis, James A., 127-128, 131
Day care, 4, 260
Definition of poverty. See Ghetto poverty
Detroit, Mich., 20n.6
black employment in, 191, 213, 218
number of ghetto poor, 36, 37
poverty neighborhoods, 72
public transit, 232
residential segregation, 228, 229
SMSA boundaries, 58
suburban employment income, 202,
202-203n.14, 204, 205, 206n.17
Divorce, 120
Drug addicts, 244
Durham, N.C.
SMSA boundaries, 57
East. See also Northeast
poverty neighborhoods in, 74-77, 86,
108 109
economic and social conditions, 39, 81,
82, 89, 92
Economic conditions
poverty neighborhoods, 74-76
Economic development, 4, 261-262
federal policy, 10~107, 235-236
273
Economic Opportunity Act (1964), 241
Economic segregation, 42n.31, 178
federal policy promotion of, 123 124,
223 224
economic development, 235-236
housing, 112, 224-227
residential desegregation, 136-137,
227-230
transportation, 230-234
welfare, 23~240
in schools, 144, 15~157
Education, 108. See also School effects
federal programs, 24~243, 263
and income, 203, 204
neighborhood effects, 135-137, 168, 174
school effects, 137-138, 174
raaal composition, 131-132
socioeconomic status, 127-131, 132-135
years of, 30, 76, 83
and labor market success, 99, 100, 101,
211-212, 214
Education Consolidation and Improvement
Act, Chapter 1, 241, 242-243
Elderly
in labor force, 101, 103
in poverty, 74, 83, 104
Elementary school
poverty rates in, 142n.26
socioeconomic status, 14~146, 154, 175,
177, 179
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
(1965), 241
Employers
and black workers, 187-188, 189-191,
192-193, 194, 195, 202
federal policy and, 235-236
and ghetto residents, 4-5, 99
Employment, 17, 19
black, 220
job proximity and labor supply,
1~202, 217-218
residential segregation and, 187-188,
189-196, 217
suburban income, 202-206, 210, 218
suburban residence, 206 216, 218
federal policies and, =5, 21/-219,
262-263
highways and mass transit, 231-232
job training, 103, 243-245, 260, 263
school programs, 241-242, 243
suburban, 224, 235
taxation, 235-236
welfare, 237
in poverty neighborhoods, 28, 7~76, 78,
79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 97, 25~255, 256
labor force analysis, 99-102
neighborhood eRects on, 167-171, 176
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274
school erects on, 171-172, 179
subminimum wage, 106
Employment Service, 243
Encyclopedia ownership, 139, 140, 141,
144, 145
Enterprise zones, 105-106, 235
Epidemic models, 113-114, 116, 118, 161
Equality of Educational Opportunity
(EEO) survey (1965), 139, 142,
111 145, 147, 151, 152, 153
European immigrants, 108
Experimental Housing Allowance
Program, 91
Fair housing laws, 3-4, 229, 245
Family effects, 26-28, 176
on academic achievement, 129, 240-241
female-headed, 74, 96, 97, 254, 256, 262
single-parent, 2, 17, 19, 27-28, 102
socioeconomic status, 119-121, 156, 173
on teenage sexual behavior, 164
welfare receipt, 237
Family Support Act (1988), 10~103
Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform
Crime Reports, 158
Federal Highway Administration, 233
Federal Housing Administration, 224-225
Federal policy
ghetto poverty, 5-6, 12-13, 31-32, 52,
68, 111, 260-261
and poverty concentration
promotion of, 3-4, 223-224, 245-246
economic development, 235-236
housing projects, 3, 103-105, 108,
112, 181, 224-227, 239, 245, 266
residential desegregation, 123-124,
218-219, 227-230
transportation, 234}234
welfare, 23~240
reduction of, 102-108
education, 24~243
human capital investment, 262-264
job training, 243-245
macroeconomic policy, 261-262
residential mobility, 260266
Female-headed families, 74, 96, 97, 254,
256, 262
Filtering process, 90, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99,
106
Food stamps, 237
Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
ghetto poverty, 41
Fort Worth, Tex.
SMSA boundaries, 57
Franklin, Mass., 58
Funding, research, 180
INDEX
Gangs, high school, 132
Gary, Ind.
poverty neighborhoods, 71-72, 73
Gentrification, 8, 18, 105
Ghetto poverty
characteristics of, 21-23, 25-32, 69-73,
253-254, 258
eastern and Midwestern, 73~3
Los Angeles, 83-85
defining, 9-10, 17, 1~23
and employment, 18~189, 190191,
194-196, 219, 255
income, 96, 97, 202, 203, 204, 206, 213
federal policy and, 4-6, 31-32, 102-109,
260 266
geographic location, 36-39
population changes, 4~50, 73, 74, 83,
8~89, 91, 94-96, 98, 104, 108
filtering process, 90, 92, 93, 95, 106
poverty concentration, vii, 7, 34-36,
35n.25, 51, 230, 253-254, 267
effects of, 2 - , 255-260
federal policies
housing projects, 3, 10~105, 108,
112, 181, 22~227, 239, 245, 266
promotion of, 3 - , 223-224, 245
reduction of, 240 245
tax policy, 235-236
welfare, 238 239
geographic spread of, 6, 43-51, 70
level of, 23 24, 3~33, 3903, 49, 51,
59-67
regional variations, 1-2, 1~11, 36,
4~41, 51-52, 59~7
Great Depression, 243
Gross National Product Deflator, 70n.2
"Hangout rate," 30 31
Hartford, Conn.
schools in, 150, 172
Head Start, 241, 243, 263
Heating
in poverty neighborhoods, 75, 77, 78, 79,
80, 81, 83~5, 94, 97-98, 99
Henry Homer Homes (Chicago), 91
High school, 142n.26
National Longitudinal Survey, 147, 151,
152, 171, 172
racial composition
and college attendance, 131-132, 174
and labor market success, 171-172, 173
socioeconomic status
and cognitive skills, 139-144, 154, 175
and college attendance, 127-131, 174,
176, 17~179
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INDEX
and graduation, 17-18, 19, 132-135,
177
and labor market success, 171
and teen sexual behavior, 164
High School and Beyond (HSB) survey,
132-133, 142-143, 144, 149, 153,
154-155, 164
Highways, 230, 231, 234
Hispanics, 124, 228
ghetto poor, 20, 24, 93, 96, 99, 10~109
labor force participation, 101, 256, 262
in Los Angeles, 74, 83, 87~8, 94
in Miami, 87
in New York, 37, 82
number of, 1-2, 10, 33, 35, 39-40, 42,
59-67, 95, 98
in Texas, 36
high school dropout rates, 13~134
rural poor, 34
teenage sexual behavior, 164
Homelessness, 16, 181
Home values, 70, 207
in poverty neighborhoods, 75, 76, 78, 79,
80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 89
Hough (Cleveland), 88
Household income, 74-76, 82, 83, %
Housing. See also Public housing projects
conditions, poverty neighborhood, 75, 77,
78, 79, 80, 81, 82~5, 87, 88, 89,
97-98
construction, 94, 95-96, 98, 106, 108, 264
costs, 90, 201, 207, 216
federal policy, 103-105, 224-227
residential mobility, 5-6, 260266
residential segregation, 123-124, 178, 181
and black employment, 187, 188,
189-196, 217
exclusionary practices, 187, 206, 265
policy implications, 218-219, 227-230
subsidies, 93-94, 100, 112, 225-227
vacancy rates, 76, 82, 83, 89, 97, 98
Housing Assistance Supply Experiment,
226, 227
Houston, Tex.
poverty neighborhoods, 72
Human capital investment, 5, 6, 262-264,
265
Hurt Village (Memphis), 22
Immigration, 92, 108, 262
Income. See also Socioeconomic status
blacks, 229, 230
central-city employment, 201
residential segregation and, 193-194,
217, 220
suburban employment, 8, 202~206, 218
275
suburban residence, 207-216, 218
federal programs and, 103, 243, 244
housing assistance limits, 225
maintenance transfer, 76, 10~103,
107-108, 236-237
poverty neighborhoods, 2~29
effects on, 135-136, 168-169, 176,
24~241, 256-257
household, 74-76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,
83, 84, 87, 89, 254
metropolitan area prosperity and, 96,
97, 99
national economy and, 88, 106
Index of poverty, 69
Inflation, 106
Institutional models, 113, 115, 116
Job Corps, 244-245, 263
Jones v. Mayer (1968), 227
Kain, John F., 187-192, 193n.5, 194n.6,
196 197, 209, 213
Kansas City, Mo.
poverty neighborhoods, 71-72, 73
Labor force participation. See
Employment
Land-use controls, 225, 265
Long Beach, Calif.
poverty in, 36, 37, 72, 73
Los Angeles, CaliŁ
black employment in, 195-196, 218
job proximity in, 198, 199, 202
poverty neighborhoods, 70, 72, 83~5,
92, 96, 99
Hispanics in, 74, 83, 87, 94
population changes, 36, 37, 73, 74, 83,
94, 108
Watts, 71, 88, 89
suburbanization of poverty, 101, 102
subway system, 230 231
Lower class, 17
Low-income areas, 69
Low-income housing, 91, 93, 103-104, 108,
112, 181, 225-227
McAllen-Pharr-Edinburg, Tex.
ghetto poor in, 36, 37
Macroeconomic policies, 6, 261-262, 265
Male Marriageable Pool Index, 30, 31
Manpower Demonstration Research
Corporation, 244
Mass transit. See Public transportation
Maternal and child health services,
239-240
OCR for page 276
276
Mathematica Polioy Research, 244-245
Memphis, Tenn.
ghetto poverty
census tracts, 20, 2~23, 4~45, 46, 47,
48
economic characteristics, 2~29, 30, 31
number of poor, 36, 37, 49
racial distnbution, 26, 27
Meta-analysis, 149-150, 154
Miami, F-la.
ghetto poverty in, 41
Hispanics in, 87
subway system, 230 231
Michael Reese Hospital (Chicago), 193
Middle class, 18
blacks, 8, 76, 88, 124
Midwest. See also North Central
blacks in, 230
federal policies and, 3, 223-224, 245
persistent poverty, 258
population loss, 8
poverty neighborhoods, 71, 82, 86, 89
economic and social conditions, 74-77,
79
Milwaukee, Wits., 25
ghetto poor in, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50
poverty neighborhoods, 71-72, 73
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.
poverty neighborhoods, 72
~ ,. . . .
~lSSlSSlppl
AFDC benefits, 237
Mixed-income census tracts, 20, 45, 47,
48 49, 5~51
Mortgage interest deductibility, 224, 225
Nashville, Ann.
came in, 155-157, 162, 175
Nassau County, N.Y., 57, 58, 101-102
National Assessment of Educational
Progress, 188n.1
National Housing Act (1949), 103-104n.4
National Longitudinal Survey of the Class
of 1972, 131, 147, 151, 152, 171, 172,
259
National Supported Work Demonstration,
244, 245, 263
Nationwide Personal Transportation Study,
233
Neighborhood poverty, 17
Neighborhoods. See also Ghetto poverty
Census Bureau and, 267
defining, 9, 19-20, 23, 112-113
effects on children, 3, 111, 113-118, 173,
17~177, 257
cognitive skills, 138
crime, 155, 157-160, 161-162, 175
INDEX
educational attainment, 134, 135-137,
174
labor market success, 16~171, 173, 176
measuring, 118-127
teen pregnancy, 163-164, 165, 166, 167,
175-176
employment effects
job proximity, 190199
socioeconomic status, 188, 189
persistently poor, 68
research on, 177-180
Newark, N.J.
poverty neighborhoods, 36, 37, 72
residential segregation, 228, 229
New Orleans, La.
ghetto poverty in, 2, 10, 36, 37
New York, N.Y.
ghetto poor in, 2, 11, 36, 37, 40
mass transit use, 232
poverty neighborhoods, 71, 72, 73, 74,
88, 92
and crime, 160
economic and social conditions, 80, 82
population changes, 94-95, 96, 254
vacant housing, 76, 77, 83, 89, 97
residential segregation, 228, 229
SMSA boundaries, 57, 58
suburbanization of poverty, 101-102
welfare benefits, 237
Nonpoor neighborhoods, 20, 26
North. See also East; Northeast
racial composition of schools in, 138,
147, 151, 172n.54, 174
North Central. See also Midwest
ghetto poverty in, 1, 2, 10, 11, 36, 39,
4~41, 51, 61-63
Northeast. See also East; North
federal policies and, 3, 223-224, 245
ghetto poor in, 11, 36, 39, 4~1, 51,
59~0, 71, 258
blacks, 1-2, 10, 41, 230
mass transit use, 232
population loss, 8
Oakland, Calif.
suburban employment income, 203
Office of Economic Opportunity, 69, 70
Ogden, Utah
SMSA boundaries, 57
Opinion Research Corporation, 212n.26
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID),
121n.4, 135, 137, 168 169, 189n.3,
201, 208n.19, 219, 240-241, 258, 259
Peer influences, 113, 164
Perry Preschool Project, 241-242
OCR for page 277
INDEX
Persistent poverty, 7, 16, 17n.1, 68, 71,
25~259
Philadelphia, Pa.
employment
job proximity, 198, 199
suburban income, 20~203n.14, 204,
205, 213, 218
ghettos, 2~21, 25, 44, 45, 71, 82, 88
economic conditions, 2~29, 31
growth of, 47, 48, 50
poor in, 36, 37, 49, 73
racial composition, 21-22, 26, 27
vacant housing, 76, 77, 83, 89, 97
public transportation, 232
residential segregation, 228, 229
school integration, 151
Phoenix, Ariz.
housing assistance experiment, 227
Pittsburgh, Pa.
housing assistance experiment, 227
job proximity in, 197-198, 202, 218
poverty neighborhoods, 71, 73, 82
Plumbing
in poverty neighborhoods, 75, 77, 78, 79,
80, 81, 83-85, 87, 88, 89, 94, 97, 98
Police, 115, 158-159n.43, 161
Policy. See Federal policy
Poor. See also Ghetto poverty
economic conditions, 3, 17-18
federal assistance and, 10~103, 104,
238, 240, 241-242
federal transit policy and, 231-232, 234
ghetto concentration, 1-2, 10, 24, 32-33,
3~36, 6~70
blacks, 33, 230, 254, 265
migration, 4~49, 91, 254
rural, 33-34
and schools, 124, 178, 241-242
unemployment rates and, 261-262
Poverty. See also Ghetto poverty
attitudes and, 259
feminization of, 74
rates, 9, 32n.20, 70n.2, 106-107
federal policies and, 223-224
and ghetto poverty, 4, 42, 253-254,
260, 261-262
in ghettos, 11
neighborhood, 17, 125-126
school, 142, 143n.27, 145, 146, 177
rural, 32-33
social effects of, 111, 123, 124
Poverty neighborhoods. See Ghetto poverty
Primary metropolitan statistical areas
(PMSA), 32n.21
Princeton University Computer Center, 69
Project Concern, 172
Project Talent, 141, 144, 171
277
Public housing projects
concentration of poverty, 3, 10~105,
108, 224, 225-227, 239, 245, 266
residents of, 76, 165
segregation in, 118n.2
turnover in, 91
Public policy. See Federal policy
Public schools, 108, 139, 241
Public transportation
federal policies, 223, 230 234, 245, 266
and job proximity, 100, 197, 199, 202,
206, 219
Queens (New York), 101-102
Race
Census Bureau data suppression, 56-57
and crime, 162
housing discrimination, 216, 224-225,
227, 265
segregation, l9n.3, 5, 22, 42n.31, 124,
126, 136 137
and sexual behavior, 256-257
Racial composition
ghettos, 1, 10, 21-22, 24, 26, 27, 33, 38
neighborhood effects, 173, 177
educational attainment, 130137
income, 16~169
school effects, 173, 177
on blacks, 146-152
college attendance, 131-132
labor market success, 171-172, 173, 176
teenage sexual behavior, 16~167
on whites, 152-154
Raleigh, N.C.
SMSA boundaries, 57
Reagan administration, 105, 107
Recidivism, 161-162
Regional variations. See also names of
individual regions
ghetto poverty, 1-2, 10, 36, 4~41,
51-52, 5~67
home values, 89
population change, 8n.1
welfare benefits, 237
Regression equations, 130, 139
Relative deprivation theory, 11~117, 118,
127, 160, 161, 257
Rents, 82, 90
city and suburban, 207, 216n.28
in poverty neighborhoods, 75, 76-77, 78,
79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89
supplements, 104, 226
Research needs, 6, 261, 267-268
neighborhood erects on children,
177-180
OCR for page 278
278
residential segregation, 219-220
Residential mobility, 5-6, 260266
Residential segregation, 123-124, 178, 181
and black employment, 187, 188,
189-196, 217
exclusionary practices, 187, 206, 265
policy implications, 21~219, 227-230
Resident management, 105
Rochester, N.Y., 158-159n.43
Rooming houses, 96
Rural poverty, 33-34
St. Louis, Mo.
police behavior, 158-159n.43
poverty neighborhoods, 71-72, 73, 88, 89
suburban employment income, 202, 205,
218
Salt Lake City, Utah
SMSA boundaries, 57
San Antonio, Tex., 20n.6
ghetto poor in, 36, 37
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.
poverty neighborhoods, 72
suburban employment income, 203, 218
subway system, 230-231
San Jose, Calif.
subway system, 23~231
Santa Fe, N.M.
transportation study, 234
School effects. See also Education
racial composition, 170175
and blacks, 140152
desegregation, 147, 149-151, 152,
153-154, 174, 175, 177
and labor market success, 171-172, 173
segregation, 131-132, 166, 178
and whites, 152-154
research needs, 180
social composition, 111, 115, 124, 126
and cognitive skills, 138
and crime, 155-157, 162
and labor market success, 171, 173
suburban, 172, 207-208
and teenage sexual behavior, 163, 164,
166
Scranton, Pa.
SMSA boundaries, 57-58
Section 8
Existing Housing, 104, 108, 117-118, 227
New Construction, 104, 108, 226
Section 235, 103-104
Section 236, 103-104
Segregation
economic, 42n.31, 178
federal policy promotion of, 123-124,
223-224
economic development, 235-236
INDEX
housing, 112, 224-227
residential desegregation, 136-137,
227-230
transportation, 23~}234
welfare, 236 240
in schools, 144, 156-157
racial
residential, 19nn.3, 5, 22, 42n.31,
123-124, 126, 136-137
and black employment, 187, 188,
189-196, 217
exclusionary practices, 187, 206, 265
policy implications, 218-219, 227-230
school, 131-132, 166, 178
Shapiro v. Thompson (1969), 238
Simpson-Mazzoli Act (1988), 108
Single-parent families, 2, 17, 19, 27-28,
102
female-headed, 74, 96, 97, 254, 256, 262
Single-room housing, 96
Social Security, 102
Socioeconomic status (SES), 111, 114n.1,
123-124
neighborhood eRects, 118, 122, 125, 173
black employment, 188, 189
crime, 115, 157-160, 161, 162
educational attainment, 137-138
teenage sexual behavior, 167, 175-176
parental, 152-153, 156, 166
school effects, 116, 131n.11
cognitive skills, 139-144, 154, 174-175
college attendance, 118, 127-131
crime, 155-157
educational attainment, 132-135,
137-138, 174, 17~179
income, 171, 173
teenage sexual behavior, 16~165, 176
South
federal policies and, 3, 245
ghetto poverty in, 1-2, 1~11, 36, 39, 51,
63 66, 86
decreases in, 37, 40, 41, 52
persistent poverty, 258
population growth, 8
rural poverty in, 33-34
school integration, 132, 138, 147, 154,
174, 175
welfare benefits in, 237
Spatial mismatch hypothesis, 187, 188,
219, 254-255
suburban employment and, 202, 203
suburban residence and, 206, 21~211,
213, 216
Standard metropolitan statistical areas
(SMSA), 32n.21, 52
boundary changes, 57-58
ghetto poverty in, 59~7
OCR for page 279
INDEX
States
tax codes, 225
welfare benefit variations, 10~103, 237,
238, 266
work-welfare programs, 5, 263
Suburbs, 120n.3
employment in, 10~}102
and black joblessness, 187-188,
196 197, 19~200, 202, 250255
blacks living in, 206 216, 21~219
blacks working in, 194n.6, 202 206, 218
federal policies and, 224 225, 226, 231,
235, 245
minorities in, 8, 227-228, 229, 230
poor in, 39
schools in, 172, 207-208
subsidized housing in, 104
Suffolk County, N.Y.
SMSA boundaries, 57, 58
Supported Work Demonstration, 244, 245,
263
Sustaining Erects (SE) study, 145-146,
149, 150, 155
Tampa, Fla., 15~159n.43
Taxation, 235, 240
mortgage interest deduction, 224, 225
Teenagers, 174. See also Children
crime, 157-158, 159-160, 161, 175, 257
employment, 101, 167, 19~199, 202,
217, 218
pregnancy, 119-120, 123, 125, 165-166,
167, 257, 263
sexual behavior, 131, 162-167, 175-176,
177, 256-257
Temple University, 20-21
Tenant ownership, 105
Texas, 24n.12
ghetto poor, 36, 37
Hispanics, 33, 34
Transportation policy, 23~234, 266. See
also Public transportation
Underclass, 7, 11-12, 16, 17-18, 19, 68,
165, 257-258, 267
Unemployment
education and, 103
federal policies and, 220, 223-224, 243
in ghettos, 2, 28, 76, 83, 9~102, 260
job proximity and, 196 197, 199,
200n.12, 207, 209 210, 219, 254-255
and migration, 237
neighborhood effects, 16~170
and poverty rate, 4, 261
United States. See also Federal policy
Constitution, Z7
279
Department of Education, 145
Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD), 93, 104, 105,
227
Department of Labor, 208n.19
Supreme Court, 227, 238
Universities, 180
University of Chicago, 193
University of Michigan Panel Study of
Income Dynamics (PSID), 121n.4,
135, 137, 168 169, 189n.3, 201,
208n.19, 219, 24~241, 258, 259
Urban Change and Policy (Committee on
National Urban Policy), 7
Urban Mass Transportation
Administration, 234
Urban poverty. See Ghetto poverty
"Vanishing Black Family, The," 16
War on Poverty, 69
Washington, D.C.
gentrification, 105
poverty neighborhoods, 71, 73, 82
subway system, 23~231
Washington Park (Chicago), 71
Watts (Los Angeles), 71, 88, 89, 102
Welfare, 19, 169-170
benefits, 237, 266
and children, 137n.20, 259-260
dependency, 2, 176, 263
federal job programs and, 244
federal policy, 102, 236 240
West
federal policies and, 3, 245
ghetto poverty in, 1, 10, 36, 40, 6~67, 86
population growth, 8
Whites
effects on blacks
in employment, 190, 192-193, 194, 195,
217
in school, 146-152, 154
in suburbs, 216
federal housing for, 104
and ghetto poverty, 1, 10, 24, 33, 82, 123
out-migration from cities, 49, 50, 74,
87~8, 240
neighborhood edects on, 111
educational attainment, 135, 136-137
income, 16~169, 197-198, 204, 208,
230
parental effects, 146
school effects on, 188n.1
racial composition, 148, 152-154,
16~167, 174
OCR for page 280
280
social composition, 130, 131-132, 133,
140, 141, 154, 160, 174, 175
teenage sexual behavior, 131n.10, 164
W~lkes-Barre, Pa.
SMSA boundaries, 57-58
Women
employment, 4, 101,171, 198, 260
feminization of poverty, 74
income, 212n.26, 217
INDEX
single mothers, 29, 31, 102-103
teenage pregnancy, 167, 175-176
Women, Infants and Children (WIC), 263
Woodlawn (Chicago), 82, 88
Work-welfare programs, 5, 103, 263
Yonkers, N.Y., 207
Zoning, 265
Representative terms from entire chapter:
ghetto poverty
