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OCR for page 196
Impacts of Air Pollution on Agriculture
and Horticulture in Poland
STEFAN GO D Z1K
Institute of Environmental Engineering
Polish Academy of Sciences
In contrast to the condition of forestry in Poland (Chapter 10, this
volume), a country-wide survey of the impact of air pollution on the quantity
and quality of crops does not exist. Investigations carried out near sources
of air pollution and in the Upper Silesian industrial region have shown a
significant reduction in crop yield. It has also been shown that the quality
of plants is reduced in areas of high heavy-metal concentration. However,
a direct cause-and-effect relationship has not been established in all cases.
In addition, the problem of air pollution generally is not considered to be
important for agricultural sciences or practices (Rutkowski, 1986~.
The purpose of this chapter is to confirm the importance of air pollu-
tant effects on agricultural and horticultural crops, in terms of their quantity
and quality, relying on research results from the Upper Silesian industrial
region as the major source of information.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
The greatest threat to the terrestrial environment is air pollution, which
comes primarily from industrial sources. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
are the most important gaseous pollutants in Poland. Emission of these
gases from Polish sources ranges from 2.4 to 4.3 TG per year, with emission
of nitrogen oxides calculated at about 1.1 TG per year. Differences in the
emission of air pollutants given are due to calculation method (GUS, 1986;
Juda et al., 1980; Cofala and Bojarski, 1988; National Program, 1988~.
Fluorine compounds, hydrocarbons, and particulates, including metals,
are of local importance, and may have a significant impact on the local
environment. The processing and use of coal for energy production is
limited to fairly small areas of the country; for this reason, levels of
196
OCR for page 197
HUAL4N EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
TABLE 1 Emission of sulfur dioxide in Poland in 1982.
Region or Area Population SO2 emission
Area ~ ) Total (tans) tons~m2
Poland 312,683 35,163,505 2,433,000 7.78
AEH 35,237 12,335,862 1,986,700 56.4
AEH~O2* 23,413 8,551,428 1,805,900 77.1
AEH-Uwer
Silesia** 3,134 2,753,366 604,600 192.9
AEH-Rybnik** 1,038 554,731 lT7,400 170.9
* 12 areas win largest SO2 emission
** SO2 amount were taken into account in AEH and AEH~O2
SOURCE: GUS, 1984.
197
environmental pollution differ significantly within Poland (Figure 1, Table
1~. Similarly, areas of forest and other natural vegetation occur almost
as islands within the agricultural and industrial regions. This has led to
the designation of 27 locations as Areas of Ecological Hazard (AEH)
(Kassenberg, 1986; Chapter 22, this volume). Their distribution is shown
in Figure 1 along with the index of agricultural land quality (GUS, 1984~.
Table 1 contains data on sulfur dioxide emissions for 12 of the 27 AEHs.
Data for the Upper Silesian and Rybnik AEHs were separated, as detailed
air pollution measurements are available for these two areas (Karczmarz
and Cimander, 1988~.
Air pollutants from industrial regions of Czechoslovakia (e.g., the
Ostrava region) are transported to these areas as well. ~ansboundary
transport is based on modeling of distribution of sulfur dioxide (Figure
2), but has been confirmed by measurements carried out for the Katowice
district (Figures 4 and 5~. This is a significant contribution to the major
sources located in Upper Silesian and Rybn~ areas, where the highest
concentrations of all pollutants measured have been determined (Figures
3-8~.
Measurements earned out for several years in the Katowice district
indicate that the concentration of sulfur dioxide is increasing (Karczmarz
and Cimander, 1988~. Annual mean concentrations higher than the national
standard (64 fig m~3) exists mainly in the central part of Upper Silesia.
(Karczmarz and Cimander, 1988~. Other parts of the region Epically have
concentrations below the national standard (Figure 3~.
· A similar pattern exists for concentrations of nitrogen oxides and
some other pollutants, e.g., aerosols (Karczmarz and Cimander, 1986~.
The national standard for nitrogen oxides (32 fig m-3) is exceeded in the
entire area of Upper Silesia, and especially in the central part (Figure 4~.
OCR for page 198
198
~,\
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
.~
ALQ
F//~'
r/////~
////// 65.9 - 70.8
//////// > 70.8
~////1 / / ~~
_ ~ _ ~
.~\
< 60.9
60.9 - 65.8
~C~
~ ~ ~ AEH
FIGURE 1 13wenty-seven Areas of Ecological Hazard (AEH) and index of agricultural
land quality (ALQ) (GUS, 1984).
On the basis of calculations presented earlier, the total amount of nitrogen
oxides is about one-third that of sulfur dioxide.
The national standard for dust fall (250 tons km-2 year) is exceeded
in a large part of the Katowice district, with the highest amount deposited
- r --- Van ~~ ~~" ~`r~,~;u~ Hi. There has been some
improvement in controlling the emission of particulates from industrial
sources, and dust fall is declining. However, the concentration of aerosols
is increasing simultaneously (Figure 6~. This is of concern not only because
of possible impact on plant quality but, more significantly, on human health.
In contrast to the pattern for dust fall, for a decade there has been a trend
of increasing aerosol concentrations in the Katowice district (Karczmarz
and Cimander, 1988~. The direct impact of particulate matter on crop
in the central part of Upper Silesia fria,.r" ~`
OCR for page 199
HZJAL4~ EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRL4L ENVIRONMENT 199
. GorzOw Wlkp / /. . . . Ciechandw/
I; 5 4 _ ·_;x
/d :;kc
,Wroc~ ~ >mu b 1~mY
—~,.°~ ~ /e/o chowri'~ ,~ K we l? ,, ;;;;,/
I ,.
64 9 m
~ —32 9 m 3
Areas of ecological risk:
I / 1 tow 1! / A middle
1~////1 high _ crying forest
~..1
.- `-~`,j
FIGURE 2 Distnbution of sulfur dioxide in Poland. Yearly mean values of sulfur dioxide
concentration for the year 1985 (National Program, 1988~.
yield seems to be of limited importance, and only in locations where the
deposited amounts are very high due to the decline in crop quality from
heavy metal content. This effect has been found for areas in which the
national standard for dust fall has not been exceeded.
AGRICULTURE AND PLANT PRODUCTION
While the Katowice district, like other AEHs, is not a significant source
of agricultural production on a national scale (Table 2), most agricultural
and horticultural crops produced on farmland and in alloted garden plots
OCR for page 200
200
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
TABLE 2 Agncul~ral land use in AEH in Poland in 1982.
Land in hectares
Region or
Area Arable Orchards Meadows Pasture Vegetables
-
Poland 14,550,953 270,151 2,520,365 1,550,063 232,090
AEH 1,422,789 31,945 288,991 139,519 54,212
AEH~O2* 926,430 21,267 197,302 89,630 35,662
AEH-Upper
Silesia ** 94,637 3,430 21,855 9,269 9,559
AEH-Rybnik ** 46,617 1,129 9090 3,274 1989
. .
=_
* 12 areas with largest SO2 emission
** SO2 amounts were taken into account in AEH and AEH~O2
SOURCE: GUS, 1984.
(
l
1
\,
~ _ ,
:~7~W'r;~ All f r ;
, ~ ~ ~ , ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' 11 1k / /\l I I~Wolbrom ~
W~usz;
.,
( ,'-~w~zno/~._.,
,~/7, /~/J a//s~t rz/e b i en / /~
`.: '
:W
,ug . m~ 3
11 i - 1 1 7 - 32
, .
' / /t 32 - 64
64 _ 115
Yearly mea n SO2 concentration / standard: 64 ,~9. m~ 3/
FIGURE 3 Concentration of sulfur dioxide in Katowice district with yearly mean values
(in big m~3). The permissible concentration (national standard) is 64 big m~3 (District
Office for Public Health and Epidemiology, Katowice).
OCR for page 201
At
HUAL4N EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONME~ 201
,
N2O5 Concentration /stondard: 39 dug. m3/
1; ~1`
~ ~ j to'
Wolbrom ~
LU0 i.'
i
^9 . m~3
41 - 64
~///~ 64 - 96
............... .
..... ~ ~ I.—1~_
,rl, ~ I as ~~
..... . ~ . ~ _ %, _ , _ _
FIGURE 4 Concentration of nitrogen oxides in the Katowice district with yearly mean
values (in fig m~3~. The permissible concentration (national standard) is 32 big m~3
(Distnct Office for Public Health and Epidemiology, Katowice).
are used by the local population in the area. Thus, local contamination is
of great concern.
A good database exists for heavy metal content in plants, air, and soil
for the Katowice region. Data on the reduction of quality and quantity of
agricultural and horticultural plant species can be used to predict effects
in other polluted areas of Poland. Information is available on yields of
the most important agricultural crops, the use of fertilizers, emissions of
air pollutants, and the index of agriculture land quality (Ibble 3~. These
specific areas have been selected for discussion purpose based on yield of
crops (highest and lowest) and emissions of air pollutants.
There is no clear correlation between emission of air pollutants and
yield of crops. Yield data for the most polluted Katowice district are higher
than or equal to the mean value for the whole country. Except for cereals,
the correlation coefficient is also low between yield and agricultural land
quality. However, a strong correlation exists between use of fertilizers and
yield: 0.9991 for cereals, 0.8356 for potatoes, and 0.7570 for beets. These
correlations suggest that the application of fertilizers increases the yield of
OCR for page 202
202
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
7~
~ , ,
~.!~! ~ ~ ~ MOB - IZ! n nn~mw~//~
J.I
OCR for page 203
HUA~1N EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
203
Tarnowskie Gary A/
.] G\l'~°~l!o)~O~
Cho z w Sosnowi 8 ~ ~
~ A 14 (l - sil l i fault l I l l l:
-— t|~ flown i ·(I,D
I ~ AL M ikot ~ hrza ndw
, ~ Wolbrom i,
~ n
Ll
'*tD0n.Sie^.Sl',
. . .
Rcici b dry ~
~ ~lWi
: Wedzis~ _ `e
a.
A) ·~-.~TJ.r%~ - ~ - A. ~
~ , _ ~
~-
,~9. m~3
110 - 220
i 1 1 1 1 1 11 220 -310
3 10 - 525
FIGURE 6 Concentration of aerosols in the Katowice district with yearly mean values (in
fig mob. The permissible concentration (national standard) is 22 fig m~3 (District Office
for Public Health and Epidemiology, Katowice).
TABLE 3 Emission of pollutants, use of fertilizers, yield of crops, and index of
agricultural land quality.
. . _
Emission of
Area or pollutants 2 NPK Yield Potatoes Beets
District (l,OOO kg/km ~ kg/in cereal (lOO kg/he) Index
Poland 21.5 175.2 27.6 168 331 65.8
Katowice 300.0 201.9 29.8 180 331 68.1
Krakow 215.7 173.6 28.0 159 298 8S.7
Opole 29.1 276.0 36.2 176 364 81.7
Ostroleka 16.2 101.0 21.5 147 315 51.0
SOURCE: GUS, 1986; GUS, 1984.
OCR for page 204
204
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
(Kucharski et al., 1984~. This figure would be much higher for all the
AEHs (Tables 1 and 23. The concentration of several heavy metals in
vegetables and fruits from these areas contributes to the overall intake of
these metals by a large portion of the population, and is therefore of great
concern for public health reasons (Karweta, 1980; Kucharski et al., 1984;
Marchwinska and Kucharski, 1986; Grodzinska et al., 1987; Niklinska and
Maryanski, 1988~.
THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON AGRICULTURAL AND
HORTICULTURAL PI^NTS: I VVO CASE STUDIES
Investigations into the effects of air pollution on plants in industrial
parts of Upper Silesia began many years ago (Szalonek and Warteresiewicz,
1966a). Most of these studies were carried out around major sources of air
pollution, such as metallurgical works, lead and zinc smelters, and coking
plants. The approach used is similar to that described by Schoenbeck
(1968~. A series of holes 35 cm in diameter and 110 cm deep and sealed
by a plastic sheet from the surrounding soil, are filled with a unified
soiL Test plants are grown in these "experimental pots" which could be
located at different distances and directions from the sources of pollutants.
Instead of separate holes for a single or small group of plants, "microplots"
of 1 m2 with unified soil are used (Warteresiewicz and Szalonek 1972~.
For statistical reasons multiple plots are used, usually four on each site
(location) and for each crop. ~ investigate the effect of a given source
of pollutants, microplots are located at different distances and directions
around the source.
Assessment of losses is based on comparisons of harvest parameters
for the same species at the location under investigation with that of those
reference (control) locations. ~ avoid any major influence of variables
other than air pollutants, the reference point must be located very close to
the area under investigation. In areas with several or many air pollutant
sources, it is difficult or even impossible to have an unpolluted locality.
For this reason, crop losses may be underestimated when compared to
clean air responses. Concentrations of air pollutants in locations accepted
as reference points are much lower than in the areas investigated, but
still higher than in areas characterized by background concentrations of
pollutants.
Effects of air pollutants on horticultural species were investigated both
in experimental orchards of the Institute of Pomology in Skierniewice and in
containers with uniform soil (Blidy et al., 1983; Kulawik, 1985~. Containers
were located in areas of both low and high pollution; and growth and yield
parameters of several plant species, or cultivars, were measured.
OCR for page 205
HUA~N EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
110
100
0 90
o
c'
a)
o
- o
0—
c,
~ 60
80
70
50
40
b 0 bean
0 · barley
.~ ~ potatoes
to
· .0
.
· 00
.
J
0 100 200 300
CONCENTRATION,ug SO2 per m3
205
FIGURE 7 Erects of sulfur dioxide on yield of plants in the field; means of three yea m
of expenments. Sulfur dioxide concentration (in fig m-3) is calculated from sulfit~on rate
(Warteresiewicz, 1979~.
Impacts on the yield of two apple cultivars (McIntosh and Jonathan),
pear (c.v. Konferencja), and cherry (c.v. LutowEa) were evaluated, at the
experimental orchards of the Institute of-Pomology. At weekly intervals,
dust—a mixture of coal powder and feldspar was suspended in water
and spread in amounts equal to and double the national standard. The
application of dust to plants started after the flowering period (Blidy et al.,
1983~.
RESULTS OF THE CASE STUDIES
Agriculture
Depending on the concentration of sulfur dioxide on the plant species
studied in the microplots described above, decreases in yield have been
found from less than 10% up to 555 for potatoes, 40% for bean, and 35%
for barley (Warteresiewicz, 1979; Figure 7~. Comparison of data on air
pollution measurements obtained by Warteresiewicz (1979, 1987) with data
obtained using other methods for sulfur dioxide concentration in the same
OCR for page 206
206
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
110 _
100 _ .
a, 90
9
80
70
60
0 yield 1984
· yield 1985
· yield 1986
o
.
.
o
of a
.
.
a
30 40 50 60 70 80
CONCENTRATION fig SO2 per m3
FIGURE 8 Yield of barley (grains3 in the vicinity of a metallurgical plant, as percent calf
the reference point. Data from three years of experiments (Warteresiewicz, 1987~.
area is difficult (Karczmarz and Cimander, 1988; Figure 3~. However, if the
coefficient for calculating sulfur dioxide concentration from sulfatation rates
is accepted, data presented in Figure 7 would agree with Roberts (1984)
that-a decrease in yield can be expected if the sulfur dioxide concentration
is higher than 60 Jug m~3.
More recent data obtained by Warteresiewicz (1987) in experiments
still in progress are presented in Figures 8-10. These data are from areas
surrounding a steel mill in Upper Silesia, where there is high background
air pollution independent of emissions from the source under study. Inde-
pendent measurement of concentrations of some air pollutants were also
carried out in the same region; the results are shown in Figures 3-6. For
the area where the reference point was located, the concentration of SO2
was 29 fig m-3, and NOx was 51 ,ug m-3. No major differences in pol-
lutant concentration within the area under investigation (i.e., surrounding
the steel mill) have been found. The data collected are as follows: for SO2,
from 50 to 70 fig m-3, and for NO=, from 65 to 85 fig m~3 (Karczmarz and
Cimander, 1988~. However, sulfur dioxide concentrations measured using
sulfatation methods and presented in Figures 8-10 are higher.
OCR for page 207
HUMAN EFFECTS ON TlIE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
207
TABLE 4 Some grown and harvest parameters of black currant (c.v. RoodJ=op) cultivated
at B~zema and Zabrze. Mean of t}~ee-year experiment, calculated for one plant.
Sum of Parameters, fruit
shoot Harvest weight size distubanon (%)
Location growth (an) number (g) ~ 8 8-10 > 10
.
B~zezna 12,949 7,011 3,227 16.3 36.5 47.2
Zabrze 1,092 2,233 879 49.2 47.4 3.4
SOURCE: Kulawik, 1985.
110
100
-
o
0 90
o
so
°~ 80
IL
70
60 ! - ~
30 40
yield 1984
· yield 1985
· yield 1986
.
to
.
to
C3 · O
.
·
.
.
1 1 _ 1 , 1
50 60 70 80
CONCENTRATION p9 SO2 per m
FIGURE 9 Yield of bean (Lucia faba f. minor) in the vicinity of a metallurgical plant,
as percent of the reference point. Data from three yea m of experiments (Warteresiewic2,
1987).
The data for yield loss and pollution level of sulfur dioxide are rather
poorly correlated; however, the threshold concentration is lower than
has been demonstrated by similar field measurements obtained earlier
(Warteresiewicz, 1979~. Data published by Warteresiewicz (1979) indicate
that crop losses between 3 and 4% occurred when the sulfur dioxide con-
centration increased by 10 ,ug m~3 in a concentration range of 70-210 fig
m~3 (Figure 7). According to the most recent field experiments (Wartere-
siewicz, 1987), a crop loss of 4.5 to 7.1% takes place for every 10 fig m~3
OCR for page 208
208
ECOLOGIC H5=
110
100
90
LL
80
70
60
_
_
yield 1984
· yield 1985
· yield 1986
A
.
.
· O
to
·-
· · .
1 , 1 . ~ o 1 ,1
30 40 50 60 70 80
CONCENTRATION p9 SO2 per m3
FIGURE 10 Yield of potatoes in the vicinity of a metallurgical plant, as percent of the
reference point. Data from three years of experiments (Warteresiewicz:, 1987~.
increase (Figures 8-10~. Data for higher concentrations are disparate and
any numbers given must be interpreted with care.
It may be that nitrogen oxides play some role in reduction of yields
at concentrations measured near the industrial activity. These data are
similar to that presented by Whitmore (1985) for long-term exposure of
Poa pratensis of. Monoply to a mixture of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide at weekly mean concentrations of 0.062 ppm. Concentrations of
both pollutants in this range are very likely to occur in most AEHs (Bible
1, Figures 1 and 2~.
Horticulture
Data for horticultural plants are fewer than for agricultural crops.
Experiments were carried out in two locations: Zabrze as a polluted
site, and Brzezna as a reference point. As in the previous discussion,
data on sulfur dioxide data were collected. No data for nitrogen oxide
concentrations are available for the reference point. Data for the growing
season are in the range of 20 fig SO2 m-3 for Brzezna, while concentrations
OCR for page 209
HUAf 4N EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
209
for the polluted location (Zabrze) are 50 fig m~3 for SO2 and 150 fig m~3
for nitrogen oxides (Karczmarz and Cimander, 1988~. The differences
between years are not large. Results from another study using similar SO2
methods show a level of 60 fig m~3 for the growing season in the polluted
site (Kulawik 1987~.
Dust applied to apple trees in the reference area caused a drop in yield
up to 40% for McIntosh and 80% for Jonathan as compared to untreated
trees in the same orchard. The impact of similar treatments in the polluted
orchard was significantly less pronounced, with losses of about 8% and
18% for the two cultivars, respectively (Blidy et al., 1983~. Deposition of
particulate matter in amounts above 250 metric tons/km2 per year is not
typical in areas of large orchards. However, horticultural plants in garden
plots are very commonly located in areas of high environmental impact
(Table 2~.
A substantial reduction of plant growth and yield of fruits has been
found for apple trees, raspberries, strawberries, and black currants grown in
containers; the data for black currants are given in liable 4. All parameters,
both qualitative (i.e., size of berries) and quantitative, are significantly
better in the less polluted area at Brzezna. It is difficult to say which of
the parameters measured provides a better example of the effect of air
pollutants. The total yield, size, number, and weight of fruits examined
by Kulawik (1985) for other species were reduced in polluted areas up to
two-thirds when compared to the reference point. In addition, elevated
concentrations of heavy metals like lead (Pb) and/or cadmium (Cd) were
found in some fruits: Z2-5.5 ppm and 0.9 ppm for Pb and Cd, respectively.
For Upper Silesia and some other AEHs, the reduction of crop quality
because of elevated concentrations of some heavy metals may be of greater
importance for consumers than the reduction of yield. However, data
are scarce (Karweta, 198~, Marchwinska and Kucharski, 1984; Grodzinska
et al., 1987; Niklinska and Maryanski, 1988~. The highest concentration
of heavy metals in soils and plants are found surrounding zinc and lead
smelters, all of which are located in Upper Silesia. The deposition of Pb
and Cd for this region is shown in Figures 11 and 1Z
Heavy metal concentrations which exceed the recommendations of the
World Health Organization (WHO) or the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (COMECON) also have been found in Krakow (Figures 13 and
14) (Grodzinska et al., 1987; Niklinska and Maryanski, 1988~. However,
the concentration of those pollutants in vegetables like carrots or potatoes,
which are consumed in larger quantities, seems to be more dangerous for
the population. No data are available on yield reductions for vegetables.
OCR for page 210
210
ECOLOG CAL RISBS
:~ '
mg m~2 r~1
~ \ \1
~///~ 182 360
I , .........
Irlllllllllll 360 540
~_11
I__
21 182
540 2~7
Pb deposition
FIGURE 11 Deposition of lead in the Katowice district in mg m~2 per year (District
Office for Public Health and Epidemiology, Katowice).
CONCLUSION
Existing databases on the impact of air pollutants on plants in Poland
are limited to coverage of only a few locations; therefore, countrywide
assessments are not possible except by estimation. The yield reduction of
all agricultural and horticultural crops may be greater than that shown by
data presented so far, due to the assessment~method used. Air pollution
by sulfur dioxide in reference locations was much higher than background.
In addition to reduction of yield, the quality of agricultural products is
reduced. This is an effect of greater importance for consumers.
On the basis of data available so far, the reduction of yield in all AEHs
is not greater than 10%, except in Upper Silesia where it is significantly
higher. On a national scale, this figure is lower because agricultural land
in AEHs accounts for only 10% of the total for the country. Reductions
in crop yield due to other factors including insufficient application of
fertilizers, poor management, and inadequate use of pesticides seem to
be higher than those caused by air pollutants. On a regional scale, however,
the effects of air pollution are acute in both quantitative and qualitative
OCR for page 211
HUMAN EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 211
9~ 7~7~er~ie ~i~icc/
'~i joT° 1 ~ om—~
. Y /~/~ Ed.
Rib 6= / =~//~Jc~
~,';>,\f
hi/ -----
;,
Cd deposition
mg ma r~1
/ / 1 0,`2 - 2,75
2,75- 5,50
550 - 8,25
8,25 - 74.09
FIGURE 12 Deposition of cadmium in the Katowice district in mg m~2 per year (District
Office for Public Health and Epidemiology, Katowice).
terms. Of particular importance for the population is the condition of
fruit and vegetables grown in highly polluted areas, both in terms of their
aesthetic quality and their possible effect on human health.
As stated previously, more accurate determination of crop losses due
to air pollution on a countrywide scale is not possible yet. The three main
reasons for this are:
· limitation of methods actually used for determination of yield re-
duction in polluted areas;
· lack of data on air pollution concentrations on larger than local-
and, at best, regional-scale;
· lack of experimental results concerning yield decreases in regions
other than Upper Silesia.
Rough estimates of losses are possible for the AEHs in terms of SO2
only. Data presented in Figures 7-10 seem to confirm that some losses
due to air pollution do occur in locations used as reference points. If this
is correct, the threshold concentration will be well below that measured
actually on relative large areas. Therefore, the results from microplots
OCR for page 212
212
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
o
~ Stalowa Wola
_ ~ Krakow
Katowice
O,'2.,'
....
i.. .
_ 0 ;~° ,
Beet
Carrot Parsley
FIGURE 13 Concentration of lead in vegetables from Stalowa Wola, Krakow, and
Katowice (Niklinska and Ma~yanski, 1988~.
6
lo'
y
-
4
~5
o
._
4—
a) 2
C'
o
Stalowa Wola
Krakow
Katowice
: ' ~
Beet
Carrot Parsley
FIGURE 14 Concentration of cadmium in vegetables from Stalowa Wola, Krakow, and
Katowice (Niklinska and Ma~yanslci, 1988~.
OCR for page 213
HUMAN EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
213
located in Upper Silesia are underestimated. Clearly, additional research
Is needed to obtain data which uphill be more accurate on regional and
countrywide scales.
REFERENCES
Blidy, J., P. Kolodzie~yk, S. Godzik, and B. Cisek. 1983. Yield of apple crops from
trees treated with water suspension of non-toxic dusts. Prace Instytutu Sadownictwa i
Kwiaciarstwa Ser C Biul Inf 1-3:155-156.
Cofala, J., and W. Bojarski. 1988. Sulfur and nitrogen oxides emissions resulting of energetic
utilization of fuels the case of Poland. Archiwum Ochrony Srodowiska 3/4 (in press).
Commitee for Plant Protection. 1986. Assumption concerning developments of science in
the field of plant protection till the year 2000 and in the subsequent years. Postepy
Nauk Rolniczych 2-3/86:293-300 (in Polish).
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
air pollutants
