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Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance - Volume I
Contents
PREFACE
ix
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AND THIS REPORT
xiii
SUMMARY
1
1
HEALTH, HEALTH CARE, AND QUALITY OF CARE
19
Defining Quality of Health Care,
20
Health and Health Care in the United States,
25
Quality of Health Care as a Public Policy Issue,
31
Summary,
37
2
CONCEPTS OF ASSESSING, ASSURING, AND IMPROVING QUALITY
45
Quality Assessment, Quality Assurance, and Quality Improvement,
45
Criteria for Judging an Effective Quality Assurance Program,
49
Quality Assurance Conceptual Models,
52
Traditional and Continuous Improvement Models Compared,
62
Summary,
64
3
THE ELDERLY POPULATION
69
Size and Growth of the Elderly Population,
69
Sociodemographic Characteristics,
71
Economics of Aging,
75
Use of the Health Care System,
79
Health Status,
85
Summary,
91
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Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance - Volume I
4
THE MEDICARE PROGRAM
96
Structure, Eligibility, and Benefit Coverage of the Medicare Program,
97
Administration and Financing of the Medicare Program,
102
Expenditures of the Medicare Program,
104
The Prospective Payment System (PPS),
108
Quality Assurance in Medicare,
110
Summary,
111
Appendix A The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988,
114
Appendix B The Medicare Decision Support System,
117
5
HOSPITAL CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATION IN MEDICARE
119
Standards and Conditions,
120
Inspection and Enforcement,
128
Federal Government’s Roles and Responsibilities,
131
Conclusions,
132
Summary,
134
6
FEDERAL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMS FOR MEDICARE
138
Experimental Medical Care Review Organizations,
139
Professional Standards Review Organizations,
139
Utilization and Quality Control Peer Review Organizations (PROs),
147
Controversial or Problematic Aspects of the PRO Program,
182
Conclusions About the PRO Program,
195
Summary,
199
7
QUALITY PROBLEMS AND THE BURDENS OF HARM
207
Introduction,
207
Evidence of Problems in Technical Quality of Care,
211
Evidence of Overuse,
220
Evidence of Underuse,
225
Summary,
230
8
SETTINGS OF CARE AND PAYMENT SYSTEM ISSUES FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE
238
Settings,
238
Payment Systems,
254
Other Setting and System Factors,
258
Summary,
259
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Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance - Volume I
9
METHODS OF QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND ASSURANCE
265
Introduction,
265
Prevention of Problems,
267
Detection of Problems,
274
Factors that Impede or Enhance the Effectiveness of Quality Interventions to Correct Problems,
289
Summary,
297
10
CRITICAL ATTRIBUTES OF QUALITY-OF-CARE CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
303
Types of Criteria Sets,
304
Effect of the Type and Use of Criteria on Specification of Desirable Attributes,
309
General Attributes of Criteria Sets,
310
Differences Among Key Attributes for Different Criteria Sets,
319
Methods and Strategies for Developing Quality-of-Care Criteria,
323
Other Issues,
325
Summary,
328
Appendix A Criteria-Setting Expert Panel Activity,
334
11
NEEDS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND CAPACITY BUILDING
343
Research Needs,
344
Capacity Building,
360
Funding Issues,
363
Summary,
363
12
RECOMMENDATIONS AND A STRATEGY FOR QUALITY REVIEW AND ASSURANCE IN MEDICARE
368
Findings and Conclusions,
369
Recommendations,
375
Organizational and Operational Features of the Medicare Program to Assure Quality,
387
Responsibilities and Tasks of the MPAQ,
394
Responsibilities and Tasks of the MQROs,
400
Implementation Strategy and Phases,
412
Summary,
419
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
422
INDEX
427
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Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance - Volume I
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