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Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention
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Index
A
Abortion, 333, 334-335, 336, 338
see also Family planning, Prenatal services
Academic research, 144, 145, 146, 259, 331
Access issues, 10, 27, 68, 94, 280-284, 329
aged persons, 208, 210
assistive technologies, 226, 271
blind, 257
delivery strategies, 4, 27-28, 196, 210-211, 224-225, 272, 282-283
developmental disability and, 130-131, 139, 141, 145
education, children with disabilities, 130-131
historical trends, 54, 56
medical/preventive services, 15, 24-26, 27, 31, 101, 139, 141, 252-258, 268
national agenda, 15, 31, 268
prenatal care, 25, 280-281
public facilities, 33, 87, 88, 94, 233, 330
transportation facilities, 33, 131, 225, 251, 330
vocational services, 27-28, 284
see also Discrimination
Activities of daily living, 1, 42, 44, 45-56, 77, 121, 312, 317
aging and, 44-45, 187, 192-193, 194
causes of limitation, 56-61, 75, 104
gender factors, 46, 74
life tables, 61-67, 74
Acute care, 164-168, 176-179, 209
emergency services, 165, 168, 174-176
spinal cord injuries, steroids, 33-34, 177
Administration for Developmental Disabilities, 141
Adolescents, 26, 154, 191
Advisory committees, 18-19, 268, 271
Advocacy and advocates, 29-30, 132, 225, 243, 244, 252, 331
Age factors, 49, 54, 55, 58-59, 245-246
adolescents, 26, 154, 191
assistive technologies, 192
caregivers of aged persons, 209
chronic conditions, general, 191
cost of care, 71, 72
within elderly population, 195
life tables, 61-67, 74
mental adjustment to disability, 221, 222
personal assistance services, 192-193
young adults, 2, 74-75, 153, 154
see also Adolescents;
Children;
Young adults
Agency for Health Care Policy, 234
Aging and aged persons, 13, 54, 190, 209, 210
access issues, 208, 210
activity limitations, 44-45, 187, 192-194
attitudes about, 194-196, 198, 211-212
attitudes of, 206
chronic diseases, 2, 13, 32-33, 56, 59, 60, 100-101, 106, 184-213
cognitive impairments, 194, 210
cost of care, 67-68, 210
drugs, 201, 202, 213
education of elderly, 195
epidemiology, 12, 44-46, 48, 50-53, 56, 59, 67-68, 100-101, 186-193, 195, 199-200, 208, 261
evaluation of services, 196, 198, 213
family caregivers, 209-210, 256
gender differences, 192, 195
health promotion for, 185, 189, 199
injuries, 201, 206
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life course perspective, 38-39, 193-195
mental health and illness, 206, 207-208
multidisciplinary approach, 195, 209, 261
preventive measures, 32-33, 185, 189, 195-213
professional education on, 201, 212-213
projections, 56, 193, 209-211
psychological factors, 195, 210
public education, 185, 201, 211-212
quality of life, 189, 190, 196, 198, 199, 208, 209, 210-211, 212
risk factors, 86, 185, 193, 198, 200, 202-205
social factors, 195, 199, 206, 210-211
see also Medicare
AIDS,
see Human immunodeficiency virus
Alcohol abuse, 88, 101, 160, 161, 164, 284
driving while intoxicated, 159-161, 330
fetal alcohol syndrome, 11, 114-115, 138
Allied health professionals, 28, 29-30, 231-232, 286, 331
see also Personal assistance services
American Academy of Pediatrics, 25, 145, 280
American Foundation for the Blind, 257
American Medical Association, 312, 313
Americans with Disabilities Act, 14, 33, 88, 91, 182, 267, 271, 329
Assistive technologies, 10, 14, 17, 107, 177, 271
access to, 226, 271
age factors, 192
cost factors, 226-227, 237, 283
definitional issues, 226
developmental disabilities, 131, 132
fall prevention, 226, 227, 228
insurance coverage, 14, 27, 227, 228, 233, 257
secondary conditions, prevention, 215, 224-229, 232-234, 237, 239, 240
transportation, 251
Association for the Care of Children's Health, 129
Attitudes, 87
about aged persons, 194, 195, 196, 198, 211-212
of aged persons, 206
about people with disabilities, 30, 70, 230, 233, 245, 264
self-perceptions, 48, 90, 194, 206, 219-220, 236-237
Automobiles,
see Motor vehicles
B
Beneficiary Rehabilitation Program, 249-250
Blindness, 257
Bipartisan Commission on Comprehensive Health Care, 25, 280
Birth defects, 65, 134-135
gestational, 113, 114-116, 125-126, 138
hereditary, 86, 112, 113, 115, 125, 330
Birth Defects Monitoring Program, 134-135
Birthweight, 26, 130, 263, 281
Black Americans, 46, 64-65, 114
Brain, 136, 153
cerebral palsy, 117
fetal, 89
fetal alcohol syndrome, 11, 114-115, 138
trauma, 12, 116, 151-153, 155, 156-183
Bureau of Maternal and Child Health and Resources Development, 136-137
C
Canada, 184, 275
Census Bureau, 43, 102, 276, 327
see also Survey of Income and Program Participation
Census Disability Survey, 276
Centers for Disease Control, 16-17, 18, 34, 102, 241, 269-270, 271, 332-333
developmental disabilities, 122, 134-136, 146
Disabilities Prevention Program, 16, 34, 260-261, 269, 338
injury programs, 156, 183, 260-261
study sponsorship, 332-333, 336-338
Central nervous system,
see Brain;
Spinal cord injuries
Cerebral palsy, 117, 122
Children, 70, 121, 281
American Academy of Pediatrics, 25, 145, 280
assistance requirements, 192
chronic conditions, general, 191, 284
comprehensive services, 26, 129-131
day care, 129-131
developmental disabilities, acquired, 116, 126-127
educational interventions, 129-131
elementary/secondary education, 121-122, 129-131, 211
epidemiology, 48, 50, 54, 116-117
multidisciplinary approaches, 129, 284
insurance, 25, 280
special education, 121-122, 248, 330
state programs, 284
well-child care, 124, 128
see also Adolescents;
Birth defects;
Birthweight;
Developmental disabilities
Chronic diseases, 6, 12-13, 65, 74, 253
adolescents, 191
aging process and elderly, 2, 13, 32-33, 56, 59, 60, 100-101, 106, 184-213
children, 191, 284
epidemiology, 12, 44-46, 48, 50-53, 56, 59, 67-68, 100-101, 186-193, 195, 199-200, 208, 261
multiple, 60, 191-192
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prevention measures, persons with, 39, 106, 196-199
protocols, 208, 213
public education, 185, 201, 211-212
quality of life, 189, 190, 196, 198, 199, 208, 209, 210-211, 212
see also Developmental disabilities
Classification, 255, 273-274, 321-327
injuries, 157-158, 159
severity of disability, 179
WHO international system, 5-6, 20-21, 76-78, 97, 158, 273, 319-320, 325, 327
see also Definitional issues;
Models
Cognitive impairments, 178-179
aged persons, 194, 210
learning disorders, 117, 330
mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133
Commission on Chronic Illness, 311-312
Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities, 78
Communication limitations, 118, 119, 121, 178, 179, 223, 226, 229
Community-based programs
access issues, 27
aged persons, 210
databases, 137-138
demonstration projects, 283-284
developmental disabilities, 130, 143
educational programs, 130
federal coordination, 16, 34, 262, 263
injury rehabilitation, 181, 183
independent living centers, 30, 94, 180, 225, 232
local activities and governments, 262, 282, 283
mental health services, 208
private sector cooperation, 263-264
secondary condition prevention, 238
state regulation of, 263
Comprehensive approaches, 4-14, 242-266
age-related disabilities, 199, 211
injuries, 164-183
prenatal and child care, 26, 129-131
research, 22-23
secondary conditions, prevention, 223-233
vocational, 28, 248, 249-251, 263, 284
see also Multidisciplinary approach
Computers and computer science
case management, 212-213, 225
injury surveillance, 157-158
Conceptual issues,
see Definitional issues;
Models
Coordination,
see Organization and coordination
Cost and cost analysis, 281
affordable care, 14, 25-26, 182, 253, 280-283
age factors, 71, 72
aged persons, care, 67-68, 210
assistive technologies, 226-227, 237, 283
child care, 70, 139
developmental disabilities, 11, 110
disability-related, general, 1, 24, 67-73, 75, 242, 248, 310, 337
gender factors, 68
health care, general, 25-26, 252, 256
historical perspective, 67-73
injury-related, 11, 12, 147, 148-150, 153, 160, 163, 164, 174, 183
insurance, 27
long-term care, 282
medical services, 69-73, 139
prenatal care, 26, 280-281
secondary conditions, 220
transfer payments, 69, 70, 310
vocational rehabilitation, 250
Cost of Injury in the United States, 163, 183
D
Day care, 129-131
Definitional issues, 76-83, 97, 268, 273-274
assistive technologies, 226
brain injury, 159
disability, 1, 35-37, 78, 81-83, 118, 121-122, 230, 235, 273-274, 309-327
developmental disability, 109, 118
disabling process, 91-92
evaluation, 35
functional limitation, 5, 7, 35-36, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 118, 119-121, 312, 313, 314-315, 321, 325
handicap, 6, 77-78, 118, 320, 324, 325
impairment, 7, 35-36, 79, 80, 118, 121, 312, 314, 319-320, 321
international classification system, 5-6, 76-78
pathology, 7, 35-36, 79-80, 313-314, 319
prevention, 35, 36-37, 97
quality of life, 89-90
rehabilitation, 214
risk factors, 37-38, 84-89, 99
secondary condition, 13, 35, 214, 235
social limitations, 6, 42, 74, 77
Demography, 70, 98, 100, 193
educational attainment, 92-94, 195, 222
projections, 56, 193, 209-210
urban/rural, 11, 12, 131, 153, 233
see also Epidemiology;
Gender factors;
Racial/ethnic factors ;
Socioeconomic status
Demonstration projects, 262-263, 283-284
preventive, elderly, 199, 211
Dental health, 203, 206
Department of Education, 137, 248, 250, 263
Department of Health and Human Services,
see specific constituent agencies
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Department of Labor, 102
Department of Veterans Affairs, 259-260
Dependence/independence, 4, 33, 90-91, 107, 249, 265, 266
advocacy and, 243, 244
aged persons, 206
case study, 219-220
gender differences, 67
independent living centers, 30, 94, 180, 225, 232
institutionalized persons, 47, 206, 210
see also Activities of daily living;
Assistive technologies;
Functional limitations;
Mobility limitations
Depression, 33, 40, 205, 206, 215, 219, 221, 222, 238, 240
Developmental disabilities, 10-11, 109-146
access issues, 130-131, 139, 141, 145
acquired, 116, 126-127
assistive technologies, 131, 132
CDC, 122, 134-136, 146
coordination of services, 34, 132-133, 139, 141, 143, 144-145
costs of, 11, 110
definitional issues, 109, 118
epidemiology, 11, 21, 109-122, 131, 134-139
federal programs, general, 141, 142, 145
functional limitations, 118, 119-121
historical perspective, 122-123
local community activities, 130, 143
mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133
models, 118-122
multidisciplinary approach, 129
poverty and, 141-142, 145
preventive measures, 11, 34, 118, 122-146
private sector, 143-144
professional education on, 132, 146
research, 138-139
risk factors, 122, 123, 125-127
screening, 122-123, 128-129
secondary conditions, 122, 123
state government action, 34, 131, 133, 137-138, 141, 143, 144-145
toxicology of, 11, 114-115, 124, 131, 134
Developmental Disabilities Act, 109
Diabetes, 196, 197
Disabilities Prevention Program (CDC), 16, 34, 260-261, 269, 338
Disability conceptualization, 320-327
Disabling process, 91-92
Discrimination, 33, 87, 182, 223, 263-264, 329
Down syndrome, 115
Drug abuse, 88-89, 164, 207, 284
see also Alcohol abuse
Drug labeling, 201
Drugs, prescribed, 86
aged persons, 201, 202, 213
secondary conditions, 228, 229, 236
spinal cord injuries, 33-34, 177
E
Economic factors,
see Cost and cost analysis;
Employment and unemployment;
Income maintenance;
Productivity, losses;
Socioeconomic status
Educational attainment, 92, 93-94, 195, 222
Education and training
childhood, 121-122, 129-131, 211
families of people with disabilities, 29-30, 87
family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 338
learning disorders, general, 117, 330
mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133
of people with disabilities, 117, 177-178, 213-233, 248, 287
preventive, 105, 129-131
special, for children with disabilities, 121-122, 248, 330
see also Professional education;
Public education;
Vocational rehabilitation
Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 330
Elderly,
see Aging and aged persons;
Medicare
Emergency medical services, 165, 168, 174-176
Employee Retirement and Income Security Act, 254
Employment and unemployment, 17, 78, 87, 94, 102, 251
brain damage and, 152-153
discrimination, 33, 87, 182, 223, 263-264, 329
insurance provide by employer, 24, 253, 254
occupational risk factors, 84, 157, 330
quality of life and, 33, 172-173
productivity losses, 68, 69, 148, 163
spinal cord injuries, 154, 220
SSDI, 52, 248, 249-252, 257, 310, 313
vocational services, 27-28, 93-94, 165, 172, 179-183, 244, 248, 249-251, 263, 284, 311
women, 64
work limitations, 43, 50, 51, 54, 56, 64, 74, 154, 220, 221-223, 233, 253-254, 257-258, 316
Environmental factors, 86-88, 224, 233, 237
preventive measures, 105, 131-132, 233
public facilities, access, 33, 88, 87, 94, 233, 330
secondary conditions, 224, 233, 235, 237
toxic agents, 98, 131
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transportation facilities, access to, 33, 131, 225, 251, 330
urban/rural, 11, 12, 131, 153, 233
weather, 94, 233
see also Assistive technologies;
Safety equipment;
Social factors
Epidemiology, 1, 4, 32, 34, 41-75, 95-104, 337
children, 48, 50, 54, 116-117
chronic diseases and aging, 12, 44-46, 48, 50-53, 56, 59, 67-68, 100-101, 186-193, 195, 199-200, 208, 261
data sources, 34, 41-45, 97-104, 134-138, 274-276
developmental disabilities, 11, 21, 109-122, 131, 134-139
disability indexes, general, 103-104, 179, 276-277, 315
functional limitations, 21, 40, 42-44, 45, 49-50, 51
injuries, 12, 22, 32, 39, 147-159, 176, 179
life expectancy, 1, 56, 61, 64-65, 67, 184, 185, 208
life tables, 61-67, 74
longitudinal, 22-23, 99, 102, 193-194, 200, 261, 277-279
national program, 15, 20, 21-22, 31, 268, 243, 245-246, 268, 274-277
prevalence data, general, 1, 4, 32, 41, 45-56, 101-102, 309
secondary conditions, 22, 137, 218, 220, 240
see also Risk factors
Ethical issues, 252
Europe, 251-252
Evaluation, 39, 68, 159, 337
advocacy, 331
age-related disease prevention, 196, 198, 213
community-based, 283-284
definitional issues, 35
disability conceptualization, 320-327
government assistance programs, 68, 182
injury prevention, 160
injury rehabilitation, 181, 182-183
national program, 273, 283
preventive measures, general, 247, 278-279, 284
public assistance programs, 68, 102
rehabilitation programs, 245, 279
secondary conditions, prevention, 223, 234-335
Exercise
as primary prevention, 86, 200, 205, 229-230, 248
for people with disabilities, 177-178, 229-230, 235
F
Fall injuries, 149, 150, 155, 157, 160, 164, 201, 206
assistive/safety devices, 226, 227, 228
Families/informal caregivers, 222, 223, 232, 256, 271
aged people with disabilities, 209-210, 256
developmental disabilities, poverty, 141, 145
education of, 29-30, 287
Family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 281-282, 338
abortion, 333, 334-335, 336, 338
Federal government, 14-31, 248-258
age-related disabilities, 185
developmental disabilities, 141, 142, 145
disability-related expenditures, general, 24
home care programs, 255-256
injury prevention, 260-261
interagency coordination, 19-20, 24, 102, 133, 241, 243, 258-259, 263, 267, 271-274
local coordination by, 16, 34, 262, 263
national objectives, 15, 31, 245-247, 249, 268
rehabilitation research, 259-260
state cooperation with, 16, 34, 131, 133, 141, 145, 248, 250, 261, 262, 311
see also Laws, specific federal;
National Disability Prevention Program;
specific departments, agencies, and programs
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 11, 114-115, 138
Firearms, 150, 154, 157, 330, 338
Follow-up, 179-183, 225
Foreign countries, 65, 76, 184, 251-252, 275, 279, 310
Fragile X syndrome, 112
Framingham Study, 102
Functional electrical stimulation (FES), 177, 179
Functional Limitations, 32, 90, 196
defined, 5, 7, 35-36, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 118-121, 312, 313, 314-315, 321, 325
developmental disabilities, 118, 119-121
epidemiology, 21, 40, 42-44, 45, 49-51
injury-related, 171-172
spinal cord injuries, drugs, 33-34, 177
see also Activities of daily living
G
Gender factors, 54, 62-63, 64, 67, 256
activity limitations, 46, 74
aged persons, 192, 195
disability costs, 68
injuries, 12, 153
Genetics, 86, 112, 113, 115, 125, 330
preventive interventions, 123-124, 128-129, 330
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screening, 330, 333, 334
Glasgow Coma Scale, 151-152
Government role
developmental disabilities, 11, 110
private sector coordination, 17-18, 261-264, 270-271, 331
see also Community-based programs;
Federal government;
Public assistance;
State governments
Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 247-248
H
Handicap, 6, 77-78, 118, 320, 324, 325
Head injuries,
see Brain
Head Start programs, 129-130, 145, 284
Health Care Financing Administration, 44, 102, 138, 145, 199, 263
Health care professionals
allied, 28, 29-30, 231-232, 286, 331
associations, 25, 145, 280, 312
attitudes of, 245
physicians, 27, 29, 222, 231, 232, 245, 285-286, 331
see also Personal assistance services;
Professional education
Health promotion, 38-39, 105, 245-247, 283
aged persons, 185, 189, 199
models, 38-39, 227, 283
secondary conditions and, 215, 224, 227-230
Health services delivery, 4, 27-28, 196, 210-211, 224-225, 272, 282-283
secondary conditions, 224-225
Healthy People 2000, 185, 246-247
Hearing,
see Communication limitations
Hispanics, 136
Historical perspectives, 2
access issues, 54, 56
conceptualization of disability, 311-327
costs of disability, 67-73
developmental disabilities, 122-123
employer-provided insurance, 254
injuries, 32, 155-156
prevalence of disabilities, 53-56
Home care, 210, 233, 255-256
see also Families/informal caregivers;
Personal assistance services
Homelessness, 207, 262
Housing, 220, 225
Human immunodeficiency virus, 88, 96, 107
perinatally acquired, 115-116
I
Impairment
defined, 7, 35-36, 79, 80, 118, 121, 314, 319-320, 321
injury-related, 171-172
see also Multiple impairments;
specific impairments
Income maintenance, 310
Social Security Disability Insurance, 52, 248, 249-252, 310, 313
Supplemental Security Income, 52, 141, 248, 310
Independence,
see Dependence/independence
Independent living centers, 30, 94, 180, 225, 232
Indexes of disabilities, general, 103-104, 179, 276-277, 315
Informal caregivers,
see Families/informal caregivers
Injury, 11-12, 147-183
aged persons, 201, 206
brain damage, 12, 116, 168-183
CDC, 156, 183, 260-261
classification, 157-158, 159
computer surveillance, 157-158
coordination of services, 157-158, 164, 183
cost of, 11, 12, 147, 148-150, 153, 160, 163, 164, 174, 183
education on, 164, 182
epidemiology, 12, 22, 32, 39, 147-159, 176, 179
evaluation of interventions, 159, 160, 181, 182-183
firearms, 150, 154, 157, 330, 338
functional limitations/impairments, 171-172
gender factors, 12, 153
historical perspectives, 32, 155-156
local efforts, 181, 183
medical services, 147, 155, 165, 168, 174-176
mobility limitations, 176-177, 178, 179
multidisciplinary approach, 182
prevention, 37-38, 39, 159-164, 183, 201, 226, 227, 228, 260-261, 330
productivity losses, 148, 163
psychological factors, 151, 152, 165, 173, 179-183
quality of life, 172-173, 182
risk factors, 84, 157, 330
secondary conditions, 164, 168, 174-176
social factors, 151, 152, 163, 173-174, 179-183
traumatic brain injury,
see Brain
urban areas, 12, 153
young adults, 74-75, 153
work-related, 84, 157, 330
see also Brain;
Fall injuries;
Motor vehicles;
Spinal cord injuries
Injury Control and Disabilities Prevention Programs, 260
Institute of Medicine, 26, 39, 200, 281, 332, 333, 335
Institutionalized persons, 47, 206, 210
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Instrumental activities of daily living,
see Activities of daily living
Insurance, 17, 24-25, 211, 252-257, 271, 280, 282
assistive devices, 14, 27, 227, 228, 233, 257
eligibility criteria, 14, 26-27, 139, 182, 227, 228, 233, 254-257, 280, 313
employer-provided, 24, 253, 254
family planning/prenatal services, 25, 26-27, 139, 280
injuries, rehabilitation, 182
Medicaid, 24, 248, 255, 257
Medicare, 24, 44, 199, 209, 229, 255-257
Injury in America, 39, 163, 183
Injury Prevention, 183
Interagency Committee on Disability Research, 258, 259
Interagency Council on Disability Prevention, 19, 272
Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 53
International Center for the Disabled, 43, 48, 244, 250
International perspectives, 65, 76, 184, 251-252, 275, 279, 310
see also World Health Organization
International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps, 5-6, 20-21, 76-78, 97, 158, 273, 319-320, 325, 327
L
Laws, specific federal, 242, 243
Americans with Disabilities Act, 14, 33, 88, 91, 182, 267, 271, 329
Developmental Disabilities Act, 109
Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 330
Employee Retirement and Income Security Act, 254
Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, 256
Occupational Health and Safety Act, 330
Rehabilitation Act, 313
Social Security Act, 249
Vocational Rehabilitation Act, 311
Lead toxicity, 11, 116-117, 131
Learning disabilities, 117, 330
mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133
special education, 121-122, 248, 330
Legal issues
discrimination, 33, 87, 182, 223, 263-264, 329
driving while intoxicated, 161
injury reporting, mandatory, 159
see also Laws, specific federal
Life course perspective, 38-39, 193-195, 235
aged persons, 185
Life expectancy, 1, 56, 61, 64-65, 67, 184, 185, 208
Lifestyle risk factors, 88-89, 228, 248
Life tables, 61-67, 74
Local activities and governments, 262, 282, 283
see also Community-based programs
Longitudinal studies, 22-23, 99, 102, 275-276, 277-279
aging and chronic diseases, 193-194, 200, 261
Longitudinal Study of Aging, 44-45, 67
Long-term care, 4, 194, 243, 244, 265, 282, 285
insurance, 27, 255-257
national survey, 44, 53, 194, 200, 209
nursing homes, 46, 149, 206, 210, 219, 256
Louis Harris and Associates, 43
International Center for the Disabled, 43, 48, 244, 250
M
Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 129
Maternity Outreach Services, 262-263
Medicaid, 24, 248, 255, 257
Medical services, 4, 14
access issues, 15, 24-26, 27, 31, 101, 139, 141, 252-258, 268
acute care, 164-168, 176-179, 209
costs, 69-73, 139
emergency services, 165, 168, 174-176
injury-related, 147, 155, 165, 168, 174-176
model of disability, traditional, 27, 36-37, 104, 244-245, 339
secondary conditions, 224-225
see also Health care professionals
Medicare, 24, 44, 199, 209, 229, 255, 256, 257
Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, 256
Mental health and illness, 207, 208
adjustment to disability, age factors, 206, 207-208, 221, 222
aged persons, 206, 207-208
chronic, 5, 40, 207-208
coordination of services, 263
depression, 33, 40, 205, 206, 215, 219, 221, 222, 238, 240
secondary conditions, 5, 33, 216, 219, 221-223
work limitations, 51, 251-253
see also Alcohol abuse;
Cognitive impairments;
Drug abuse;
Psychological factors
Mental retardation, 112, 114-115, 118, 119, 133
special education, 121-122, 248, 330
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Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, 134
Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Study, 135
Minority groups, 1, 12, 45, 46, 64-65, 114, 136, 153
Mobility limitations, 2, 65
developmental disabilities, 118, 119
injury-related, 176-177, 178, 179
public facilities, 33, 87, 88, 94, 233, 330
transportation facilities, 33, 131, 225, 251, 330
weather-related, 94, 233
young persons, 74-75
see also Paralysis
Models, 97
acute care and rehabilitation, 164-183
demonstration projects, 199, 211, 262-263, 283-284
developmental disability, 118-122
disability, general, 4, 5-10, 76, 83-108, 193-195, 196, 309-327
health promotion, 38-39, 227, 283
injuries, response, 164-183
medical, traditional, 27, 36-37, 104, 211, 244-245, 339
protocols, 13, 208, 213, 234-241, 259
secondary conditions, 215-223
spinal cord injuries, 154
Motor vehicles, 38-39, 149-150, 153, 157, 161-162
driving while intoxicated, 159-161, 330
safety equipment, 38, 157, 161-163, 339
spinal cord injuries, 11, 154, 155
Multidisciplinary approach, 259, 265, 266, 285, 321
aged persons and aging, 195, 209, 261
child-focused programs, 129, 284
developmental disabilities, 129
injury-related disabilities, 182
secondary conditions, 234
Multiple impairments, 94-95, 121, 218
drugs, multiple, 201
chronic, 60, 191-192
injury-related, 174
risk factors, 234
see also Secondary conditions
N
Nagi, Saad, 4, 7, 76, 77, 81-82, 83, 95, 309-327
National Accident Sampling System, 156
National Center for Health Services Research, 136, 138
National Center for Health Statistics, 102, 135-136, 156-157
National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, 261
National Coalition for the Prevention of Mental Retardation, 133
National Committee for Injury Prevention and Control, 160
National Council on Disability, 16, 34, 43, 78, 133, 243, 269, 331
National Council on the Handicapped,
see National Council on Disability
National Crime Survey, 156
National Disability Prevention Program, 4-31 (passim), 34, 267-287, 332, 337
aged persons, 190-191
agenda, 15, 31, 268
education, 15, 31, 268
epidemiology, 15, 20, 21-22, 31, 268, 243, 245-246, 268, 274-277
evaluation, 273, 283
objectives, 15, 31, 245-247, 249, 268
preventive measures, 4-14, 17, 18, 32-33, 245-247, 267-273, 284
research, 15, 31, 268, 272, 277
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 156
National Handicapped Sports and Recreation Association, 229-230
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 136
National Health Interview Survey, 42-43, 44, 45-48, 50-51, 53, 60, 61, 64, 66, 73, 74, 75, 95, 102, 276
aging and chronic diseases, 186, 189, 191-192
developmental disabilities, 118, 135
injuries, 156-158
secondary conditions, 218
Supplement on Aging, 44-45, 60, 67, 192
National Hospital Discharge Survey, 156-158
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 261
National Institute on Aging, 102, 261
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 78, 102, 137, 146, 166, 241, 258-259
National Institute of Mental Health, 263
National Institutes of Health, 136, 146, 259
National Long-Term Care Survey, 44, 53, 194, 200, 209
National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 136
National Medical Care Expenditures Survey, 136
National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey (1980), 110, 135-136
National Research Council, 39, 103, 220
National Spinal Cord Injury Data Base, 155
Native Americans, 114
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New Jersey, 262-263
Nursing homes, 46, 149, 206, 210, 219, 256
Nutrition, 86, 136, 138, 200, 201, 204, 229, 235, 248
O
Occupational Health and Safety Act, 330
Occupational disabilities
risk factors, 84, 157, 330
work limitations, 43, 50, 51, 54, 56, 64, 74, 154, 220, 221-223, 233, 253-254, 257-258, 316
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 133
Office of Human Development Services, 145
Organization and coordination, 14-19, 31, 258-266, 267-273
acute care, 165
advisory committees, 18-19, 268, 271
aging and chronic disease, 195, 208-211
developmental disabilities, 34, 132-133, 139, 141, 143, 144-145
injury-related disabilities, 157-158, 164, 183
interagency, 19-20, 102, 133, 241, 243, 258-259, 263, 267, 268, 271-274
local, 282
local-federal, 16, 34, 262, 263
national agenda, 15, 31, 268
private sector, 17-18, 261-264, 270-271, 331
research, 19, 22-23, 277
secondary conditions, 224-225, 241
state-federal, 16, 34, 131, 133, 141, 145, 248, 250, 261, 262, 311
see also Comprehensive approaches;
Multidisciplinary approach
P
Paralysis, 2, 95, 154, 176-177
paraplegia/quadraplegia, 35, 154, 155, 177, 215, 219-220
Pathology, 7, 35-36, 79-80, 234, 313-314, 319
Personal assistance services, 271
age factors, 192-193
attendants, education, 29-30, 232, 287
federal insurance for, 254-255
see also Assistive technologies;
Families/informal caregivers
Physicians, 222
access to, 27
education, 29, 231, 232, 285-286, 331
Peer influence, 132, 173, 225
Political factors, 163, 328
advocacy and advocates, 29-30, 132, 225, 243, 244, 252, 331
see also Public opinion
Poverty, 1, 24-25, 47, 48, 92, 253, 280
developmental disabilities, 141-142, 145
Head Start programs, 129-130, 145, 284
homelessness, 207, 262
Medicaid, 24, 248, 255, 257
prenatal care, 26, 262-263, 281-282
see also Public assistance
Pregnancy termination,
see Abortion;
Family planning;
Prenatal services
Prenatal services, 26-27, 37, 101, 124, 128-129, 281-282, 333, 337-338
abortion, 333, 334-335, 336, 338
access to, 25, 280-281
comprehensive, 26, 262-263
cost factors, 26, 280-281
drug abuse, 88-89
family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 281-282, 338
fetal alcohol syndrome, 11, 114-115, 138
insurance coverage, 25, 26-27, 139, 280
poor women, 26, 262-263, 281-282
state program, 262-263
Preventing Low Birthweight, 26, 281
Preventive measures, 1, 40, 104-108, 242-266, 330-331, 337
access to, 24-26, 139, 141, 252-258, 268
age-related chronic disabilities, 32-33, 185, 189, 195-213
chronic disabilities, persons with, 39, 106, 196-199
comprehensive, 4-14
definitional issues, 35, 36-37, 97
developmental disabilities, 11, 34, 118, 122-146
educational, 129-131, 286-287
environmental factors, 105, 131-132, 233
evaluation, general, 247, 278-279, 284
genetic, general, 123-124, 128-129, 330
injury, 37-38, 39, 159-164, 183, 226, 227, 228, 260-261, 330
insurance coverage, 25, 26-27, 139, 211, 227, 228, 233
life course perspective, 38-39, 193-195
model of, 102-103, 104-108
national, 4-14, 17, 18, 32-33, 245-247, 267-273, 284
private sector, 40
research, 24, 278-279
secondary conditions, 3, 7, 14, 27, 164, 214, 215, 223-241
social factors, 4, 23-24, 237-238
standards, 103
see also Health promotion;
Prenatal services;
Risk factors;
Safety equipment;
Screening;
Well-child care
Private sector, 331
advocacy, 29-30, 132, 225, 243, 244, 252, 331
developmental disabilities, 143-144
employment programs, 251
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government coordination of, 17-18, 261-264, 270-271, 331
insurance, 14, 17, 24-25, 26-27, 139, 182, 211, 227, 228, 233, 253, 252-257, 271, 280, 282
local cooperation, 263-264
preventive measures, 40
Productivity, losses, 68, 69, 148, 163
Professional associations, 25, 145, 280, 312
Professional education, 28-29, 31, 146, 264-265, 268, 284-286
on aged persons, 201, 212-213
developmental disabilities, 132, 146
national agenda, 15, 31, 268
researchers, 279, 331
secondary conditions, 231, 232, 239-240
see also Vocational rehabilitation
Projections, aging population, 56, 193, 209-211
Prosthetics,
see Assistive technologies
Protocols, 13, 208, 213, 234-241, 259
Psychological factors, 23-24, 92-93, 94, 98-99, 278
aged persons, 195, 210
injuries, 151, 152, 165, 173, 179-183
rehabilitation, related to, 206, 207-208, 221, 222, 236-237
see also Mental health and illness
Public assistance, 248, 253, 282
developmental disabilities, 141
eligibility criteria, 56, 249-250, 256, 257, 263, 313
evaluation, 68, 182
housing, 220, 225
Medicaid, 24, 248, 255, 257
Medicare, 24, 44, 199, 209, 229, 255, 256, 257
people with mental disabilities, 208
Social Security Disability Insurance, 52, 248, 249-252, 310, 313
Supplemental Security Income, 52, 141, 248, 310
see also Medicaid;
Medicare
Public education, 15, 17, 28, 31, 230, 264, 268, 283, 286-287
aging process, 185, 211-212
chronic diseases and aging, 185, 201, 211-212
family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 281-282
injury-related disabilities, 164, 182
national agenda, 15, 31, 268
secondary conditions, 224, 230-233
Public facilities, access to, 33, 87, 88, 94, 233, 330
transportation, 33, 131, 225, 233, 330
Public Health Service, 245-246
Public opinion, 4, 94
about aging, 194, 195, 196, 198, 211-212
about people with disabilities, 30, 70, 230, 233, 264
Q
Quality of life, 1, 2-3, 4, 8, 20, 32, 34, 74, 105, 245, 265-266
aging and chronic diseases, 189, 190, 196, 198, 199, 208, 209, 210-211, 212
central nervous system injury, 172-173, 182
disability model, factor in, 85, 89-91
employment and, 33, 172-173
handicap, defined, 78
secondary condition prevention, 235
standard of living, 84, 90
WHO, 89-90
see also Activities of daily living;
Dependence/independence
R
Racial/ethnic factors, 1, 12, 45, 46, 64-65, 114, 136, 153
blacks, 46, 64-65, 114
Hispanics, 136
Native Americans, 114
Regulations
alcohol and drug abuse, 161, 164
environmental toxins, 131
labeling, 201
see also Standards
Rehabilitation, 3, 107, 214
concept of, 311
evaluation of, 245, 279
geriatric, 194-195
independent living centers, 30, 94, 180, 225, 232
injuries, systems approach, 164-183
models, 164-183
professional education on, 231
psychological factors, 206, 207-208, 221, 222, 236-237
research, 24, 258-260, 278-279
secondary conditions, prevention, 214, 215, 236-237
Social Security Disability Insurance, 52, 248, 249-252, 310, 313
vocational, 27-28, 165, 179-183, 244, 248, 249-251, 263, 284, 311
Rehabilitation Act, 313
Rehabilitation Services Administration, 263
Research, 22-24, 75, 100, 268, 277-279
aging and disease, 189, 193-194, 208
brain, 136
coordination, 19, 22-23, 277
developmental disabilities, 138-139
injuries, 163, 164, 176, 179
national program, 15, 31, 268, 272, 277
preventive measures, 24, 278-279
rehabilitation, 24, 258-260, 279
risk factors, 4, 33, 86, 98-99, 164, 277-278
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secondary conditions, 234, 240-241
social factors, 278
socioeconomic status, 23-24, 278
training for, 279, 331
university-based, 144, 145, 146, 259, 331
see also Demonstration projects;
Epidemiology;
Evaluation
Retirement History Survey, 102
Risk factors, 4, 8, 12-13, 20, 80, 84-89, 91-92, 94, 96, 101, 228, 248
aged persons, 86, 185, 193, 198, 200, 202-205
assistive technologies and, 226
brain injury, 153
definitions, 37-38, 84-89, 99
developmental disabilities, 122, 123, 125-127
epidemiological research, general, 4, 22, 33, 98-99
injuries, 163, 164, 165
insurance classifications, 255
multiple impairments, 234
occupational, 84, 157, 330
research, 4, 33, 86, 98-99, 164, 277-278
secondary conditions, general, 214, 215, 226, 234, 235
sexual activities, 88, 96, 107, 248
see also Screening;
specific factors
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 263
Rural areas, 131
S
Safety equipment, 163-164, 330
fall injuries, prevention, 226, 227, 228
motor vehicles, 38, 157, 161-163, 339
Schizophrenia, 207
Screening, 106, 107, 247-248, 257
developmental disabilities, general, 122-123, 128-129
employer-provided insurance, 254
federal support, 145
genetic, 330, 333, 334
Secondary conditions, 13-14, 94-95, 214-241
assistive technologies and, 215, 224, 225-229, 232, 233, 234, 237, 239, 240
CDC, 241
coordination of services, 224-225, 241
cost, 220
defined, 13, 35, 214, 235
depression, 33, 40, 205, 206, 215, 219, 221, 222, 238, 240
developmental disabilities and, 122, 123
drug treatment, 228, 229, 236
environmental factors, 224, 233, 235, 237
epidemiology, 22, 137, 218, 220, 240
evaluation of interventions, 223, 234-335
health promotion interventions, 215, 224, 227-230
injury-related, 164, 168, 174-176
learning disabilities, 330
local intervention, 238
medical interventions, general, 224-225
mental/emotional, general, 5, 33, 216, 219, 221-223
multidisciplinary approach, 234
prevention, 3, 7, 27, 33, 34, 107, 164, 207, 223-241
professional education on, 231, 232, 239-240
protocols, 13, 234-241
public education, 224, 230-233
rehabilitation and, 214, 215, 236-237
research, 234, 240-241
risk factors, 214, 215, 226, 234, 235
social factors, 223, 235, 237-238
Sensory limitations, 118, 119, 121, 178, 179, 203, 216, 228
Sex differences,
see Gender factors
Sexual activity
family planning, 26-27, 128-129, 281-282
of people with disabilities, 222
as risk factor, 88, 96, 107, 248
Smoking, 88, 101, 200, 205, 248
Social factors, 75, 86-87, 98-99
aged persons, 195, 199, 206, 210-211
disability definitional issues, 6, 42, 74, 77, 315-317, 320, 321, 324, 325
injuries, 151, 152, 163, 173-174, 179-183
international comparisons, 252
limitations, defined, 6, 42, 74, 77
peer influence, 132, 173, 225
preventive interventions, 4, 23-24, 237-238
research, 278
and secondary conditions, 223, 235, 237-238
support networks, 4, 99, 132, 206, 223, 224-225, 237-238
see also Demography;
Public opinion
Social Security Act, 249
Social Security Administration, 102, 138, 249
Social Security Disability Insurance, 52, 248, 249-252, 257, 310, 313
Socioeconomic status, 47, 101
brain injury epidemiology, 153
in disabling process, 23-24, 84, 92, 93, 94
prenatal care, 281-282
research on, 23-24, 278
see also Poverty
Speech,
see Communication limitations
Special education, 121-122, 248, 330
Spinal cord injuries, 12, 150-151, 153-183, 215
adolescents and young adults, 154
employment issues, 154, 220
motor vehicles, 11, 154, 155
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paraplegia/quadraplegia, 35, 154, 155, 177, 215, 219-220
protocols, 236, 259
steroids, 33-34, 177
Sports and athletics, 154, 229-230
Standards
accreditation, professional education, 231
chronic disease, protocols, 208, 213
disability indexes, general, 103-104, 179, 276-277, 315
disability measures, 20-21, 179, 273-274
insurance eligibility, 14, 26-27, 139, 182, 227, 228, 233, 254-257, 280, 313
national objectives, 15, 31, 245-247, 260, 268
prevention criteria, general, 103
public assistance, eligibility, 56, 249-250, 256, 257, 263, 313
secondary conditions, protocols, 13, 234-241
spinal cord injuries, protocols, 13, 234-241
spinal cord injuries, protocols, 236, 259
see also Classification;
Definitional issues;
Quality of life
Standards of living, 84, 90
State governments, 262
aged persons, data, 190
blind, services, 257
child-focused programs, 284
databases, 137-138, 190-191
developmental disabilities, 34, 131, 133, 137-138, 141, 143, 144-145
federal cooperation with, 16, 34, 131, 133, 141, 145, 248, 250, 261, 262, 311
home care programs, 255-256
injuries, mandatory reporting, 159
local activities, regulation, 263
prenatal care, 262-263
rehabilitation programs, 311
vocational rehabilitation, 248, 250
Statistical programs and activities,
see Cost and cost analysis; Epidemiology
Steroids, 33-34, 177
Substance abuse,
see Drug abuse
Supplemental Security Income, 52, 141, 248, 310
Supplement on Aging (NHIS), 44-45, 60, 67, 192
Surgeon General, 184-185, 333
Surveillance,
see Epidemiology
Survey of Income and Program Participation, 43-44, 49-53, 74, 75, 102, 253
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 156
T
Technical assistance, 34
Technology,
see Assistive technologies;
Safety equipment
Therapy,
see Rehabilitation
Toward Independence, 243, 260
Toxicity
environmental, general, 98, 131
developmental disabilities, 11, 114-115, 124, 131, 134
lead, 11, 116-117, 131
Training,
see Education and training
Transfer payments, 69, 70, 310
Transportation facilities
access to, 33, 131, 225, 233, 330
assistive devices, 251
Traumatic Brain Injury, 180
Traumatic brain injury,
see Brain;
Injury
Traumatic injury,
see Injury
U
Uniform Hospital Discharge Set, 157
University programs, 144-146, 259, 331
Urban areas, 233
brain injuries, 12, 153
lead poisoning, 11
Utilization of services, 27, 68
V
Veterans, 52, 259-260, 310
Vocational rehabilitation, 27-28, 93-94, 165, 172, 179-183, 244, 248, 249-251, 263, 284, 311
Vocational Rehabilitation Act, 311
W
Weather, 94, 233
Well-child care, 124, 128
Women, 64, 256
see also Gender factors;
Prenatal services
Work issues,
see Employment and unemployment
World Health Organization, 4, 7, 76, 83
ICIDH classification system, 5-6, 20-21, 76-78, 97, 273, 319-320, 325, 327
quality of life, 89-90
World Institute on Disability, 256
Y
Young adults, 2
injuries, 74-75, 153
spinal cord injuries, 154
see also Adolescents
