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ECOLOGICAL RISKS
Perspectives from Poland and the United States
Edited by
Wladyslaw Grodzinski
Ellis B. Cowling
Alicia I. Breymeyer
with
Anna S. Phillips
Stanley I. Auerbach
Ann M. Bartuska
Mark ~ Harwell
Polish Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America
National Academy Press
Washington, D.C. 1990
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NationalAcademy Press . 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. · Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy
of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of
the committee responsible for this report were chosen for their special competences and with regard
for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of dis-
tinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of
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granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the
federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National
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Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
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sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the
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secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy
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and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel
0. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
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associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
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are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 90-61630
International Standard Book Number 0-309-04293-3
Copies of this report are available from:
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Washington, D.C. 20418
Additional copies are for sale from:
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S158
Printed in the United States of America
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&~ ~ Hi/:
In memory of our good friend and colleague
Academician Wladyslaw Grodzinski
1934 - 1988
We will always remember
your creativity,
your intellectual energy,
your contagious enthusiasm,
your spirit of camaraderie,
and
your remarkable courage.
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Editors' Note
During recent months, a major political revolution has taken place in
Poland and in many other countries of Central Europe. In March of 1989, a
great national debate took place among all political forces in Poland. These
"Round Able IbLks" were the first open discussions between Solidarity and
the political parties then in power. An important part of the Round Able
Tanks focused on issues of ecology and the environment. A long list of
final statements and demands were formulated and then signed jointly by
leaders of both Solidarity and the government. Many of these demands
had precise deadlines for fulfillment. In essence, demands for both political
and ecological reform were formulated by the political opposition but were
addressed to the government, which was to take responsibility for their
realization.
Then, as in so many other aspects of history, the actual events of our
lives changed the scenario created by our imagination. In June of 1989, the
election for Polish Parliament was won by Solidarity. And in September
of that same year, a new and freely elected government was formed a
government dominated by yesterday's opposition.
These remarkable political events were accompanied by equally dra-
matic increases in inflation and drastic economic reforms. While the state-
ments and demands for reform resulting from the Round Able Milks still
stand as goals for the nation, the responsibility for their fulfillment is chang-
ing. In the environmental field, several political forces are now competing
and the so-called "green" parties are growing stronger and stronger. Polish
society is now freely articulating its own goals and aspirations. And the
new government is struggling to meet the immediate needs of the people
and, at the same time, help the country make the necessary adjustments to
a free-market economy.
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Will ecological perspectives retain an important place in our thinking as
Poland continues its struggle for economic viability and self- determination?
Certainly, an exchange of experience and lessons deriving from comparative
studies are of special value in this situation. Thus, we believe that this book
on Ecological Risks: Perspectives from Poland and the United States is even
more timely at the beginning of this new decade than it was at the end of
the last decade not only for Poland and the United States, but also for
many other nations in this rapidly changing world.
ALICJA I. BREYMEYER
Warsaw, Poland
ELLIS B. COWLING
Raleigh, North Carolina
March 1990
V1
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Preface
This book is a product of cooperation between the Polish Academy
of Sciences (PAN) and the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States (NAS). In 1986, PAN and NAS agreed to organize a joint workshop
on "Ecological Research and Environmental Protection." The meeting
was held in October 1987 in the small village of Mogilany near Krakow,
Poland. The enthusiasm generated by this first meeting led to a reciprocal
workshop which was held in Washington, D.C. in November 1988. With
few exceptions, the same Polish and American scientists from a wide
range of scientific disciplines participated in both workshops. The names
and addresses of the participants appear in Appendix 1; the summary
memoranda prepared at each of the two workshops appear in Appendix 2.
At each workshop, the participants presented and debated concepts
and impact studies which illustrate current challenges in ecological research
and environmental protection. These ideas have value not only in Poland
and the United States, but in many other countries around the world.
Appendices 3 and 4 provide lists of collaborative research projects which
were suggested during the two workshops, some of which have already
come to fruition.
dustries;
This book was written to stimulate interest in the assessment and
management of ecological risks by five major groups of individuals:
· leaders in local, national, and multi-national corporations and in-
· leaders in local, regional, and central governments and international
associations;
· educators in colleges, universities, and secondary schools;
· .
V11
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· graduate students and oth err researchers in many different aspects of
biological, physical, engineering, and social sciences, natural resources and
environmental studies;
· volunteers in such social movements as political parties, churches,
labor unions, trade associations, and environmental and ecological clubs.
The ideas presented in the various chapters of this book are those
of the authors. The book does not represent the official views of any
organization or agency.
The participants in the two workshops are especially grateful to Glenn
Schweitzer of NAS and Halina Obuchowicz and Zdzislaw Kaczmarek of
PAN for suggesting the idea and then facilitating implementation of both
workshops on ecological research and environmental problems. Financial
support from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Ford Foundation for
the workshops and from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for this
publication is also greatly appreciated.
The workshop participants were deeply saddened by the death in
Poland of Academician Wladyslaw Grodzinski during the workshop in
Washington. As co-chairman of these PAN-NAS workshops, Ladd provided
vital leadership to assure their success. But his total contribution was much
more profound he inspired us all through his intellectual creativity, his
spirit of camaraderie, and his remarkable courage to the end.
We dedicate our continuing collaborative efforts to his memory.
ALICIA I. BREYMEYER
ELLIS B. COWLING
viii
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Contents
Editors' Note
Preface
OVERVIE3VV
v
V11
ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF ECOLOGICAL RISKS 3
ElEs B. Cowling' Wladyslaw Grod~nski, and Alicja I. Breym~yer
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Stanley L Auerbach, Alan ~ Maki, and Elds B. Cowling
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
EVALUATING ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS: A CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
Milton Russell
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIES OF SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Michal J. Marek and Andrzej 1: Lessen berg
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AS AN ELEMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN POLAND
Stanley J. Kabala
IX
14
31
41
60
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THE ROLE OF ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT IN
ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING
Alan ~ Maki and Michael ~ Slimak
HUMAN EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
CHARACTERIZING ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES TO STRESS
Mark ~ Harwe11, Christine C. Harwell, David ~ Weinstein,
and John R Kil)
MEASURING FUNCTION AD DISJUNCTION IN
ECOSYSTEMS
Alicja I. ~eymeyer
AIR POLLUTION IMPACT'S ON FORESTS IN NORTH
AMERICA
Ann M. Bartuska
AIR POLLUTION AND FOREST HEALTH IN CENTRAL
EUROPE: POLAND, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, AND THE
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
StefanGodzik and JadwigaSienkiewicz
IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON AGRICULTURE IN
NORTH AMERICA
Walter ~ Heck
IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON AGRICULTURE AND
HORTICULTURE IN POLAND
Stefan Godzik
DISTRIBUTION AND MOVEMENT OF SELECTED ELEMENTS
IN POLAND USING PINE NEEDLE ANALYSIS
Bog~slaw Molsh and Wojciech Dmuchowski
LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE
NATIONAL PARKS OF POLAND
Krysyna Grodzinska
x
77
91
116
141
155
171
196
215
232
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AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS
ECOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF RURAL
AREAS IN POLAND
Lech Ryszkowski
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICUL-
TURAL DEVELOPMENT: SOME EXAMPLES IN THE
UNITED STATES
Warren E. Johnston
IMPACTS ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
249
265
ASSESSMENT OF TROPHIC IMPACT ON THE LAKE ENVIRON-
MENT IN POLAND: A PROPOSAL AND CASE STUDY 283
Anna Hillbrzcht-Ilkowska
AQUATIC RESEARCH AND WATER QUALITY TRENDS IN
THE UNITED STATES
William E. Cooper
RIVER WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
IN POLAND
Marek J. Gromiec
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN EASTERN EUROPE
Przemyslaw Trojan
ACID DEPOSITION: A CASE STUDY OF SCIENTIFIC UN-
CERTAINTY AND INTERNATIONAL DECISION MAKING
Courmpy Riordan
DIAGNOSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROBLEMS
IN POLAND
Andrzej 1: Kassenberg
ENERGY USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES IN
POLAND
Jan Juda and Karol 13udzin ski
X1
297
315
333
342
355
374
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RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SCIENCE-BASED PROGRAM OF
ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
Stanley I. Auerbach and Alan ~ Main
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1:
List of Participants
APPENDIX 2:
Summary Memoranda
APPENDIX 3:
Cooperative Projects Suggested at 1987 Workshop
APPENDIX 4:
Cooperative Projects Suggested at 1988 Workshop
X11
389
399
404
408
413
