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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1990. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1571.
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REFERENCES 75 References Abe, O., T. Nakamura, T. E. Lang, and T. Ohnuma. 1987. Comparison of simulated runout distances of snow avalanches with those of actually observed events in Japan. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publications 162:463–473. Abromeit, D. 1988. Military weapons for avalanche control. The Avalanche Review 6(4):4–5. Akifyeva, K. V., et al. 1978. Avalanches of the U.S.S.R. and their influences on the formation of natural territory complexes. Arctic and Alpine Research 10(2):223–233. Akitaya, E. 1980. Observations of ground avalanches with a videotape recorder (VTR). Journal of Glaciology 26(94):493–496. Ambach, W., and F. Howorka. 1965. Avalanche activity and free water content of snow at Obergurgl. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publications 69:65–72. Anderson, D. 1977. Proposal to the U.S. Forest Service for establishment of an Office of Avalanche Control National Coordinator and National Avalanche Resource Center. National Ski Areas Association Avalanche Committee. May 24. Anderson, E. A. 1976. A point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover. NOAA Technical Report NWS 19. Silver Spring, Maryland: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Hydrology. Armstrong, B. 1976. Century of struggle against snow: a history of avalanche hazard in San Juan County, Colorado. Colorado University Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research Occasional Paper No. 18. Armstrong, B. 1979. Highway safety plan, Cottonwood Canyon, Wasatch National Forest, Salt Lake County, Utah. (with B. Von Allmen, D. Anderson, C. G. Blake, L. Fitzgerald, R. Linquist, B. Sandahl, and R. Thomas). Armstrong, B. 1980. A quantitative analysis of avalanche hazard on U.S. Highway 550, southwestern Colorado. Pp. 95-104 in Proceedings of Western Snow Conference, St. George, Utah, April 14–16. Armstrong, B. R., and P. Carrara. 1981. Avalanche hazard areas in the Telluride Mining District, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Map I-1316. Scale 1:24,000. Armstrong, B., and K. Williams. 1986. The Avalanche Book. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum, Inc. Armstrong, R. L. 1977. Continuous monitoring of metamorphic changes of internal snow structure as a tool in avalanche studies. Journal of Glaciology 19(81):325–334. Armstrong, R. L. 1981. Some observations on snow cover temperature patterns. Technical Memorandum No. 133. Ottawa, Canada: National Research Council of Canada. Armstrong, R. L. 1985. Metamorphism in a subfreezing, seasonal snow cover: the role of thermal and vapor pressure conditions. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geography and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado. Armstrong, R. L. 1988. Snow and avalanche research in the San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado. 1971–1987. Final report to the Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado (in preparation). Armstrong, R. L., and B. R. Armstrong. 1987. Snow and avalanche climates of the western United States. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publications 162:281–294. Armstrong, R. L., and J. D. Ives. 1976. Avalanche release and snow characteristics, San Juan Mountains, Colorado. INSTAAR Occasional Paper No. 19. Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado. Atwater, M. M. 1968. The Avalanche Hunters. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: MacRai Smith Co. Austin, C. F., M. Osburn, C. Halsey, and C. Wilson. 1974. Premature detonation studies with selected explosive materials for avalanche control. Naval Weapons Center Report TS 74–219. China Lake, California: Detonation Physics Division. Avalanche Review. 1988. Artificial or natural? The Avalanche Review 6(5):2.

REFERENCES 76 Bachmann, O. 1987. Energy loss of snow blocks passing through a supporting structure. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publications 162:613–622. Bader, H., H. Gubler, and B. Salm. 1989. Modeling initial fracture and fracture propagation causing slab avalanche releases. Proceedings of the International Glaciological Symposium, Lom, Norway. Bailey, R. A., P. R. Beauchemin, F. P. Kapinos, and D. W. Klick. 1983. The volcano hazards program: objectives and long-range plans. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 83–400. Bakkehoi, S. 1987. Snow avalanche prediction using a probabilistic method. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publications 162:549–550. Bauer, B. 1972. Avalanches as natural hazards in Austria. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Geographical Congress, Calgary, Alberta, July 24–30. Beghin, P., and G. Brugnot. 1983. Contribution of theoretical and experimental results to powder-snow avalanche dynamics. 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REFERENCES 77 Conway, H., and J. Abrahamson. 1988. Snow slope stability—a probabilistic approach. Journal of Glaciology 34(118):170–177. de Crecy, L. 1980. Avalanche zoning in France: regulation and technical bases. Journal of Glaciology 26(94):325–330. de Quervain, M. 1987. 50 years of snow and avalanche research on the Weissfluhjoch. Mitteilungen des Eidgenossischen Institut für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung. 44(January). Davis, G. H. 1962. Erosional features of snow avalanches, Middle Fork Kings River, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 450-D:D122–125. Délégation aux Risques Majeurs. Mai 1985. Plan d'exposition au risque d'avalanche. Catalogue de sesures de prévention. Edition provisiore. Denoth, A., and A. Folgar. 1986. Recent developments of snow moisture dialectric devices. Pp. 72–76 in Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, Tahoe, California. Dent, J. D., and T. E. Lang. 1980. Modeling of snow flow. Journal of Glaciology 26(94): 1311–40. 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The present mortality as a result of snow avalanches exceeds the average mortality caused by earthquakes as well as all other forms of slope failure combined. Snow avalanches can range from small amounts of loose snow moving rapidly down a slope to slab avalanches, in which large chunks of snow break off and destroy everything in their path. Although considered a hazard in the United States since the westward expansion in the nineteenth century, in modern times snow avalanches are an increasing concern in recreational mountainous areas. However, programs for snow avalanche hazard mitigation in other countries are far ahead of those in the United States.

The book identifies several steps that should be taken by the United States in order to establish guidelines for research, technology transfer, and avalanche legislation and zoning.

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