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OCR for page 259
Index
A
Africa
cattle, status in, 146-147
data base on livestock
populations, 120
expert committee on animal
genetic resources in, 115
germplasm banks, 122
goats, status in, 151
horses, status in, 156-157
identification of endangered
livestock in, 115
pigs, status in, 153
priorities for livestock
conservation by management,
117
sheep, status in, 160-161
African swine fever virus, 178, 205,
206, 211, 224
Akabane virus, 178-179, 204, 229-
230
Alleles
defined, 72, 245
maintenance in interbreeding
populations, 55
multiple, 72, 79, 82
259
variation in blood group
proteins, 80
Allelic frequencies
defined, 72, 245
determinants of, 67
estimation of, 73
genetic drift, 69
Alpacas, 22, 23, 117
American Minor Breeds
Conservancy, 40, 50, 51, 60, 98,
101
Animal agriculture, development of,
21-25
Animal welfare concerns, 27
Argentina, 108, 122
Artificial breeding
centers, 217-219
diseases of concern in, 220-234
of endangered and rare species,
234-235
and genetic diversity losses, 52
research recommendations, 235-
238
Artificial insemination, 32, 33, 52,
88, 107, 111
Asia
cattle, status in, 145-146
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260 / Index
expert committee on animal
genetic resources, 115
germplasm banks, 122
goats, status in, 149-151
horses, status in, 156
pigs, status in, 153
priorities for livestock
conservation by management,
117
sheep, status in, 159-160
Asociacion Latinoamericana de
Produccion Animal, 112-113,
115, 126
Ass, 23
Association of Living Historical Breeding, 9
Farms and Agricultural
Museums, 101
Australia
cattle, status in, 147-148
DNA probes, 93
horses, status in, 157
pigs, status in, 154
sheep, status in, 41, 161-162
B
Bacterial agents, 225-226
Bangladesh, oxen in, 43
Banteng, 23
Bees, 121
Biological diversity, impact of
human activities on, 112
Biotechnology, and stock
improvement, 40
Birds
cryopreservation of germplasm,
54
domesticated, generic
distribution of, 23
gene transfer into, 85
Blood group proteins, allelic
variation in, 80
Blood samples, 122
Bluetongue virus, 179-180, 204, 207,
208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 221
Bos indices, 23, 24, 25
Bos Taurus, 1, 23, 24, 70
livestock conservation programs,
108
pig and poultry production, 26
Bovine leukemia virus, 180-181
Bovine leukosis virus, 204, 207, 208,
210, 212, 213, 228
Bovine parvovirus, 207
Bovine viral diarrhea virus, 181, 204,
205, 207, 210
Brazil
germplasm bank, 122
livestock preservation in, 99, 108
Panterno swamp cattle, 39
controlled, 5-6
and feeding requirements, 5-6, 36
history of, 5-6, 27-28
population, 66
see also Crossbreeding/
crossbreeds
Breeds
characterization of, 115
classifications of status of, 50-51,
116, 121
commercial, 4, 9
defined, 66, 245
designation of identity, 64-65
documentation of, 16
examples of, 3
extinct, 41, 59, 247
geographic isolation or
fragmentation, 52, 64-65
loss of, 43
minor, 50, 51
number of, 29
preservation within, 4, 116
quantifying relationships among,
79
rare, 50, 51, 55-56
societies / associations, 64, 98
subdivision into, 4, 64-67
uniqueness, 28-31
watch, 51
world list of, 121
see also Crossbreeds/
crossbreeding; Endangered
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Index / 261
and unique breeds; Indigenous
breeds; Stocks; Traditional
breeds
Brucella abortus, 181-182, 204, 207,
208, 210, 212
Buffalo
cryopreservation of semen, 88
domestication of, 22
Murrah, 117
Nili-Ravi, 117
priorities for conservation by
management, 117
status globally, 162
Swamp, 117
Burkina Faso, chicken production,
65
Camelidae, 22, 23, 117, 141
Campylobacter fetus, 205
Canada, government subsidies for
private breeding, 16, 56
Caprine arthritis and encephalitis
virus, 182, 209, 212
Cat, 23
Cattle
Africander, 73-74
assay of embryos from
seropositive or infected
donors, 210-211
assay of uterine flush fluids from
seropositive or infected
donors, 212
Bali, 107
Barzona breed, 74
beef, 6, 35, 65
Berrenda breeds, 42
Boran, 89, 92, 117
breeding, 5-6
Camargue, 55
Canadienne, 16, 56
characterization studies of, 99
Charolais, 6
Criollo, 4, 117
disease resistant, 8, 24, 70
domestication of, 22
Dutch Belted, 101
embryo transfer from
seropositive or infected
donors, 208
embryonic development and
infectivity of zone-intact
embryos after pathogen
exposure, 204-205, 207
endangered, 42
gene products of major
histocompatibility complex,
58-59
genes mapped in, 83
generic distribution of, 23
genetic variation among breeds, 3
Guzera, 117
Hereford, 70
humped, 24
humpless, 24-25
Hungarian Grey Steppe, 55, 98
Iberian stock, 4
importance of genetic diversity, 38
in vitro exposure to pathogens
and, 213
in vitro fertilization, 32
Kenana, 117
Longhorn, 5-6, 55
N'Dama, 8, 24, 27, 89, 92, 117
Nguni, 55
nomenclature problems, 24-25
Pantenero swamp, 39
priorities for conservation by
management, 117
Sahiwal, 73, 117
Scottish Highland cattle, 59
semen viability, 58
Shorthorn, 6
status globally, 143-148
trypsin treatment on pathogen
exposed, zone-intact embryos,
206
zebu, 24, 143, 145, 146-147, 148,
223
see also Dairy cattle
Centro Agronomico Tropical de
Investigacion y Ensenanza, 112
Chad, Bos indicus cattle, 25
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Chickens, 1
cage system, 27
cryopreservation costs, 39
domestication of, 22
Dominique, 42, 101
generic distribution of, 23
immunology and disease
resistance research, 41
layer, 36
Leghorn, 7
linkage map, 83
maturation time, 28
population changes, 87
priorities for conservation by
management, 117
production systems, 7, 34-35, 36
selection goals in, 68
status globally, 163-164
stocks of, 7, 33
transfer of exotic animals and
production systems, 34-35
China, 108
Chlamydia psittaci, 210
Clones
defined, 246
transfer into another animal line,
85-86
Cloning
disadvantages of, 93
embryos, 12, 32, 88
genes in a library, 84
by nuclear transplantation, 92-93
by splitting embryos, 92
technology for, 32, 92-93
use for conservation, 93
Commonwealth Bureau of Animal
Breeding and Genetics, 119
Commonwealth of Independent
States, 15
documentation of endangered
breeds, 40
study of indigenous animals in,
114
Conservation of livestock genetic
resources
approaches to, 12-14, 42~6
committee's view, 2-3, 45~6
cultural and historical rationale
for, 10, 41-42
defined, 246
DNA libraries and, 86
economic reasons for, 9, 38~1,
42-43,47
funding for, 111
implementation of efforts for, 14-
15
inventories of populations and,
12-13
preservationist's view, 2, 44~5
prioritization for, 13,16,46,102
by private organizations, 98
quarantines and, 94
rationales for, 9-10, 38-42, 58
recommendations for, 16,46-47
research needs, 14
scientific rationale for, 9-10, 41
training activities, 114
unique adapted breeds, 5
utilizationist's view, 2,43-44,45
see also Genetic resource
management; Preservation of
germplasm
Conservation of populations
criteria for, 13, 49-53
effective size considerations, 12,
52-53,246
exotic, 104
indigenous, 104
live, 12-13,54-57,60
recommendations for, 59-61
sampling strategies, 13,53-54,60,
66
status and vulnerability
considerations, 50-52
subsidies for, 55-57
uniqueness and importance
considerations, 52-53,103-104
see also Preservation of
germplasm
Conservation organizations,
expanded support of, 127-128
Consultative Group in International
Agricultural Research, 19,125-
126
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Index / 263
International Board for Plant
Genetic Resources, 19, 123,
125
proposed animal genetic resource
conservation institute within,
125-126, 129
purpose, 125
Contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia, 223-224
Cotswold Farm Park, 45, 100
Council for Agricultural Science and
Technology, 44, 54
Crossbreeds /crossbreeding, 18
backcrossing, 66, 68, 74, 89, 245
committee's view on, 45
costs of, 74
defined, 68, 246
disadvantages of, 68
and genetic diversity, 6, 52, 66
importance of unique breeds for,
31
of indigenous stocks with
imported ones, 5, 35-36, 37-38,
71
Merino-Lincoln sheep, 105
migration and, 63-64
N'Dama-Boran, 92
preservationist's view of, 44, 45
utilizationist's view, 43
Cryobiology, 32,90
Cryopreservation of germplasm
advantages and disadvantages,
12, 88-89
collecting and processing samples
for, 57,58
costs of, 13,39-40,57
critical elements of, 87
defined, 6, 26, 246
documentation of samples, 103-
104
effectiveness of, 17-18, 32, 89,90-
91
of endangered and unique
populations, 17-18
exceptions to application of, 54
expertise required for, 57
first, 90
future uses of germplasm from,
18,57
of genomic libraries, 84
health status of donor animals,
57-58
ideal package for, 90
international efforts, 115
recommendations on, 17-18,60-
61
regeneration constraints, 49,57,
90
regional banks for, 121-122
risks of disease transmission, 57-
58
sampling of breed for, 57
of semen and embryos, 87-91
viability of germplasm after, 58
vitrification, 91
a-Crystallin, 79
ry-Crystallin, 79
Dairy cattle
D
breeds, 3,6
Dutch Black Pied, 66
Holstein, 66,67, 70,107
Holstein-Friesian, 6, 7, 52-53
Jersey, 66
milk production improvements
6,28,39
Milking Devon, 101
production systems, 32
purebred, 35
stocks of, 7
Danubian Countries Alliance for
Gene Conservation in Animal
Species, 113
Data bases
Animal Genetic Data Bank, 15,
16,116,120,129
animal genetic resources, 14,102,
103,115,119-121
breed descriptions and
population statistics, 116, 119,
120, 121
Commonwealth Bureau of
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Animal Breeding and Genetics,
119
computer programs/software,
120, 121
data collection and processing in
developing countries, 119-120
defined, 246
FAO, 121
Global Data Bank for Domestic
Livestock, 14-15, 129
information categories, 120
methodologies for data handling,
119
need for, 119
Nordic Gene-Bank, 121
pilot trials by FAO, 119-120
recommendations, 129
regional versus global data, 120
Deutsches Institut fur Medizinische
Dokumentation und
Information, 119
Developing countries
bilateral and multilateral aid to,
18,105
conservation programs for animal
genetic resources, 108,116
data collection and processing in,
119-120
displacement of traditional
breeds, 111
exotic livestock and management
system imports into, 34-35,
107,111
factors affecting risk of livestock
survival, 52
frozen germplasm banks for, 122
livestock management practices,
26-27
national strategies, 98
recommendations for handling
indigenous breeds, 47,52
technology transfer to, 107
training for scientists in gene
technologies, 118
Disease
control programs, 33, 36, 105,115
elimination from embryos, 12
genetic resistance to, 11, 24,27,
70
pathogen resistance to antibiotics,
39
see also individual diseases
Disease transmission through
embryo transfer
African swine fever virus, 178,
205,206,211
Akabane virus, 178-179,204
assay of embryos from
seropositive or infected
donors, 210-211
assay of uterine flush fluids from
seropositive or infected
donors, 212
bluetongue virus, 179-180,204,
207,208,209,210,212,213
bovine leukemia virus, 180-181
bovine leukosis virus, 204,207,
208,210,212,213,228
bovine parvovirus, 207
bovine viral diarrhea virus, 181,
204,205,207,210
Brucella abortus, 181-182,204,207,
208,210,212
Campylobacter fetus, 205
caprine arthritis and encephalitis
virus, 182,209,212
Chlamydia psittaci, 210
conclusions about, 190-192
constraints to international
exchange of embryos, 192-193
embryonic development and
infectivity of zone-intact
embryos after pathogen
exposure, 204-205
foot-and-mouth disease virus,
182-183,204,205,207,208,
210,211,212
Haemophilus somnus, 183-184,204,
207
hog cholera virus, 184,205,206,
208,211,212
in vitro exposure to pathogens
and, 213
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
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Index / 265
virus, 184-186, 204, 206, 207,
208, 210, 212, 213
mechanisms of, 175-176
porcine parvovirus, 186, 205, 209,
213
potential for, 57-58, 174-175,
208-209
pseudorabies virus, 186-187, 205,
206, 207, 213
rinderpest virus, 188, 204, 208,
210
risk of, 88
scrapie, 188, 209
studies of, 176-177
swine vesicular disease virus,
188-189, 205, 206, 209, 211, 212
transmissibility of specific agents,
177-189
trypsin treatment and, 206
vesicular stomatitis virus, 189,
204, 205, 206
washing of embryos and, 207
Disease transmission through semen
African swine fever virus, 224
Akabane virus, 229-230
assay of embryos bred with
infected semen, 210
bacterial and protozoa! agents,
225-226
bovine leukosis virus, 228
bovine viral diarrhea virus, 228-
229
bluetongue virus, 212, 221
contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia, 223-224
ephemeral fever virus, 229
foot-and-mouth disease virus,
220-221
hog cholera virus, 224
horses, 232-233
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis,
227-228
List A Agents, 220-225
List B Agents, 225-234
lumpy skin disease (Neethling
virus), 222
mycoplasmas, 226-227
DNA
parainfluenza 3 virus, 230
porcine parvovirus, 230-231
poultry, 233-234
research recommendations, 235-
238
Rift Valley fever virus, 222-223
rinderpest virus, 221-222
sheep and goat, 231-232
sheep and goat pox virus, 222
swine vesicular disease virus, 224
vesicular stomatitis virus, 223
banks, 96
base pairs, 72-73
defined, 246
hybridization, 78-79, 86, 246
libraries, 83-86, 90; see also
Genomic libraries
mitochondrial, characterizing, 81-
82
probes, 79, 81, 84-85, 93
sequencing, 78, 246
structure, 72
Dog, 23
Donkey, 23
Ducks
domestic, 23, 117, 166-167
generic distribution of, 23
muscovy, 23, 117, 167
production efficiency, 33
status globally, 166-167
E
Eastern Europe, documentation of
endangered breeds, 40
Elephant, Asiatic, 23
Embryo transfer, 4, 12, 32, 91
defined, 247
for disease resistance, 89
and genetic diversity, 32, 88
hormonal treatments for, 58, 91
and pregnancy rates, 91
recommendations on, 193-195
sanitary handling procedures, 202
from seropositive or infected
donors, 208-209
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success of, 107
technology in domestic species,
172-174
see also Disease transmission
through embryo transfer
Embryos
cryopreservation of, 12, 13,17-18,
54, 57-58, 87-91, 103-104, 202
cloning, 4, 12, 32, 88, 92-93
collection, 53-54, 57, 87, 200
constraints to international
exchange of, 192-193
defined, 247
gene transfer to, 58
health status-of, 57, 88
identification of, 202
inspection for intactness of zone
pellucida, 201
micromanipulation of, 201-202
from purebred lines, 55
sampling standards, 60
sanitary techniques for handling, Europe
200-202
splitting, 12, 32, 92
storage and transport, 6, 53-54
technology for collection,
manipulation, and
preservation, 32
thawing of, 202
transgenic, 85
trypsin treatment of, 201
washing, 57-58, 88, 95, 106, 200-
201, 207
zone pellucida, 95
Endangered and unique breeds
artificial breeding of, 234-235
cattle, 42
cryopreservation of, 17-18
crossbreeding with, 31, 44
defined, 13, 247
documentation of, 16, 40-41, 59-
60, 109-110, 120
embryo collection from, 87
in farm parks, 41-42
health status of germplasm from,
94
inventories of, 113-114, 115
monitoring status of, 74
North Ronaldsay sheep, 28-31
number of, 29
population size for classification
as, 50-51
potential loss of, 28
poultry, 42
profitability, 40
public support of preservation
efforts, 41, 54, 55-57
sampling, 53-54, 115
utilizationist's view on
preservation of, 44
World Watch List of Threatened
Livestock, 116
England, see Great Britain
Ephemeral fever virus, 229
Ethiopia
germplasm bank, 122
see also International Livestock
Center for Africa
cattle, status in, 15, 29, 144-145
data base for, 15, 120
goats, status in, 148-149
horses, status in, 154-156
pigs, status in, 152-153
poultry production systems, 27
recommended livestock
population sizes for
consideration as endangered,
50
sheep, status in, 157-159
Working Party on Animal
Genetic Resources, 115, 120
European Association for Animal
Production, 15,112,115, 116,
120, 126
European Space Agency Retrieval
Service, 119
Ex situ conservation, 112, 116; see
also Cryopreservation of
germplasm
Expert Advisory Panel on Animal
Genetic Resources
Conservation and
Management, 118
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Index / 267
F
Farm parks, 16, 41-42, 45, 55, 100,
101
Fibronectin, 79
Flow cytometry, 93, 247
Follicle-stimulating hormone, 91
Food and Agriculture Organization
Animal Production and Health
Division, 126-127
assessment of populations for
conservation, 50, 52
Commission on Plant Genetic
Resources, 14
Committee on Agriculture, 115
data-base development, 119-120,
121, 129
expansion of efforts of, 126-127,
129
funding, 127
germplasm bank development,
122
guidelines for establishing
programs, 16, 99, 104, 108
inventory of native livestock
breeds, 16, 113-114
pilot program to conserve animal
genetic resources, 113-114
prioritization of conservation
areas and activities, 114
. . .
program on managing ammal
genetic resources, 14-15, 116-
118, 124, 128-129
publications on animal genetic
resources, 118-119
recommendations for, 19
regional meetings on animal
genetic resources, 16, 115
reports on breeds, 112
Foot-and-mouth disease virus, 122,
182-183, 204, 205, 207, 208,
210, 211, 212, 220-221
France
DNA probes 93
in situ herds in public parks, 55
preservation of traditional
breeds, 10, 40
G
Gametes
defined, 247
frozen storage of, 13, 103-104
Gayal, 23
Geese
Canada, 23
Curly Feathered (Sebastapol), 98
domestic, status globally, 167-168
generic distribution of, 23
Pilgrim, 101
base pairs, 73
defined, 248, 72
flows, 52, 66, 68, 248
locus, 72, 250
losses through selection, 66
mapping, 82-83
markers, 40, 71, 82, 83
mitochondrial DNA, 81-82
physical mapping, 83
polymorphic, 72
pool, 65, 77
technologies, 118
transfer, 10, 11, 17, 58, 71, 77, 83,
84-85, 248
Genetic distances
defined, 10, 248
and identification of candidates
for preservation, 53, 66
molecular quantification of, 11,
78-81
Genetic diversity, see Livestock
genetic diversity
Genetic drift, 69, 94, 248
Genetic information, packaging of,
72-73
Genetic maps, developing, 82-83
Genetic resource management
breed preservation, 116
data bases, 14, 103
defined, 114
documentation and inventory, 14,
90, 102-103, 116
FAO program on, 14, 116-118
gene technologies, 118
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goals of, 45-46
indigenous breed development
and conservation, 116-117
international programs for, 112-
118
legal framework (international),
118
priorities for conservation by, 117
purpose of, 1
training activities, 114
Genetic variation
among species, 22, 63
among traditional breeds, 5
between types and breeds, 22
within commercial stocks, 3-4
factors affecting, 54, 67-69
genetic drift and, 69
and germplasm use, 69-74
human society's influence on, 63-
67
migration and, 4, 68
mutation and, 68-69
quantification methods, 11, 63,
77-83
rate of, 86-87
recommendations on
measurement and use of, 74-
75
sampling and, 54
selection and, 3-4, 67-68
subdivision into breeds, 64-67
Genetics
deleterious effects of breeding
applications, 1-2
population, 28, 251
Genome
characterization of, 10-11, 86
defined, 248
mapping, 11, 17, 40
Genomic libraries
animal, 83-85, 122
cloning genes in, 84
complete, 84
cryopreservation of, 84
defined, 248
establishing, 83-84
identifying quantitative traits, 86
screening of, 11, 59, 84-85
as supplements to conservation
programs, 11, 13, 54, 86
value of, 58-59
Genotype
defined, 72, 78, 248
molecular methods for
discerning, 67-68, 78
Germany, Hanover School for
Veterinary Medicine, 15, 16,
120
Germplasm
access to, 104
banks, 98, 114, 116, 121-122
collection of, 95, 115
conservation in developed and
developing countries, 106-108
defined, 249
frozen, creating regional stores
of, 121-122
global conservation of, 123-128
health status of, 12, 94-95
industrial stocks, use in, 69-71
international movement of, 6, 9,
. 12,27,49,52-53,88,94,106,
111
nonindustrial populations, use in,
71-74
ownership, exchange, and
compensation issues, 118, 123
propagation and dissemination, 6
searching for useful genes, 77,
85-86
trade, species involved in, 52-53,
216-217
use, 1, 69-74
see also Embryos; Preservation of
germplasm; Semen
Global efforts, see International/
global programs
Goats
Alpine dairy, 71
assay of uterine flush fluids from
seropositive or infected
donors, 212
Boer, 117
Damascus, 117
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Index / 269
diseases of, 231-232
domestication of, 22
embryo transfer from
seropositive or infected
donors, 208
Fouta Gallon, 117
generic distribution of, 23
lamnapari, 117
Landim landrace, 71
Moxoto, 117
pox virus, 222
priorities for conservation by
management, 117
resistant to trypanosomiasis, 68
Rove, 55
selection programs for tropical
breeds, 107
status, globally, 148-151
Great Britain
cattle breeds, 5-6
farm parks, 41~2, 45
Milk Marketing Board for
England and Wales, 101
Rare Breeds Survival Trust, 16,
28, 30-31, 40, 42, 55, 60, 97,
100-101
Growth hormone, 79
Guinea fowl, 23, 117, 166
Guinea pigs, 22, 23
H
Haemophilus somnus, 183-184, 204,
207
Herdbooks, 27-28, 249
Heterozygosity, 72, 80, 82
Hog cholera virus, 184, 205, 206,
208, 211, 212, 224
Horses
Akhal-Teke, 117
Camargue, 55
diseases of, 232-233
domestication of, 22
embryo collection from, 87
generic distribution of, 23
genes mapped in, 83
Pantaneiro, 117
priorities for conservation by
management, 117
Przewalski, 118
status, globally, 154-157
Hungary, livestock preservation
activities in, 10, 55, 98, 114
I
Immunological techniques, 80
In situ preservation, 116
In vitro fertilization, 4, 12, 26
defined, 249
and genetic variation, 88, 91
and reproduction rates, 32
In vitro oocyte maturation, 88
Inbreeding, 55, 249
India, livestock preservation in, 99,
108, 122
Indigenous breeds
adaptation to environmental
conditions, 36, 39, 106, 107
characterization of, 126
crossbreeding with exotic
animals, 5, 35-36, 37-38, 71
development and conservation
of, 52, 116-117
evaluation of, 74-75
priorities for conservation by
management, 117
replacement with exotic breeds,
35, 37-38, 104, 107
sociocultural benefits of, 10, 44,
45
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
virus, 184-186, 204, 206, 207,
208, 210, 212, 213, 227-228
Inter-African Bureau for Animal
Resources, 113, 115
International Board for Plant
Genetic Resources, 19, 123
International Buffalo Information
Center, 121
International Committee for World
Congresses on Genetics
Applied to Livestock
Production, 113
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International Development Research
Center, 121
International/global programs
administrative expertise criterion,
125
consultative mechanism, 125
creating regional stores of frozen
germplasm, 121-122
donor confidence criterion, 124,128
global-level efforts, 19-20, 112
115, 123-128
FAO program on managing Landraces
animal genetic resources, 116
118
funding for, 124, 128
information sources and data
bases, 118-121
leadership requirements, 123-124,
128
options for, 19, 125-128
private sector role, 127
recommendations, 19-20, 47, 128
129
related issues of plant genetic
resource programs, 122-123
scientific capability criterion, 124
see also individual organizations
International Laboratory for
Research on Animal Diseases,
11, 89, 92, 112, 125-126
International Livestock Center for
Africa, 11,112,116,120, 125,
126
International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, 19
Isozyme analysis, 79
J
Japanese quail
generic distribution of, 23
status globally, 166
Joint Expert Advisory Panel on
Animal Genetic Resources
Conservation and
Management, 114, 115
K
Kenya
disease resistance in cattle, 70
International Laboratory for
Research on Animal Diseases
11
Knight Ridder Company, 119
L
defined, 250
use in plant improvement, 15, 60
Latin America
commission on evaluating and
conserving animal genetic
resources, 115
germplasm bank, 122
priorities for livestock
conservation by management,
117
Linkage groups, 82-83, 250
Linnaeus, Carolus, 24
Livestock animals
cultural and historic importance
of, 41-42
economic importance of, 38~1
exotic, 34-35, 36-37, 247
defined, 250
demand for products of, 1
domestication of, 4, 21-22, 64
extinction of, 9
factors affecting risk of survival,
52
generic distribution of, 23
importance of, 1, 4
major domesticates, 22, 141, 250
minor species, 22, 89, 250
scientific importance of, 41
species involved in international
germplasm trade, 216-217
uniform stocks, dangers of, 33
see also individual species
Livestock genetic diversity
adaptation and, 4
artificial selection and, 46
OCR for page 271
Index / 271
breeds, 3
crossbreeding and, 6, 52, 66
declines in, 21,111
defined, 63, 248
importance of, 15
molecular quantification of, 78-81
monitoring of, 104
preservation within commercial
breeds, 4
species range, 9
technology and, 9, 10, 26-38, 40,
111-112
types, 3
Livestock production systems
and environmental adaptation of
animals, 36
changes in, 27, 32-38
demand for products and, 38
and disease control, 36
exotic, 34-35, 36-37, 247
extensive management systems,
7-8, 26, 34-37, 247
feed requirements for prolific or
high-producing breeds, 31, 36
and genetic composition of
animals, 36-37
herd or flock size, 34, 36
housing requirements, 34, 36
industrialized systems, 32-33
intensive management systems,
6-7, 32, 34-37, 249
manipulation of systems, 36
marketing and distribution
systems, 34, 104
nutrition requirements, 34
reproductive rates and efficiency
of, 31-32
and sanitation, 36
-Llamas, 22, 23, 117
Lumpy skin disease (Neethling
virus), 222
M
Major histocompatibility complex,
58-59
Male-specific antigen, 93
Mammals, domesticated, generic
distribution of, 23
Management, see Genetic resource
management
Mathematical models, genetic
divergence from restriction
site polymorphisms, 81
Mexico, 122
Migration, and genetic variation,
63-64, 68
Morocco, 108
Mouse, 23
Mozambique, Landim landrace of
goats, 71
Musk ox, 23
Mutation, and genetic variation, 67,
68-69
Mycoplasmas, 226-227
N
National programs
aim of, 108
bilateral and multilateral aid to
developing countries, 18, 105
collaboration with other
programs, 104-106
conservation of unique and
endangered populations, 46,
47, 103-104
data base, 103
documentation and inventory,
102-103
evaluation and international use
of indigenous and exotic
populations, 104
examples of current efforts, 97-101
germplasm conservation, 106-108
organizational elements of, 101-
106
recommendations, 18, 47, 108-110
research opportunities, 106
see also individual countries
Neethling virus, 222
New Zealand
pigs, status in, 154
sheep, status in, 105~161-162
OCR for page 272
272 / Index
Nomenclature, problem of, 24-25
Nongovernmental projects, livestock
preservation, 100-101
North America
cattle, status in, 147-148
goats, status in, 151
horses, status in, 157
pigs, status in, 153-154
sheep, status in, 161
Nutrition
changes in, 32-38
feed requirements for prolific
breeds, 31
production system and, 35
supplemental feeding, 33
o
Oocytes, 32, 88, 91, 92, 93, 251
Organization of African Unity, 113,
115
Osteonectin, 79
Outbreeding, 66, 80
Ova, 32, 251
Oxen, 43
p
Parainfluenza 3 virus, 230
Peafowl, 23
Pedigree records, 27
People's Republic of China
duck production, 33
germplasm banks, 122
poultry production, 7
study of indigenous animals in,
114
Phenotypes, 58, 65, 67, 72, 78, 251
Pigeons
generic distribution of, 23
status globally, 168
Pigs, 9
assay of embryos bred with
infected semen, 210
assay of uterine flush fluids from
seropositive or infected
donors, 212
i,
cryopreservation costs, 39
Danish, 28
domestication of, 22
embryo cryopreservation, 12,18,
91
embryo transfer from
seropositive or infected
donors, 208-209
embryonic development and
infectivity of zone-intact
embryos after pathogen
exposure, 205, 207
extensive production of, 26
fat thickness, 28,38
genes mapped in, 83
Gloucester Old Spot, 56
in vitro exposure to pathogens
and, 213
ndustrialized production of, 32
Mangalica, 55,98
Min. 117
miniature, 9-10
Piau, 117
priorities for conservation by
management, 117
semen viability, 58
status, globally, 152-154
stocks of, 7
Taihu, 117
transfer of exotic animals and
production systems, 35
trypsin treatment on pathogen-
exposed, zone-intact embryos,
206
West African, 117
within-breed selection, 4
see also Swine
Plant genetic resource programs,
related issues of, 122-123
Populations of livestock
breeding, 66, 69,77
defined, 251
descriptions of, 121
evaluation of status of, 50-52
exotic, 104
global status of, 141-168
indigenous, 104
OCR for page 273
Index / 273
information sources on, 118-119,
121
interbreeding, 55, 66
nonindustrial, 71-74
outbreeding, 80
responsiveness to artificial
selection, 63
size considerations, 7, 9, 12, 34,
50-51
sizes, by region, 142
unique and endangered, 105-106
see also Conservation of
populations
Porcine parvovirus, 186, 205, 209,
213, 230-231
Poultry
backyard production, 8
data bank on, 121
diseases of, 233-234
eggs per female and hatchability
declines, 33
endangered, 42
extensive production of, 26
industrialized production of, 32,
33
priorities for conservation by
management, 117
public preservation of, 55
status globally, 162-168
see also specific types
Preservation of germplasm
in banks, 98
economic reasons for, 38-41
defined, 251
genomic libraries, 13, 58-59, 85-
86
live population management, 12,
54-57
methods for, 12-14, 32, 54-59
public and private initiatives, 55-
57
see also Cryopreservation
Production systems, see Livestock
production
Progeny testing, 67, 82, 251
Prolactin, 79
Protein electrophoresis, 79-80, 247
Protozoal agents, 225-226
Pseudorabies virus, 186-187, 205,
206, 207, 213
Public parks, in situ herds in, 55, 98
Q
Quarantine regulations, 49, 105-106
R
Rabbits, 23, 121
Rare Breeds International, 113
Rat, 23
Recommendations
bilateral and multilateral support
to developing countries, 109
for conservation of genetic
resources, 19-20, 46-47
for conservation of populations,
59-61
cryopreservation, 17-18, 60-61
data bases, 129
DNA banks, 96
evaluation of breeds and
populations, 74-75
documentation of, 16
expanded programs and
activities, 15-16
information and data, 109-110,
129
international programs and a
global mechanism, 19-20, 47,
128-129
inventory and characterization of
endangered and unique
populations,
109-110
linking research in molecular
genetics, 96
measurement and use of genetic
variation, 74-75
monitoring status of unique
populations, 74
national programs, 18, 47, 108-
110
operational programs, 109
.
OCR for page 274
274 / Index
priority for preservation, 47
private preservation efforts, 16
17, 60
research and technology
development, 17, 95-96
sampling strategies for
populations, 60
Reindeer, 22, 23, 121, 141
Reproduction
efficiency, 30-31, 41
factors affecting, 31
Semen
rates and production efficiency, bank, 101
31-32
technology and, 32
Reproductive technologies, 30-32
advantages and disadvantages,
10, 88-90
cryopreservation of semen and
embryos, 12, 87-91
embryo cloning, 4, 12, 92
embryo transfer, 12, 91
follicle maturation techniques, 4
multiple ovulation, 12, 91, 250
in vitro fertilization, 4, 12
and rate of genetic change, 86
sex determination, 12, 93-94
see also Embryos; Semen
Restriction enzymes, 79, 80, 82, 84
Restriction fragment length
polymorphisms, 79
defined, 252
and gene mapping, 82
RFLP analysis, 80-81, 86
Rift Valley fever virus, 222-223
Rinderpest virus, 188, 221-222
Ring-necked pheasant, 23
S
Scrapie, 188, 209
Selection
artificial, 32, 38, 39, 46, 66, 67-68,
78, 245
defined, 252
gene losses through, 66
genetic-marker-assisted, 40, 71,
82
and genetic variation, 3 - , 67-68
goals, 68
in industrial stocks, 69-70
molecular aids to, 4
natural, 6, 38, 67, 68, 251
rate of response to, 4, 67
reproductive rates and, 32
responsiveness of a population
to, 63, 69
within-breed, 3-4
collection, 13, 32, 88
control of collection, handling,
preservation, and storage of,
32, 219-220
cryopreservation of, 13, 17, 54,
58, 87-90, 101, 107
donor animal requirements, 217-
219
health status screening, 95
immunoextension, 95
sampling standards, 60
storage and transport, 6, 18
viability, 33, 58
see also Artificial breeding
Senegal, germplasm bank, 122
Sheep
Awassi, 117, 118
Booroola Merino, 41
Corriedale, 105
cryopreservation costs, 39
diseases of, 231-232
Djallonke, 117
D'man, 117
domestication of, 22
embryo transfer from
seropositive or infected
donors, 208
embryonic development and
infectivity of zone-intact
embryos after pathogen
exposure, 205, 207
extensive production systems, 8
Finnish Landrace, 3, 73
generic distribution of, 23
genes mapped in, 83
OCR for page 275
Index / 275
hair, 22, 24
in vitro exposure to pathogens
and, 213
Jacob, 101
lavanese Thin-tailed, 117
lambing rates, 3, 41
Navajo-Churro, 101
North Ronaldsay, 28-31, 101
Pelibuey, 117
Polypay, 73
pox virus, 222
priorities for conservation by Technologies
management, 117
Racka, 55, 98
status globally, 157-162
Whitefaced Woodland, 100
wool, 24
Society for the Advancement of
Breeding Researches in Asia
and Oceania, 112, 115, 126
South Africa, in situ herds in public
parks, 55
South America
cattle, status in, 147-148
goats, status in, 151
horses, status in, 157
pigs, status in, 153-154
sheep, status in, 161
Spain, endangered cattle breeds, 42
Sperm
cryopreservation of, 88-89
sex determination from, 93 Traits
see also Semen
21-Steroid hydroxylase, 79
Stocks
feral, 51, 247
imported, 66
inappropriate, introduction of,
104
industrial, 69-70
Sub-Saharan Africa, implementation
of conservation program in,
116, 126
Swine
backyard production, 8
cryopreservation of germplasm,
54
generic distribution of, 23
see also Pigs
Swine vesicular disease virus, 188
189, 205, 206, 209, 211, 212, 224
T
Technical Consultation on the
Conservation and
Management of Animal
Genetic Resources, 114
and adaptation of breeds, 27
breeding and improvement, 4,
27-30
for conserving and using
germplasm, 10-12
and genetic diversity, 6, 10, 26-38
recommendations on, 17, 95-96
research on, 17, 95-96, 118
training developing country
scientists in, 118
see also Reproductive technologies
Theileriosis, 70
Traditional breeds
development and conservation,
116-118
displacement of, 5-6
origins of, 4-5
preservation of, 10
see also Indigenous breeds
polygenic, 73
of production importance, 73, 78
quantitative, 86
single-gene, 73
, ~.
. . ransgenlc
animal, 85, 252
lambda phage, 84
Trypanosomiasis, resistance in
cattle, 8, 11, 24, 27, 68, 89, 92
Trypsin treatment of pathogen
exposed embryos, 206
Tsetse fly, 8, 27
Tunisia, sheep production, 8
Turkeys
domestication of, 22
OCR for page 276
276 / Index
generic distribution of, 23
priorities for conservation by
management, 117
status globally, 164-164
stocks of, 7, 32
U
United Kingdom, see Great Britain
United Nations
Conference on Environment and
Development, 113
Development Program, 113
Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization, 113
Environment Program, 16, 14, 99,
108, 113-115, 119, 121, 122, 123
United States
animal genetic resource
conservation in, 44
beef cattle phenotype, 65
DNA probes, 93 Yaks, 22, 23
milk production, 39
national germplasm program, 97
in situ herds in public parks, 55
University of California at Davis, 41 Zimbabwe, 108
V
Variable number of tandem repeats,
82, 252
Vesicular stomatitis virus, 189, 204,
205, 206, 223
W
Water buffalo, 23, 121
West Africa, N'Dama cattle, 8, 27
World Bank, 113
World Conference on Animal
Production, 113
World Conservation Union, 20, 113,
127-128
World Resources Institute, 113
World Watch List of Threatened
Livestock, 116
y
z
OCR for page 277
Recent Publications of the Board on Agriculture
Policy and Resources
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993), 720 pp.,
ISBN 0-309-04749-8.
Agriculture and the Undergraduate: Proceedings (1992), 296 pp., ISBN 0-309-04682-3.
Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992), 320 pp.,
ISBN 0-309-04528-2.
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees (1991), 244 pp., ISBN 0-309-04034-5.
Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991),
198 pp., ISBN 0-309-04390-5.
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field: A Proceedings (1991),
448 pp., ISBN 0-309-04578-9.
Toward Sustainability: A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural
Resource Management (1991), 164 pp., ISBN 0-309-04540-1.
Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environ-
mental System (1989), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04127-9.
Alternative Agriculture (1989), 464 pp., ISBN 0-309-03985-1.
Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988), 80 pp., ISBN 0-309-
03936-3.
Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988), 394 pp., ISBN 0-
309-03798-0; ISBN 0-309-03795-6 (pbk).
Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987), 224 pp.,
ISBN 0-309-03745-X.
Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987), 288 pp., ISBN 0-309-
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Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986), 480 pp., ISBN 0-
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Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986), 136
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Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986), 134
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New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities
(1985), 122 pp., ISBN 0-309-03542-2.
Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Con-
cerns (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03434-5.
Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-
03989-4; diskette included.
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (1989), 168
pp., ISBN 0-309-03826-X; diskette included.
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Revised Edition (1988), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-
03779-4.
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-03728-X.
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1986), 95 pp., ISBN 0-309-03695-X.
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986), 87 pp., ISBN 0-309-03682-8.
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985), 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5.
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985), 106 pp., ISBN 0-309-
03596-1.
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition (1984), 90 pp., ISBN 0-309-
03447-7.
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Eighth Revised Edition (1984), 71 pp., ISBN 0-309-
03486-8.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
animal genetic
