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Appendix 3
Cooperative Projects Suggested at
1987 Workshop
1. Managing Aquatic Ecotones for the In Situ Treatment of Nutrients
and Toxic Substances
A river-lake ecotone will be managed to develop patterns of macro-
phyte populations that will process nutrients and toxic substances by
active biological uptake and passive sedimentation.
2. American-Polish Development and Training Program for Water Qual"
ity Modeling and Environmental Risk Assessment
Water quality models for transport, fate, and exposure processes will
be coupled with risk assessment models. These will be utilized both
as a training methodology and in a direct validation experiment under
field conditions in Poland.
3. Prototype Application of the American Environmental Protection Ex-
perience to Polish Regional and Local Decision Making
The project will include an evaluation of the U.S. environmental impact
statement and risk assessment methodology within the context of the
Polish social and economic system. A modified version will be tested
at the community level in Poland.
4. Mechanisms of Foliar Leaching Due to Air Pollution
Post-doctoral support for a researcher from the PAN Institute of
Environmental Engineering will be provided to collaborate with the
EPA laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, to pursue research on cuticular
408
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APPENDIX 3
409
leaching associated with air pollution. Funding through the EPA post-
doctoral program will be pursued.
Ambient Ozone Monitoring in Soothed Poland
The absence of ozone date for the forested regions of southern Poland
presents a major uncertainty in understanding forest response to air
pollution. Surplus ozone monitors from U.S. scientists will be lent to
PAN scientists to obtain these essential data.
6. Deposition in Forest Canopies
Scientists at the PAN Institute of Ecology (Dz~elranow Lesoy) have
examined wet, dry, and aerosol deposition to forested watersheds
under heavy impact from air pollution. A postdoctoral opportunity
for a young scientist from the Institute of Ecology to a major watershed
research site in the eastern United States is proposed. EPRI-Integrated
Forest Study Sites are the preferred locations, particularly Coweeta or
Whiteface.
7. Mycorrhizal Response to Air Pollution in Polish Forests
The research efforts in the Niepolomice Forest are expanding to in-
clude an assessment of mycorrhizal health and function, although
mycorrhizal expertise is not readily available within the local scien-
tific community. We propose to send a U.S. scientist who works with
mycorrhizal and air pollution to Poland for ~18 month research and
training opportunity.
8. Impacts of Regional and Local Air Pollution on Agricultural and
Horticultural Crops in Southern Poland
Impacts of SO2, metals, and other Articulates on agricultural crops in
southern Poland are probable, although no data are available for re-
sponse under clean air conditions. Open-top chambers will be obtained
from U.S. scientists and sent on loan to Poland to evaluate agricultural
response under filtered air and non-filtered conditions. Data obtained
can be used to assess changes in crop quality and quantity, with and
without air pollutant stress, for crops grown in pollution inputs grease
than currently found in the United States.
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410
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
9. Joint U.S.-Polish Studies on Charactenzing the Effects of Air Pollu-
tants on Forest Ecosystems
The purpose of this project is to establish continuing, multi-level re-
search on forest ecosystem indicators of air pollution stress, beginning
with a technical workshop on indicators of response. A pilot field pro-
gram for identifying and evaluating appropriate indicators of ecosystem
response, and the establishment of a long-term monitoring and mod-
eling program focused on selected indicators of response of forest
ecosystems in the United States and Poland representing a gradient
of air pollution stress are also proposed. This program will contribute
significantly to a comparative understanding of biogeochemical cycles
and ecosystem responses to stress, and will be directly relevant to the
International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP).
10. Comparative Analysis of Biogeochemical Cycling in Gradients of
Forests
Using watersheds approach, we would like to estimate and compare
the input/output balance of heavy metals, sulfur components, etc. in
various ecosystems. Special attention will be paid to accumulation and
bioelimination of pollutants on the ecosystem level.
11. Biogeochemist~g of Metals in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems
High levels of metals have been added to both aquatic and terrestrial
systems as a result of heavy industrial air and wastewater effluent dis-
charges. The cycling, mobilization, organic complexation, and bioavail-
ability of these metals at the high ambient levels found in Upper Silesia
provide an excellent research opportunity.
12. Air Quality Impacts on Forest Production Ecology
The high impact areas of southern Poland offer an excellent labora-
tOIy to study the ongoing effects of air quality impairment on forest
production ecology. Evol-v~ng methods for this assessment should be
refined and applied to specific impact areas in southern Polish forests.
13. Adaptations of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Air Pollution
This project will focus on the successional changes that occur in stressed
ecosystems, e.g., the shift from a coniferous forest to a deciduous one
in southern Poland. An important component of this study will be the
study of ecosystem function (e.g., biogeochemical cycling) that changes
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APPENDIX 3
411
with succession. This project will also investigate the importance of
mitigation techniques such as fertilization.
14. Evaluation of Regional Air Pollution Models
Cooperation in three areas is proposed: (1) the quantification of
uncertainty in the structure and parameters of models; (2) the design
of field studies to collect data to evaluate the performance of models;
and (3) to compare the performance of regional models given the same
emissions, meteorology, and terrain.
15. Use of Bioindicators to Quantify Dry Deposition of Sulfur in Forested
Areas
This project will be a joint evaluation of Polish results on monitoring
sulfur content of pine needles to determine a quantitative relationship
to deposition type (total, wet, day) both seasonally and annually. We
will explore possible U.S. collection of similar data to compare with
Polish results and to observe values of deposition using direct wet and
indirect dry measurement methods.
16. Methodologies for Assessing Human Exposure to Toxic Metals
Cooperative efforts will be directed to improving approaches to es-
timating human exposure to toxic metals such as lead and cadmium
in urban areas, drawing on expertise in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and
Katowice, Poland. Particular attention will be given to environmental
monitoring, biological monitoring, and associated quality assurance
procedures.
IDEAS FOR FUTURE DISCUSSION
17. Educational Needs in Environmental Protection
Wise decisions leading to improved protection of the environment
require knowledgeable technical personnel, prudent leaders in industry
and government, and well-informed citizens. Increased investments in
environmental education are expected to lead to improved protection
of the environment in both Poland and the United States.
18. Ecological Dimensions of Spatial Planning in Metropolitan Areas
Cooperative efforts should build on Polish successes in developing an
ecological infrastructure within the country and U.S. efforts to improve
planning in areas surrounding urban development.
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412
ECOLOGICAL RISKS
19. Control Technology to Reduce Emissions of Pollutants in Stack Gases
This project will exchange data on performance of emerging technolo-
gies and will involve cooperation in the identification and performance
of joint projects to develop technologies for the control of specific
pollutants.
20. Exploration of the Applicability of American Remote Sensing Tech-
nologies to Solution of Polish Environmental Protection Problems
This project will determine the utility of using U.S. data for purposes of
meeting specific analytical needs of the Polish environmental situation.
21. Development and Testing of Biological Markers
This project will involve development of bioindicators as early indica-
tors of ecological change at the population level.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
forest production
