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Distribution and Movement of Selected
Elements in Poland
Using Pine Needle Analysis
BOGUSLAW A. MOLSKI
WO]CIECH DMUCHOWSKI
Botanical Garden
Polish Academy of Sciences
Poland is under strong air pollution stress from industrial sauces in
both Western and Eastern Europe. In addition, since Poland's primary
source of energy is coal, pollution generated within the country is also
a serious problem. Because of this, the Botanical Garden of the Polish
Academy of Sciences (PAN) began research in 1975 on problems of air
pollution impacts on vegetation. The first stage, from 1975 to 1980, was
in the area of methods development research. Scots pme needles (Pinus
sylvesms L.) were chosen as the best bioindicator of pollutant impact on
vegetation because Scots pine grows everywhere in the country (except in
high mountains) and pollutant accumulation in needles occurs.
The method development research was conducted in the Bialowieza
Forest District, representing the cleanest place in Poland, and in Panewnik
Forest District near Katowice, a location with the highest level of pollution
in the country. Studies have been performed in these areas for several
years.
Pine needles were collected every second month and analyzed for all
major elements, including such pollutants as sulfur, fluorine, lead, cadmium,
arsenic, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, and zinc. It has been found that
the best time to collect samples is the winter months. In addition, the
range of basic elements in clean and heavily polluted areas was determined
(Figure 1~. The greatest changes were in the content of polluting elements
such as lead, zinc, sulfur, fluorine, cadmium, chromium, and iron (300%
to 600% increases). Only manganese concentration decreased by 50%
in comparison to the control area (Bytnerowicz et al., 1980, 1981/1982,
1983/1984; Dmuchowski et al., 1981/1982; Molski and Dmuchowski, 1985,
1986; Dmuchowski and Molski, 1986~.
In 1981, a survey of the entire territory of Poland was initiated. The
215
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216
o/o
600
50
40
300
200
100
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
._. ~._.._. ~ .
~11111~11 1 ]
~ rnntcr~l area
~ P K S ~~ ~ ~~ F GNU
FIGURE 1 Chemical composition of pine needles in a fairly clean area (Bialowieza Forest)
shown as a LOOM line and in a heavily polluted area as percent of the content of the clean
area. The content of each element is shown in three columns: the first represents current
growth; the second represents previous year's growth, and the third represents a third year's
growth.
country was divided into 8 x 8 km grids, and about 300 squares were
selected by random sampling for sample collection. A single pine needle
sample was representative of an area of about 1,200 km2. The Warsaw
voivodship (district) was surveyed in more detail, i.e., one sample repre-
sented only 70 km2. After elemental analyses were completed, maps of
Poland and the Warsaw district were developed using a computer program
(Molski et al., 1987~. Maps have been completed showing distribution
of nine pollutant elements in Poland and in the Warsaw district: sulfur,
chromium, arsenic, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, and nickel. Maps
for an additional six elements are in preparation: fluoride, phosphorus, ni-
trogen, manganese, calcium, and potassium. The following sections discuss
the importance and distribution of selected elements.
SAMPLING RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sulfur
Sulfur is an essential macronutrient which is required by plants in
relatively large amounts. Sulfur is normally absorbed from soils in the form
of sulfate as well as from the air as SO2. Sulfur as a macronutrient has an
optimum concentration, and deficiencies or excesses can be deleterious for
plant growth.
Extensive studies conducted by the PAN Botanical Garden have identi-
fied the normal, physiological requirement of sulfur for pine needles (fin us
OCR for page 217
HUMAN EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
Sutp~r content ~ Dine needles in ppm
A 650 1300 1~0
217
500 000 1500 2000 2500 =0 Sppm
BPercentage of the nor mat spur contend in pine needles
.
100 150 200
Four different zones of air pollution in Polond
. ~
400 %
C id_ Sppm
1 150 I[200III 250 1v /o
DLevel of toxic ty of sulphur content in pine needles
non tonic ~ ~—toxic
E Approximate relation to supper content
. . .
In air
<20-25 25
40 60 > 60
SO2 ~/m3
FIGURE 2 Relationship between total sulfur content in pine needles in ppm and as
normal or exceeded levels in percentage, as well as possible levels related to its toxicity to
trees. Levels of total sulfur content in pine needles can be used to distinguish zones of
air pollution impact on vegetation. In Poland, four different zones were differentiated and
approximate SO2 content in air in micrograms per cubic meter are indicated.
sylvestris L.~. The relationship between sulfur content in pine needles in
their second year of growth is shown at normal or excessive levels in Fig-
ure 2. A comparison is made of four distinct zones of air pollution in
Poland and approximate SO2 content in air in micrograms per cubic meter.
These data indicate a relationship between the expected and experimentally
determined level of toxic effects and the sulfur content in pine needles.
Sulfur concentration of 650 ppm (0.065~) in second-year pine needles
is a minimum for growth; below that amount, there can be a deficiency.
Therefore, 650 ppm can be considered a "normal" level of sulfur, and
presented as 100% of its content. Elevated content up to 1,300 ppm
(or 0.13%) can be considered a "luxury" concentration, i.e., not needed
but also not toxic. Levels greater than 1,300 ppm can be considered
phyto-toxic (Linzon et al., 1979~. Investigations published by Gasch and
Wentzel (1981) on sulfur fractions in spruce needles showed that organic
sulfur occurs at levels of 500-800 ppm, so that the excess sulfur is in
inorganic fractions. A sulfur level of 3,000 ppm (0.3~) for pine needles
in the second year of growth is critical, as above that level the tissue
dies. All pine trees (R sylvestns) with sulfur content greater than 1,300
ppm may exhibit symptoms of toxicity, but 3,000 ppm generally results
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
sulfur content
.
218
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
ma
/ ~ .: ~ _ __
· V. owe
L -1
HUA£4N EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 219
~~..'
~ 1 <'0.090%S i._.' A'. ..
[' '] 0.~%~ 01~°/~:_~'~ A ~ · '
t~//~1 0.121%~ 0150%S ~ .i ~~ ;~'
@ - ~ 0.150 % S
FIGURE 3b Sulfur content in second-year pine needles in Ubmaw district (% in dry
matter).
different authors. All pine needles collected throughout Europe, regardless
of the intensity or time, show that in areas of extensive forest damage,
sulfur content is above 1,500 ppm, while in areas remote from industrial
centers, sulfur content is about 650-900 ppm. In areas near large industrial
centers, sulfur content is about 1,200 ppm (Molski and Dmuchowski, 1986~.
Able 2 presents sulfur deposition in accordance with the European
Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and with the estimations
of the PAN Botanical Garden. Sulfur deposition in different zones is
consistent with the estimates of the authors, although higher than the
estimates of EMEP (Table 2~. The number of zones presented by EMEP
and in research conducted at the Botanical Garden are the same, be., four.
There is also agreement with regard to the distribution of these zones in
Poland, although the size of the zones are different.
According to EMEP, sulfur deposition in Poland ranges from 15 to
120 kg per hectare, or 0.15-1.2 kg per k=2. These calculations would put
total deposition in Poland at approximately 1,632 million tons of sulfur (or
220
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
. ~
. , ~
~ l
;77 .
U.15U
o.os °/o - 0.120 % S
~3 0.~% ~ 0.150 % S
i,/////
~1 0.151% - 0.200% S
. ~ l
. ~ ,
. +—
. ~
. +
. ~
/, ,
.
,
/
l _
_ _
E
_ -
FIGURE 3c Sulfur content in second-year pine needles around a steel mill in Warsaw (as
percentage). In this area, each sample represents about 5 km2.
3.2 million tons of SON. However, according to estimates of the PAN
Botanical Garden, sulfur deposition is higher from 20 kg per hectare in
the cleanest zone to 200 kg in the most polluted zone Cable 2~. Estimates
suggest that total deposition of sulfur in Poland would be 2,562 million tons
(or 5.1 million tons of SON.
Figure 4 represents a schematic illustration of dry (SO2) and wet
(H2SO4) deposition of sulfur in different areas of Poland. In the Katowice
and Krakow districts, dry deposition of sulfur is much higher than wet
deposition with precipitation, primarily due to heavy pollution transported
from the German Democratic Republic and from Czechoslovakia, where
large industrial centers are located near the Polish border. In the Warsaw
district, which is located in the center of Poland, day deposition is less than
in southern Poland (expressed in total amount as well as in percentage).
HUMAN EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
TABLE 1 Content of sulfur (in %) in leaves or needles of trees collected in contaminated
and uncontaminated areas according to different authors.
221
PLANT SPECIES PLACE OF
OR TYPES COLLECTION
PRESUMED CONTAMI-
UNCONTAMI- ATED
NATED AREA AREA
REFERENCES
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris
Punts sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus strobes
Pinus nigra
Picea abies
Picea abies
industrial region
industrial region
industrial region
uncontaminated
industrial region
uncontaminated
power station
fertilizer plant
power plant
industrial region
uncontaminated
industrial region
industrial region
Picea abies
Picea abies
Picea abies
Picea abies
Picea glauca
Picea pungens
populous
trem~loides
Betula papyrifera industrial region
Tilia cordata industrial region
Tilia cordata urban
Platanus urban
acerifolia
Quercus robur
Quercus robur
Betula verrucosa
Populus nigra
Prunus serotina
uncontaminated
uncontaminated
uncontaminated
uncontaminated
uncontaminated
uncontaminated
industrial region
. . . . .
~naustnat region
chemical plant
chemical plant
chemical plant
chemical plant
0.06 0.09
0.12-0.13
0.03-0.09
0.08-0.17
0.1 1-0.18 0.29
0.14
0.07
0.09-0.13
0.17
0.08-0.18
0.02-0.06
0.03-0.08
0.04-0.25
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16-0.22
0.10-0.24
0.13
0.16
0.22
0.07
0.10-0.17
0.13-0.24
0.35
0.08-0.19
0.12-0.26
0.19-0.34
0.1 1-0.22
0.16-0.36
0.33
0.17-0.64
0.20-0.58
0.23
0.29
0.42
0.13
0.1 8-0.72
0.34-1.06
0.76-1.01
0.10-0.37
Hut~nen et al. 1979/1980
Grodz;inska 1977
Palvik 1965, cite Bengton
et al. 1977
Matema 1978
Themlitz 1960
Linzon et al. 1979
Boratyaski 1983
Borowiec 1983
Karwata et al. 1987
Linzon et al. 1979
Linzon et al. 1979
Matema 1978
Palvik 1965, cit. Bengton
et al. 1977
Stefan 1968
Thomas et al. 1965
Guderian 1970
Linzon et al. 1979
Linzon et al. 1979
Linzon et al. 1979
Linzon et al. 1979
Linzon et al. 1979
Karkanis 1976
Chmielewski et al. 1985
Chmielewski et al. 1985
Karkanis 1976
Bytnerowicz et al. 1980
Bymerowicz et al. 1980
Bytnerowicz et al. 1980
Bymerowicz et al. 1980
Wet deposition is less in total amount but is similar in percentage. In
the Suwalki district, which is considered the cleanest part of Poland, the
fraction of wet deposition from long-range transport is larger; however, the
total amount of sulfur is much smaller. Dry deposition, mainly from local
sources, is much smaller in this region than in other parts of Poland.
Cadmium
Cadmium is one of the most dangerous pollutants for humans and all
mammals. It is dangerous in any quantity above background in foodstuffs,
which is considered to be approximately 0.05 to 0.5 ppm. However, there
is very often a much higher cadmium content in plants, and 5 ppm is
222
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
TABI"E 2 Sulfur deposition from air pollution in Poland according to EMEP data
and estimates frown the Botanical Garden (BG) of the Polish Academy of Sciences
according to zones of pollution.
~ . .
SULFUR SULFUR
SULFUR DEPOSITION AREA OF DEPOSITION
CONTENT ~cgJlan2fyear) ZONE ('c 1,000 tonsfyear)
OF PINE according to (thousands according to
ZONE NEEDLES EMEP BG of km2) EMEP BG
I < 900 1,500 2,000 18 27 36
II 901-1,200 3,000 4,000 149 447 596
m 1,201-1,500 6000 10,000 101 606 1,010
IV > 1500 12,000 20,000 46 552 920
TOTAL ---- ---- ---- 314
1,632 2,562
. .
EM EP
120
100
0 a)
._ _
t~0 —~ 80
° a)
60
id, 40
it' ' 20
BGPAS
°~°~20- 200 kg S per year
\\\\\\\~-100 kg S per year
Katowice Warsaw
area area
Suwalki
area
FIGURE 4 Schematic illustration of dry (S02) and wet (H2SO4) deposition of sulfur
in different parts of Poland. Estimate was calculated based on EMEP reports and data
collected by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management in Poland, as well on as
authors' studies and calculations.
HU~1N EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
/ ~
:~~ ..i n ,.:.: ,.L
I 1<0.30ppmCd
~ 1 0.31-060ppm Cd
V//1 O. 61- O. 90 ppm Cd
111111111 0. 91-1.20 ppm Cd
lIIIIIln 1. 21- 2.40 ppm Cd
_' 2.40 ppm Cd
At.. ., , ~ ,^ . .W
I_
,~
at\
it'
~,;.e :'
i.
`. .
_._
i
223
-
FIGURE Sa Cadmium oontent in second-year pine needles (~? sylvesms) in Poland in ppm
in dry matter.
considered an excessively toxic amount. Since cadmium is a poison which
accumulates in the kidneys and livers of mammals, there are restrictive
controls on the use of cadmium and on cadmium levels in food.
Cadmium primarily enters the terrestrial environment through use
of phosphate fertilizers in agricultural areas and from emissions of the
mining and metal industries, especially as a by-product of zinc refinement.
Cadmium content in pine needles in Poland is shown in Figure Sa. There
are very few samples where cadmium content exceeds 2 ppm, and most
samples have cadmium contents below O.S ppm. The only area where the
cadmium level in pine needles is higher is the traditional metal mining
and refining area of Poland, where such activities have occurred for several
hundred years. Excess cadmium content in pine needles follows the area
of zinc contamination, where zinc content is about 100-200 ppm.
Figure Sb represents cadmium content in pine needles in the Warsaw
224
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
..~., ,
,r..~) At. ;
I '.% ,.,.1
\~' (. %' \~e
._e ~
1 1~0.30ppm Cd `-.j
~ be.
bier <7 ~ 0.31- 0. 60 ppm Cd ~ ~ ' 'as
I~//A 0.61-0.90 ppm Cd ~-
1111111111 > 0.90 pp m Cd
A .;\ Hi ::
:1, ~ \~ ~
·, ?
)- ^.
. _. _
FIGURE Sb Cadmium content in second-year pine needles in the Wa maw district in ppm
in dry matter.
district. Here there is a very small area where cadmium content exceeds
0.5 ppm. However, in spite of the industrial center in Warsaw, there is
practically no contamination by cadmium in this area.
Lead
Lead is a common pollutant and is usually found locally near mines
and metal industries, as well as along roads and highways from the com-
bustion of leaded fuel. Unlike cadmium, lead is not mobile in soils or in
plants; therefore, it is not generally toxic to plants, except under certain
conditions. Even in cases of very large concentrations of lead in localized
plant environments, or even associated in or on plants, there are few re-
ports of lead-induced toxic effects on plants grown in natural ecosystems
that have been severely impacted with lead (Koeppe, 1981~.
Studies performed in 1974 by Bazzaz et al. (cited in Koeppe, 1981)
reported that leaf lead concentrations of 193 micrograms per gram of dry
HUA{4N EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENYIRONMENT
225
weight reduced photosynthesis in sunflowers by 50%. Rolfe and Bazzaz
(1975) found no effect of lead on photosynthesis or transpiration of loblolly
pine (Pinus medal or autumn olive (EIaeagnus umbellata) at tissue concen-
trations below 60 and 72 micrograms per gram of dry weight. At these
concentrations (60 and 72 Agog), photosynthesis was reduced in Pinus taeda
by 11% and in Elaeag~us umbellata by 17%. In other studies carried out by
Bazzaz et al., there was a strong correlation between lead-effected decreases
in photosynthesis and decreases in rates of transpiration. The decrease in
rates of whole-plant photosynthesis may be due to induced closure of stom-
ata rather than to a direct effect on the process of photosynthesis residing
directly within the chloroplasts (Koeppe, 1981~. While lead may not be
very toxic to the plant itself, its concentrations may be very deleterious to
human health.
Under certain soil conditions with low pH, low organic matter levels,
and low phosphorus levels, large quantities of lead can be taken up by roots
of higher plants. However, lead absorbed by roots generally has no toxic
effect on plants, except at extremely high root media concentrations that
have little relevance to natural conditions. Movement of lead in Dowering
plants has been demonstrated through roots, but not from lead particles
deposited on leaf surfaces. Lead deposits on leaves have little effect on gas
exchange, but are of considerable importance to grazing herbivores. Quite
possibly the most important effect of lead associated with plant leaves is in
food chains where plants act as passive lead carriers (Koeppe, 1981~.
The normal lead content of plants ranges from 2 to 10 ppm; concentra-
tions of 30 to 300 ppm is considered toxic (Kabata-Pendias and Piotrowska,
1984~. In Poland, lead content in pine needles is very low, with a back-
ground level below 10 ppm. Levels exceed 10 ppm in only a few locations,
and only in one very small area do levels exceed 30 ppm. Figure 6a shows
lead concentration in pine needles in Poland. A similar situation exists in
the Warsaw district (Figure 6b).
Zinc
Zinc is an essential- micronutrient needed by all organisms as a con-
stituent of many metaloenymes and of several proteins. Zinc appears to
play a role in the synthesis of auxin. Plants with an inadequate supply of
zinc display symptoms that derive mainly from a lack of cell elongation
(Raven and Johnson, 1986~. In addition, zinc is regarded as an essential
element in human nutrition, and deficiency effects include growth failure
and impairment in wound healing (Underwood, 1971~. It would seem,
therefore, that zinc deficiency is likely to be more significant than its ex-
cess (Bevan et al., 1975~. For example, zinc at higher concentrations is
moderately toxic to plants, but only slightly toxic to mammals.
226
ECOLOGICAL RISItS
/ ~ A,
i ~ '\
. .
3 .
i ~
. ....
. ~ '-.
~ C) ' I.'\
) ~ t'
i.
'10~m Pb ''^—- ~ ~ r
F:- ;:311-20ppmPb ',.i-` ,~_._._.~ '`
E/~] 21-30 ppm Pb ~ ~ '- `.
~ `.=
ml11111~30 ppm Pb
FIGURE 6a Lead content in second-year pine needles hi? ~ylvestris) in Poland in ppm in
dry matter.
However, different authors are not consistent in establishing toxicity
concentrations for plants. For example, Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1979)
consider zinc content in plants to be toxic between lOO and 400 ppm, with
normal levels ranging from 20 to lOO ppm in uncontaminated areas.
In this study, the background concentration of zinc found in pine
needles was below 70 ppm. A slightly higher concentration (from 70 to lOO
ppm) was found in the southern, industrialized part of Poland, and around
Szczecin, Gdansk, and other areas in the northern lake area (Figure 7a).
High concentrations of zinc in pine needles (above lOO ppm) were found
only in the area of Katowice and Krakow, which is an area traditionally
characterized by the metal industry. Zinc appears to be a pollutant from
local sources and is rarely associated with lonp-ran~e tran~nort The. mans
J ~ ''a I- .~r~ ~ 44~~ 4~
~ . . ~
of zinc content In pine needles of Poland (Figure 7a) and the district of
Warsaw (Figure 7b) support this assumption.
In coniferous trees, zinc content ranges from 13 to 80 ppm (Ahrens,
1964). Materna (1978) achieved similar results with spruce. Angiosperm
HUAf4N EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
i--- ~~ -'at ! \---'
~ ('.
.~_.
~ '
~ .....
,-_.
I lo 10ppm Pb
1` :~: J 11- 20 ppm Pb
17~21-30ppmPb
Sillily 30 ppm Pb
227
; '
; .; ...
\\ :
~'''-'"'''2 ~
—. _
- !
~ —.
.
, I
; .
t
)
FIGURE 6b Lead content in second-year pine needles in the Warsaw distnc in ppm in
dry matter.
trees may have higher concentrations of zinc, i.e., from 31 to 467 ppm
(Baule and Pricker, 1967). However, it seems that higher concentrations
could be found in contaminated areas. Samples with higher zinc content
(above 130 ppm) are very few, less than 30 in Poland as a whole and less
than five in the Warsaw district.
CONCLUSION
Chemical analysis of pine needles and pollutant content transported
by air allow the production of maps which document air pollution impact
on vegetation. These maps can be produced on differentlevels: for a large
region, e.g., Poland (312,000 km2), where one pine needle sample was
collected per 1,200 km2; for a voivodship (district), e.g., Warsaw (approm-
mately 3,800 km2), where one sample was collected per 70 ^2; and for a
specific site, e.g., the area around the steel mill in Warsaw (approximately
500 km2), where one sample was collected per 5 km2.
228
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
If>
~ ~ ~ -^ _~
~~ (,- li-'.~.:~? ".
'~ I''''\;.
`. o ~ Q !
f.~,~,: ~ ''.
r 1< 70ppm Zn A'::
1 ~ -I .1 71 -100ppm Zn
K///1101-130 ppm Zn
flllllll 1> 130 ppm Z n
Aft. .'
_.) —.;.'
FIGURE 7a Zinc content in second-year pine needles hi? ~ylvest~is) in Poland in ppm in
dry matter.
Maps of sulfur deposition (dry and wet), as well as of lead, cadmium,
zinc, and other elements and their accumulation in pine needles illustrate
quantitatively the load of these pollutants in different parts of Poland.
Sulfur deposition in Poland is very high, with more than 50% of the
country above toxic levels for conifers. Cadmium content in pine needles
is rather low (below 2 ppm). The only area in Poland where the cadmium
level in pine needles is higher is the traditional area for metals mining and
refining. Lead content is low (below 10 ppm); only a few localities exceed
10 ppm, and only one very small area exceeds 30 ppm. Zinc content is
rather low; only in the area of an old zinc industry does the content of zinc
in pine needles exceed 100 ppm.
The results presented in this chapter provide a basis for further re-
search in the area of air pollution impacts on vegetation. There is also a
need for further development of the foliar chemical analysis method. First,
it would be very important to compare the pollutant content in pine needles
with the direct measurement of these pollutants in the air. Second, it would
HIDDEN EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENF7RONMENT 229
!
t.
`-3
,1 .,-
~_` .. ~ ~ . -;:
~ . .
[ 1< 70ppm Zn '2` '2`
6'~'' 171-100ppmZn '
[~/~] 101 -130 pp m Zn a_ ;,,
jililill~ 130 ppm Zn
,. . .. ; .
.._,
.~. 1
if.
)
_.`
.
FIGURE 7b Zinc content in second-year pine needles in the `maw district in ppm in
dry matter.
be useful to compare pine needle maps used in Poland with maps based on
chemical analysis of mosses used in Scandinavian countries tie., Denmark,
Norway, Sweden, and Finland). Development of this method would detect
direct relationships between pine needle pollutant content and the content
of these element in agricultural crops and other tree species. All of these
approaches have been initiated at the PAN Botanical Garden.
REFERENCES
Ahrens, E. 1964. Untersuchungen uber den Gehalt van Blattern und Nadaln verschiedener
Baumarten an Kupfer, Zinc, Bor, MolyWan und Mangan. AFJZ 135:1,8-16.
Baule, H., and C. Fricker, 1973. Nawozenie drzew lesnych. PWRiL, Wa~awa, p. 315.
Bevan, R.T., et al. 1975. Report of a collaborative study on certain elements in air, soil,
plants, animals, and humans in the SwansealNeath/Port lblbot area, together with a
report on a Moss Bag study of atmospheric pollution across South Wales, pp. 1-264.
230
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
Borowiec, S., and Z. Zablocki. 1983. Zawartosc fluoru i siarki w mchach i szpilkach
sosny pospolitej jako wskaznik skazenia srodowiska lesnego przez Zaklady Chemiczne
"Police". Pp. 351-354 in Materialy II Krajowego Sympozjum "Reakcje biologiczne
dnew na zanieczyszczenia przemyslowe," R. Siwecki, ed. Kornik 16-19 maja 1984.
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama hIickiewicza, Poznan.
Bytnerowicz, A., W. Dmuchowski, and B. Molski. 1980. The air pollution accumulation
capabilities of some tree species in the vicinity of the chemical plant in Torun. Rocznik
Dendrologiczny 33:15-28.
Bytnerowicz, ~, W. Dmuchowski, and B. Molski. 1981/1982. The effect of needle hamest
time, age of needles, and age of Scots pine (Pinus silvesms L.) trees on the
accumulation of total sulfur. Rocznik Dendrologiczny 34:5168.
Bytnerowicz, A., W. Dmuchowski, and B. Molski. 1983/1984. Fluorine content of Scots pine
needles in the presence of long-term low fluorine air pollution. Influence of forest
site, time of sample collection, trees age, and needle age. Rocznik Dendrologiczny
35:9-14.
Chmielewski, W., W. Dmuchowski, and B. Molski. 1985. Trees in the city as sinks for air
pollution: Field study with the use of portable lysimeters conducted in Warsaw. Pp.
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