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Forest Trees (1991)

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Forest Trees. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1582.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Forest Trees. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1582.
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Page 140
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Forest Trees. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1582.
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Page 141
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Forest Trees. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1582.
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Page 142
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Forest Trees. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1582.
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Page 143
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Forest Trees. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1582.
×
Page 144
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Forest Trees. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1582.
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Page 145
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1991. Forest Trees. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1582.
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Page 146

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References Ashton, P. S. 1969. Speciation among tropical forest trees: Some deductions in the light of recent evidence. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1:155-196. Ashton, P. S. 1981. Techniques for the identification and conservation of threatened species in tropical forests. Pp. 155-164 in The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation, H. Synge, ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Ashton, P. S. 1988. Dipterocarp reproductive biology. Pp. 219-240 in Ecosystems of the World. Vol. 14B, Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems: Biogeographical and Ecological Studies, H. Lieth and M. J. A. Verger, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Baum, W. C. 1986. Partners Against Hunger: The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Bawa, K. S. 1974. Breeding systems of tree species of a lowland tropical community. Evolution 28:8~92. Bawa, K. S. 1976. Breeding of tropical hardwoods: An evaluation of underlying bases, current status, and future prospects. Pp. 43-59 in Tropical Trees: Variation, Breeding, and Conservation, J. Burley and B. T. Styles, eds. London: Academic Press. Bawa, K. S. 1979. Breeding systems of trees in a tropical wet forest. N. Z. J. Bot. 17:521- 524. Bawa, K. S., and P. A. Opler. 1975. Dioecism in tropical forest trees. Evolution 29:167- 179. Bawa, K. S., D. R. Perry, and J. H. Beach. 1985. Reproductive biology of tropical lowland rain forest trees. I. Sexual systems and incompatibility mechanisms. Amer. J. Bot. 72:331-345. Bergman, F., and FAR. Gregorius. 1979. Comparison of the genetic diversity of various populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Pp. 99-107 in Proceedings of the Conference on the Biochemical Genetics of Forest Trees. Umea, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Banner, F. T. 1985. Technologies to Maintain Tree Germplasm Diversity. Prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, D.C. Bonner, F. T. 1990. Storage of seeds: Potential and limitations for germplasm conservation. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Conservation of Genetic Diversity, C. Millar and F. T. Ledig, eds. For. Ecol. Manage. 35:35~3. 139

140 / References Brotschol, J. V. 1983. Allozyme Variation in Natural Populations of Liriodendron [ulipifera L. Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Brotschol, J. V., J. H. Roberds, and G. Namkoong. 1986. Allozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Silvae Genet. 35:131-138. Burley, J. 1987. Exploitation of the potential of multipurpose trees and shrubs in agroforestry. In Agroforestry A Decade of Development, H. Steppler and P. K. R. Nair, eds. Nairobi, Kenya: International Council for Research in Agroforestry. Burley, J., and P. J. Wood. 1976. A Manual on Species and Provenance Research with Particular Reference to the Tropics. Oxford: Commonwealth Forestry Institute. Burley, J., and P. J. Wood. 1987. A Tree for All Reasons; Evaluation of Multipurpose Trees. Nairobi: International Council for Research in Agroforestry. Burley, J., and P. van Carlowitz, eds. 1984. Multipurpose Tree Germplasm. Proceedings of a Planning Workshop to Discuss International Cooperation. Nairobi: International Council for Research in Agroforestry. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). 1989a. Proposed expansion of the CGIAR. ICW/89/09 Agenda Item 8(c). Prepared for International Centers Week, October 30 to November 3, 1989, Washington, D.C. CGIAR. 1989b. A possible expansion of the CGIAR: Part I interim report. AGR/TAC:IAR/ 88/24 Add.2 Agenda Item 8(a). Prepared for International Centers Week, October 30 to November 3, 1989, Washington, D. C. CGIAR. 1990. International Centers Week 1990, Summary of Proceedings and Decisions. Washington, D.C.: CGIAR Secretariat. Council on Environmental Quality and U.S. Department of State. 1980. The Global 2000 Report. Vol. 2, Technical Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Cowell, A. 1990. Decade of Destruction. New York: Henry Holt. Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barra Colorado Island. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press. El-Kassaby, Y. A. 1982. Associations between allozyme genotypes and quantitative traits in Douglas-fir. Genetics 101:103-115. Eriksson, G., I. Ekbert, and A. Jonsson. 1972. Meiotic and pollen investigations as a guide for localization of forest tree seed orchards in Sweden. Pp. 1-28 in Proceedings of the Joint Symposia for Forest Tree Breeding of Genetics Subject Group. Tokyo: Government Forestry Experiment Station. Evans, J. 1982. Plantation Forestry in the Tropics. New York: Oxford University Press. Ewens, W. J., P. J. Brockwell, J. M. Gani, and S. I. Resnick. 1987. Minimum viable population size in the presence of catastrophes. Pp. 59~8 in Viable Populations for Conservation, M. Soule, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. Falkenhagen, E. R. 1985. Isozyme studies in provenance research of forest trees. Theor. Appl. Genet. 69:3354347. Fins, L., and L. W. Seeb. 1986. Genetic variations in allozymes of western larch. Can. J. For. Res. 16:1013-1018. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 1969. Report of the First Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. FO:FGR/1/Rep. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1972. Report of the Second Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. FO:FGR/2/Rep. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1974. Report of the Third Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. FO:FGR/3/Rep. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1977. Report of the Fourth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. FO:FGR/4/Rep. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.

References 1 141 FAO. 1981. Forest Genetic Resources Information, No. 10. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1984a. In-Situ Conservation of Genetic Resources of Plants: The Scientific and Technical Base. FORGEN/MISC/84/1. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1984b. A Guide to In-Situ Conservation of Genetic Resources for Tropical Woody Species. FORGEN/MISC/84/2. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1984c. In-Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Genetic Resources: A Status Review and Action Plan. FORGEN/MISC/84/3. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1985a. Report of the Sixth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. FO:FGR/5/Rep. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1985b. A World Perspective; Forestry Beyond 2000. Unasylva 147:7-16. FAO. 1985c. The Tropical Forest Action Plan. Prepared by the FAO in cooperation with the World Resources Institute, World Bank, and United Nations Development Program. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1985d. In-situ conservation of forest genetic resources in Cameroon. Pp. 15-30 in Forest Genetic Resources Information, No. 14. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1985e. In-situ conservation of forest genetic resources in peninsular Malaysia. Pp. 32-49 in Forest Genetic Resources Information, No. 14. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1986. Databook on Endangered Tree and Shrub Species and Provenances. FAO Forestry Paper 77. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1987. In-situ conservation in Peru: A case study. Pp. 5-21 in Forest Genetic Resources Information, No. 15. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO. 1988. Production Yearbook, 1987. FAO Statistics Series No. 82. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). 1981. Report on the FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on In-Situ Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources, December 2 - , 1980. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Fowler, D. P., and R. W. Morris. 1977. Genetic diversity in red pine: Evidence for low genie heterozygosity. Can. J. For. Res. 7:343-347. Frankel, O. H., and M. E. Soule. 1981. Conservation and Evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. Frankie, G. W., P. A. Opler, and K. S. Bawa. 1976. Foraging behavior of solitary bees: Implications for outcrossing of a neotropical forest tree species. J. Ecol. 64:1049-1057. Franklin, I. R. 1980. Evolutionary change in small populations. Pp. 135-149 in Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective, M. E. Soule and B. A. Wilcox, eds. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Gentry, A. 1986. Endemism in tropical versus temperate plant communities. Pp. 153-181 in Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, M. E. Soule, ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Gilbert, L. E. 1980. Food web organization and conservation of neotropical diversity. Pp. 11-54 in Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective, M. E. Soule and B. A. Wilcox, eds. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Gilpin, M. E., and M. E. Soule. 1986. Minimum viable populations: Processes of species extinction. Pp. 19-34 in Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, M. E. Soule, ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Govindaraju, D. R. 1988a. A note on the relationship between outcrossing rate and gene flow in plants. Heredity 61:401-404.

142 I References Govindaraju, D. R. 1988b. Relationship between dispersal ability and levels of gene flow in plants. Oikos 52:31-35. Grainger, A. 1987. The future of the tropical moist forest. Paper prepared for Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. Gregorius, H.-R. 1984. A unique genetic distance. Biom. J. 26:1~18. Gregorius, H.-R., and G. Namkoong. 1983. Conditions for protective polymorphism in subdivided plant populations. Theor. Pop. Biol. 24:252-267. Gregorius, H.-R., and J. H. Roberds. 1986. Measurement of genetical differentiation among subpopulations. Theor. Appl. Genet. 71:826-834. Hamrick, J. L. 1983. The distribution of genetic variation within and among natural plant populations. Pp. 335-348 in Genetics and Conservation, C. M. Schonewald-Cox, S. M. Chambers, B. MacBryde, and W. L. Thomas, eds. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/ i_ . Cummings. Hamrick, J. L., and M. D. Loveless. 1987. The influence of seed dispersal mechanisms on the genetic structure of plant populations. Pp. 211-223 in Frugivores and Seed Dispersal, A. Estrada and T. H. Fleming, eds. The Hague: W. Junk. Hamrick, J. L., Y. B. Linhart, and J. B. Mitton. 1979. Relationships between life history characteristics and electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in plants. Annul Rev. Ecol. Syst. 10:17~200. Harlan, H. V., and M. L. Martini. 1936. Problems and results in barley breeding. Pp. 30~346 in USDA Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Hegde, N. G., and P. D. Abhyankar, eds. 1986. The Greening of Wastelands. Pune, India: Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation. Heithaus, E. R., T. H. Fleming, and P. A. Opler. 1975. Foraging patterns and resource utilization in seven species of bats in a seasonal tropical forest. Ecology 56:841-854. Hiebert, R. D., and J. L. Hamrick. 1983. Patterns and levels of genetic variation in Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva. Ecology 37:302-310. Hubbell, S. P., and R. B. Foster. 1986. Commonness and rarity in a neotropical forest: Implications for tropical tree conservation. Pp. 205-231 in Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, M. E. Soule, ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. 1989. Annual Report 1988. Rome, Italy: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. International Council for Research in Agroforestry. 1990. Annual Report 1989. Nairobi, Kenya: International Council for Research in Agroforestry. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1978. Categories, Objectives, and Criteria for Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: Inter- national Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, United Nations Environment Program, and World Wildlife Fund. 1980. World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO). 1985. Increasing Pro- ductivity of Multipurpose Species, J. Burley and J. L. Stewart, eds. Report on a Planning Workshop for Asia on Forest Research and Technology Transfer. Vienna, Austria: International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. IUFRO. 1986. Increasing Productivity of Multipurpose Lands, L. W. Carlson and K. R. Shea, eds. Research Planning Workshop for Africa: Sahelian and North Sudanian Zones. Vienna, Austria: International Union of Forestry Research Organizations.

References / 143 IUFRO. 1987. Tree Improvement and Silvo-Pastoral Management in Sahelian and North Sudanian Africa; Problems, Needs, and Research Proposals, C. Co~salter, D. E. Iyambo, S. L. Krugman, and O. Fugalli, compilers. Vienna, Austria: International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. Janzen, D. H. 1971. Euglossine bees as long distance pollinators of tropical plants. Science 171:20~205. Janzen, D. H. 1979. How to be a fig. Annul Rev. Ecol. Syst. 10:1~51. Janzen, D. H. 1987. Insect diversity of a Costa Rican dry forest: Why keep it, and how? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 30:34~356. King, K. F. S., and T. Chandler. 1978. Wasted Lands. Nairobi: International Center for Research in Agroforestry. Kloppenburg, Jr., J. R., ed. 1988. Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. Knowles, P., G. R. Fumier, M. A. Aleksiuk, and D. J. Perry. 1987. Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65:1087-1091. Landauer, W. 1945. Shall we lose or keep our plant and animal stocks? Science 101:497- 499. Lanly, J. P. 1982. Tropical Forests Resources. FAO Forestry Paper 30. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Ledig, F. T. 1986. Heterozygosity, heterosis and fitness in outbreeding plants. Pp. 77- 104 in Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, M. E. Soule, ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Ledig, F. T. 1987. Genetic structure and the conservation of California's endemic and near-endemic conifers. Pp. 587-594 in Conservation and Management of Rare and Endangered Plants, T. S. Ellis, ed. Sacramento: California Native Plant Society. Ledig, F. T., and M. T. Conkle. 1983. Gene diversity and genetic structure in a narrow endemic, Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carr). Evolution 37:79-85. Levin, D. A., and H. W. Kerster. 1974. Gene flow in seed plants. Evol. Biol. 7:139-220. Libby, W. J., and W. B. Critchfield. 1987. Patterns of genetic architecture. Ann. For. 13:77-92. Linhart, Y. B. 1973. Ecological and behavioral determinants of pollen dispersal in hummingbird pollinated Heliconia. Amer. Nat. 107:511-523. Linhart, Y. B., J. B. Mitton, K. B. Sturgeon, and M. L. Davis. 1981a. An analysis of genetic architecture in populations of ponderosa pine. Pp. 5~59 in Proceedings of the Symposium on Isozymes of North American Forest Trees and Forest Insects. General Technical Report PSW-48. Berkeley, Calif.: U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Linhart, Y. B., J. B. Mitton, K. B. Sturgeon, and M. L. Davis. 1981b. Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46:407~26. Loveless, M. D., and J. L. Hamrick. 1984. Ecological determinants of genetic structure in plant populations. Annul Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15:6~95. Marshall, A. G. 1983. Bats, flowers and fruit: Evolutionary relationships in the Old World. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 20:115-135. Mergen, F., and J. R. Vincent, eds. 1987. Natural Management of Tropical Moist Forests. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Moran, G. F., and S. D. Hopper. 1987. Conservation of genetic resources of rare and widespread eucalypts in remnant vegetation. Pp. 151-162 in Nature Conservation: The Role of Remnants of Native Vegetation, D. A. Saunders, G. W. Arnold, A. A. Burbidge, and A. J. M. Hopkins, eds. Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.

144 / References Moran, G. F., and W. T. Adams. 1989. Microgeographical patterns in allozyme differ- entiation in Douglas-fir from southwest Oregon. For. Sci. 35:3-15. Myers, N. 1983a. Tropical moist forests: Over-exploited and under-utilized? For. Ecol. Manage. 6(1):59-79. Myers, N. 1983b. A Wealth of Wild Species. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. Myers, N. 1988. Tropical forests: Much more than stocks of wood. J. Trop. Ecol. 4:209- 221. Namkoong, G. 1969. The non-optimality of local races. Pp 149-153 in Proceedings of the 10th Southern Conference on Forest Tree Breeding, Texas Forest Service, Texas A&M University. College Station, Tex.: University Press. Namkoong, G. 1984. Genetic structure of forest tree populations. Pp. 351-360 in Genetics: New Frontiers, V. L. Chopra, B. C. Joshi, R. P. Sharma, and H. C. Bansal, eds. Vol. 4, Applied Genetics. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Genetics. New Delhi: Mohan Primlani, Oxford, and IBH Publishers. Namkoong, G., and H.-R. Gregorius. 1985. Conditions for protected polymorphism in subdivided plant populations. 2. Seed versus pollen migration. Amer. Nat. 125:521- 534. Namkoong, G., and H. C. Kang. 1990. Quantitative genetics of forest trees. Pp. 139-188 in Plant Breeding Reviews, Vol. 8. Portland, Ore.: Timber Press. Namkoong, G., R. D. Barnes, and J. Burley. 1980. A Philosophy of Breeding Strategy for Tropical Forest Trees. Tropical Forestry Paper No. 16. Oxford: Commonwealth Forestry Institute. National Research Council. 1990. Forestry Research: A Mandate for Change. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Nei, M. 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Amer. Nat. 106:283-292. Office of Technology Assessment. 1984. Technologies to Sustain Tropical Forest Resources. OTA-F214. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Oldfield, M. L. 1984. The Value of Conserving Genetic Resources. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. O'Malley, D. M., and K. S. Bawa. 1987. Mating system of a tropical rain forest tree. Amer. J. Bot. 74:1143-1149. Palmberg, C. 1988. Plant Genetic Resources: Their Conservation In Situ for Human Use. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Palmberg, C., and J. T. Esquinas-Alcazar. 1990. The role of international organizations in the conservation of plant genetic resources, with special reference to forestry and the UN system. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Conservation of Genetic Diversity. For. Ecol. Manage. 35:171-197. Panday, K. 1982. Fodder Trees and Tree Fodder in Nepal. Berne and Birmensdorf: Swiss Development Corporation and Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research. Parkash, R., and D. Hocking. 1986. Some Favourite Trees for Fuel and Fodder. New Delhi: Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development. Pearce, F. 1990. Brazil, where the ice cream comes from. New Scientist, July 7, 45~8. Peters, W. J., and L. N. Neuenschwander. 1988. Slash and Burn Farming in the Third World. Moscow: University of Idaho Press. Pimm, S. L. 1986. Community stability and structure. Pp. 309-332 in Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, M. E. Soule, ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Plucknett, D. L., N. J. H. Smith, and S. O~gediz. 1990. International Agricultural Research: A Database of Networks. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Postel, S. 1989. Halting land degradation. Pp. 21~0 in State of the World 1989, L. Starke, ed. New York: W. W. Norton.

References / 1a=5 Postel, S., and L. Heise. 1988. Reforesting the Earth. Worldwatch Paper 83. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute. Prance, G. T. 1984. Completing the inventory. Pp. 365-396 in Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy, V. H. Heywood and D. M. Moore, eds. London: Academic Press. Prescott-Allen, C., and R. Prescott-Allen. 1986. The First Resource. Wild Species in the North American Economy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Prescott-Allen, R., and C. Prescott-Allen. 1983. Genes from the Wild. Washington, D.C.: International Institute for Environment and Development. Regal, P. J. 1977. Ecology and evolution of flowering plant dominance. Science 196:622- 629. Roberds, J. H., and M. T. Conkle. 1984. Genetic structure in loblolly pine stands: Allozyme variation in parents and progeny. For. Sci. 30:319-329. Roche, L. R., ed. 1975. Methodology of Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Ross, R. K. 1988. Patterns of Allelic Variation in Natural Populations of Abies fraseri. Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Sakei, K., and Y. Park. 1971. Genetic studies in natural populations of forest tress. Theor. Appl. Genet. 41: 13-17. Schoenwald-Cox, C. M., S. N. Chambers, B. MacBryde, and L. Thomas. 1983. Genetics and Conservation. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings. Scholz, F., H.-R. Gregorius, and D. Rudin, eds. 1989. Genetic Effects of Air Pollutants in Forest Tree Populations. New York: Springer-Verlag. Silver, C. S. 1990. One Earth, One Future: Our Changing Global Environment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Simberloff, D. 1986. Are we on the verge of a mass extinction in tropical rain forests? Pp. 165-180 in Dynamics of Extinction, E. K. Elliot, ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Slatkin, M. 1987. Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science 236:787-792. Soule, M. E. 1980. Thresholds for survival: Maintaining fitness and evolutionary potential. Pp. 153-169 in Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective, M. E. Soule and B. A. Wilcox, eds. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Soule, M. E., ed. 1986. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Soule, M. E., ed. 1987. Viable Populations for Conservation. New York: Cambridge University Press. Steinhoff, R. J., D. G. Joyce, and L. Fins. 1983. Isozyme variation in Pinus monticola. Can. J. For. Res. 13:1122-1132. Terborgh, J. 1986. Keystone plant resources in tropical forests. Pp. 330-344 in Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, M. E. Soule, ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Terborgh, J. 1988. The big things that run the world A sequel to E. O. Wilson. Conserv. Biol. 2:402-403. Tigerstedt, P. M. A. 1984. Genetic mechanisms for adaptation: The mating system of Scots pine. Pp. 317-324 in Genetics: New Frontiers, V. L. Chopra, B. C. Joshi, R. P. Sharma, and H. C. Bansal, eds. Vol. 4, Applied Genetics. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Genetics. New Delhi: Mohan Primlani, Oxford, and IBH Publishers. United Nations. 1984. International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983. TD/TIMBERJ11/ Rev. 1. New York: United Nations. U.S. Forest Service. 1982. 1981 Directory of Forest Tree Seed Orchards in the United States. FS-278. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Forest Service.

146 I References van Sloten, D. H. 1990. Facing the future IBPGR in the 1990s. Paper prepared for International Centers Week, October 29-November 2, 1990, Washington, D. C., sponsored by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. von Carlowitz, L. C. 1986. Multipurpose Tree and Shrub Directory. Nairobi, Kenya: International Council for Research and Agroforestry. Wellendorf, H., and A. Kaosa-Ard. 1988. Teak Improvement Strategy in Thailand. Arboretet Horsholm Forest Tree Improvement 21. Copenhagen: DSR Forlag. Wiebes, J. T. 1979. Coevolution of figs and their insect pollinators. Annul Rev. Ecol. Syst. 10:1-12. Wilson, E. O. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Withers, L. A. 1989. In vitro conservation and germplasm utilization. Pp. 309-334 in The Use of Plant Genetic Resources, A. D. H. Brown, O. H. Frankel, D. R. Marshall, and J. T. Williams, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Withers, L. A., and J. T. Williams, eds. 1982. Crop Genetic Resources The Conservation of Difficult Material. Series B42. Paris: International Union of Biological Sciences. Wood, P. J., J. Burley, and A. Grainger. 1982. Technologies and Technology Systems for Reforestation of Degraded Tropical Land. Prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, D.C. World Resources Institute, International Institute for Environment and Development, and United Nations Environment Program. 1988. World Resources, 1988-89. New York: Basic Books. Wright, J. W. 1962. Genetics of Forest Tree Improvement. FAO Forestry and Forest Products Studies, No. 16. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1987. The management of tropical moist forest for the sustained production of timber: Some issues. Tropical Forestry Policy Paper No. 4. Prepared for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland, and the International Institute for Environment and Development, London, England. Yeh, F. C., and C. Layton. 1979. The organization of genetic variability in central and marginal populations of lodgepole pine Pinus contorta spp. Iatifolia. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 21:487-503. Zobel, B., and J. T. Talbert. 1986. Applied Forest Tree Improvement. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

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News reports concerning decline of the world's forests are becoming sadly familiar. Most losses are measured in square kilometers, but a more profound loss cannot be measured. As forests disappear, so do their genetic resources. The genes they possess can no longer aid in their adaptation to a changing environment, nor can they be used to develop improved varieties or products.

This book assesses the status of the world's tree genetic resources and management efforts. Strategies for meeting future needs and alternatives to harvesting natural forests are presented. The book also outlines methods and technologies for management, evaluates activities now under way, and makes specific recommendations for a global strategy for forest management.

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