Index
A
Academic research, 126
Acceptable daily intake (ADI), 222, 226, 229-238
Acute toxicity, 13, 174, 176-180, 252
Additives, 74
Administrative Procedures Act, 288
Advisories, 18, 245-246, 250, 251, 324-325, 330, 335-336
Age factors, 12, 25, 30, 50, 57, 65
chemical residues, general, 184, 185, 249
elderly persons, 12, 30, 184, 185, 249, 331
perinatal period, 57, 119, 161, 195, 205
trace metal poisoning, 159-163
Agricultural Marketing Act, 300
Alabama, 343-345
Alaska, 6, 59, 63, 75, 76, 96, 316
Allergies, 6, 35, 125, 310, 317, 319
American Public Health Association, 71
Amnesic shellfish poisoning, 101-102, 105
Analogue seafoods, 74, 310, 319
Anisakis simplex, 30, 67, 68, 77
Antibiotics, 27, 75, 98, 122, 123, 312
Antitrust law, 323
Aquaculture, 22, 24-25, 27, 36, 75, 313-314, 329, 330
chemical residues, 13, 121-124, 312, 329
foreign countries, 13, 18, 22, 23, 25, 123, 124
state-level activities, 311-312, 320
Aromatic hydrocarbons, 120, 136-137, 241, 293
Arsenic, 114-115, 128, 130, 139-140, 158-160, 231, 233, 243, 247
Association of Food and Drug Officials, 319, 320
Association of Food and Drug Officials of the Southern States, 320-321
Asthma, 310
Astroviruses, 51
Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, 226, 229
B
antibiotic resistance, 75
CDC efforts, 31, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 53, 55, 57-58, 59, 60, 61
estuaries, 38, 41, 42, 45, 67, 72
FDA efforts, 7, 30, 31, 38, 53, 58, 63, 71, 329, 332
food processing, 31, 44, 45, 53-62, 63-64, 72-73
molluscs, 38, 39-41, 42, 44, 46, 55, 72, 76, 309, 330-331
risk assessment, 3-9, 30, 31, 37, 39, 41, 42-43, 44-45, 54-55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66
scombroid toxin, 95
see also Vibrio bacteria;
specific bacterial organisms
Benzene compounds, 120-121, 138-139, 148-149, 247
Bioassays, 9, 78, 92, 98, 180, 181, 194
Bioconcentration levels
organics, 119, 134-139, 144-150, 299
trace metals, 113, 129-134, 139-143
Blood analysis, 159-163 (passim), 201-219 (passim)
Blood diseases, 182
hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78
organic compounds, 120, 123, 124
trace metals, 116, 117, 161, 180
Bluefish, 10, 93, 96, 103, 127, 245, 248-249, 329, 330
Botulism, 3, 6, 58-61, 64, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 124, 316
C
Cadmium, 115-116, 130-131, 141, 160-161, 234, 243, 244, 253, 293, 299
Caliciviruses, 51
California, 96, 118, 128, 240, 245, 249-250, 316, 348
Campylobacter jejuni, 3, 55-56, 303
Canada, 23, 26, 100, 101, 154, 201, 226, 229, 325-328
Canning, 23, 244, 278-281, 321, 329, 330
Carboxylic acid, 118, 121, 139, 150
Carcinogens and carcinogenesis, 15
chemical residues, general, 11, 12, 15, 113, 174, 181-184, 219, 222, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 252, 253, 254-255
organic compounds, 119, 120, 121, 186, 188-196, 243, 245, 252, 253, 254-255
see also Puerto Rico;
Virgin Islands
The Catfish Institute, 322
Centers for Disease Control, 3, 9, 16, 66-67, 76, 334
bacterial infections, 31, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 53, 55, 57-58, 59, 60, 61
data collection, general, 15, 16, 19, 22, 31, 35, 302-304
Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance Program, 31, 54
natural toxins, 88, 91, 95, 96, 98, 99
parasitic infections, 7, 30, 31
state-level actions, 314, 315, 317
viral infections, 51, 52, 54, 62
Chemical toxins, general, 2, 11-13, 17, 111-164, 172-259, 292, 295, 299, 332-333
aquaculture, 13, 121-124, 312, 329
carcinogens, 11, 12, 15, 113, 174, 181-184, 219, 222, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 252, 253, 254-255
chemical residues, 11-12, 112-113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 126, 151, 157-64, 172-259, 307, 333
data bases, 12, 14, 17, 112, 126-128, 151-152, 222-225, 231-243, 253-254, 307
disease control, 150-154, 253-254
dose-response assessment, 11-12, 112, 113, 119, 153, 157-164, 174-186, 187, 197
economics of regulation, 17, 190-192, 193, 219, 244, 255, 307
EPA, 112, 119, 157, 173, 186, 188-189, 192, 222, 231, 257, 332, 333
epidemiology, general, 187, 188, 195, 252
ethnic foods, 249
exposure, 112, 124, 126-150 (passim), 151, 187, 188, 193, 222-251
FDA, 12, 25, 113, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 154, 173, 186-187, 188, 189-224, 231, 240-245, 247, 250, 254-255, 257-258, 332-333
federal government, general, 12, 254, 255
finfish, 139-150, 223, 232-237, 239, 243, 244, 245-251, 331-330
funding, 307
genetics, general, 175, 181, 182
immunological factors, 11-12
inspection issues, 12, 126, 150-151
molluscs, 125, 128-139, 225, 232-237, 239
neurotoxicity, 11, 15, 184, 252, 256
public information, 12-13, 150, 222, 245-246, 250, 251, 256
recreational fishing, 17, 127, 225, 245-251, 330
regional/geographic factors, 11, 12, 17, 112, 126, 128, 129-150
regulations, 12, 13, 17, 124, 125, 150, 173, 174-219, 223, 253-254, 306-307
reproductive toxicology, 11, 12, 151, 178-179, 181, 219, 250, 252, 253, 256, 330
respiratory system, 184
risk assessment, 11-12, 112-113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 126, 151, 157-64, 172-259, 307, 333
sampling, 127-128, 181, 189, 199, 223-224, 241, 243, 244, 248-249, 254, 307
sex differences, 115, 151, 159
shellfish, 115, 232-237, 239, 247;
see specific species
standards, 123, 150-152, 154-155, 190-193, 240
state-level actions, 12, 13, 14, 112, 306-307, 315-316, 324
stochasticprocesses, 174, 181-184
subsistence fishing, 17, 225, 245-251, 330
see also Acute toxicity;
Chronic toxicity;
Organic compounds;
Pesticides;
specific toxins
Chemotherapeutic agents, 121-122
Chesapeake Bay, 39, 41, 43, 250
Children, 116, 117, 161, 162, 204-207, 252, 330
perinatal period, 57, 119, 161, 195, 205
Chloramphenicol, 123
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 12, 118, 120-121, 137-139, 145-146, 148-149
see also specific substances
Cholera, 19, 37-41, 45, 66, 292, 316-317, 318
Chromatography, 98
Chronic toxicity, 2, 13, 114, 158-164, 174, 180, 184-186, 188, 194-195, 250, 252-253
see also Carcinogens and carcinogenesis;
Mutagens and mutagenesis;
Neurotoxicity;
Reproductive toxicology
Ciguatera, 1, 2, 6, 9, 88, 89-93, 102, 104, 106, 305, 306, 316, 318, 329, 330
recreational fishing, 92, 306, 330
regional factors, 6, 89, 92, 305
hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78
Clean Water Act, 295
Clostridium botulinum, 8, 58-59, 64, 73, 74, 77, 78, 316
Clostridium perfringens, 8, 95
Colorado, 319
Commercial seafood industry, 23-24, 73, 225-245, 321-325
education of personnel, 2, 18, 44, 103, 307, 309, 313-314, 336
exports, inspection of, 301, 326, 328
fragmentation of, 22
state-level situation, 342-414 (passim)
vessels and docks, regulations, 19, 26, 300, 307-311
see also Aquaculture;
Food processing;
Imports
Computers and computer science
Monte Carlo simulations, 187
see also Data bases
Conference of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 302
Consumers and consumption
environmental issues awareness, 22
fear as impediment, 307
recreational catches, 247-248
statistical methods, 21-27 (passim), 199-200, 225-226
trends, 21-27 (passim), 225-226, 227-228, 231-239
see also Exposure;
Public information
Crabs, 42, 50, 59, 74, 115, 277-278, 290, 291, 309, 323
Crawfish, 24-25
Cross-contamination, 27, 30, 40, 41, 68, 74, 76, 78, 309, 311
Culture techniques, 41
Curing and smoking, 23, 48, 59, 75, 124, 319
D
Data bases, 19, 20, 31-32, 35, 78, 31
CDC, 15, 16, 19, 22, 31, 35, 302-304
chemical residues, general, 12, 14, 17, 112, 126-128, 151-152, 222-225, 231-243, 253-254, 307
imports, 225, 226, 228, 244-245
pesticides, 126, 139, 222-225, 254
recreational fishing, 22-23, 24
DDT, 120, 137-138, 145-146, 243, 246, 247, 249
Demography
of consumers, 25-26
seafood industry, 22-23
Denmark, 26
Department of Agriculture, 24, 287, 292, 300, 313-314, 319, 320, 322
Department of Commerce, 24, 292, 300, 322
see also specific agencies
Department of Defense, 287, 292
Department of Health and Human Services, 157, 292
see also Food and Drug Administration
Developing countries, 74
Developmental toxicology, 11
perinatal period, 57, 119, 161, 195, 205
see also Reproductive toxicology
hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78
Diarrhea, 37, 55, 56, 89, 101, 105
diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, 9, 99-100
selenium poisoning, 117
Dieldrin, 120, 146-147, 241, 243, 245
Dinophysis, 99-100
Dioxins, 12, 119, 145, 182, 184, 223, 243, 245, 246, 248, 253, 293, 299
Disease control, 16-18, 67-75, 286-337
antibiotics, 27, 75, 98, 122, 123, 312
bacterial agents, 38, 39-40, 41, 44, 55, 58, 59
chemical residues, 150-154, 253-254
parasites, 48
see also Centers for Disease Control;
Inspection issues;
Regulations;
Standards;
Waste management
DNA probes, 20, 41, 57, 68, 78
Dose-response assessment, 65, 95
bacterial agents, 44, 65, 67-68
chemical residues, 11-12, 112, 113, 119, 153, 157-164, 174-186, 187, 197
models, 176-179, 181-182, 184-185, 187-188
Drugs
antibiotics, 27, 75, 98, 122, 123, 312
E
Ear infections, 39
Economic factors
aquaculture, 312
chemical toxins regulation, 17, 190-192, 193, 219, 244, 255, 307
ciguatera, 92-93
commercial fishing, 23
FDA imports enforcement, 298
inspection activities, 298, 300, 301, 307, 308, 327
local efforts, 311
Education
fishing/processing personnel, 2, 13, 18, 44, 103, 106, 307, 309, 313-314, 336
health professionals, 13, 15, 44, 77, 78, 103, 106, 301, 307, 309, 313-314, 336
see also Public information
Edwardsiella tarda, 75
chemical residues, 184, 185, 249
Electron microscopy, 71
ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay), 9, 78, 98
Endrin, 120
Environmental issues, 22
see also Pollution
Environmental Protection Agency, 13-14, 16, 295
chemical residues, 112, 119, 157, 173, 186, 188-189, 192, 222, 231, 257, 332, 333
standards and guidelines, 287, 288, 290, 307, 320, 327, 328
Epidemiology, 3-6, 7, 9, 15, 19-20, 301-304
bacterial infections, 30, 31, 37, 39, 40, 42-43, 44-45, 46, 53, 54-55, 57-58, 59, 61, 69, 77, 318
chemical toxins, 187, 188, 195, 252
national system, 2, 126-150, 240-245, 254, 268-269, 287-304
natural toxins, general, 89, 93-94, 98-99, 100, 101
parasitic infections, 30, 31, 46, 47, 48
state-level data, 302, 314-319
vibrio, 37-38
see also Centers for Disease Control;
Data bases;
Mortality;
Reporting
issues;
Risk assessment
Erythromycin, 123
Escherichia coli, 56, 72, 73, 277-278, 290, 294, 330-331
Estuaries, 320
bacteria, 38, 41, 42, 45, 67, 72
Chesapeake Bay, 39, 41, 43, 250
water quality standards, 68-69
Ethnic foods, 3, 6, 30, 48, 59, 74-75, 225, 245-251, 316
European Economic Community, 26-27, 327-328
Exposure
chemical residues, 112, 124, 126-150 (passim), 151, 187, 188, 193, 222-251
levels, 174-175
microorganisms, 65-66
F
Fecal pollution, 6, 33, 36, 49-53, 67, 69, 71
E. coli, 72, 73, 277-278, 290, 294, 330-331
Federal government, 2, 13-16, 106, 308, 322, 332-334
chemical residues, 12, 254, 255
interagency issues, 16, 17, 19, 320
monitoring, 301-304
national surveillance system, 2, 126-150, 240-245, 254, 268-269, 287-304
natural toxins, general, 10, 106, 306
recreational catches, 251, 308
standards, 68-70, 123, 186-187, 189-196, 288-294, 307
state cooperation with, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18-19, 31, 69, 106, 223, 302, 306, 307, 309, 310, 312, 313-314, 319-321;
see also National Shellfish Sanitation Program
see also Centers for Disease Control;
Environmental Protection Administration;
Food and Drug Administration;
Laws;
National Marine Fisheries Service;
other agencies
Federal-State Standing Committee on Residues in Fish, 307
Federal Trade Commission, 323
Fertilizers, 115
Finfish, 22, 47, 48, 89, 329, 330
chemical residues, 139-150, 223, 232-237, 239, 243, 244, 245-251, 331-330
see also specific species
Fish and Wildlife Service, 122, 126
Florida, 9, 43, 89, 91, 99, 313, 317, 319, 353-359
Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations), 222, 229, 230, 235-239, 275, 325, 326
Food and Drug Administration, 13-15, 16, 287, 321, 332, 336
bacteria, 7, 30, 31, 38, 53, 58, 63, 71, 329, 332
chemical residues, 12, 25, 113, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 154, 173, 186-187, 188, 189-224, 231, 240-245, 247, 250, 254-255, 257-258, 332-333
inspection and enforcement, 295-300
puffer fish poisoning, 101
sampling, 189, 199, 223-224, 241, 243, 244, 248-249, 254, 267-284, 296-297, 321
saxitoxins, 98
standards, 68-70, 123, 186-187, 189-196, 288-294
Total Diet Study, 222-223, 238, 241
see also Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point;
National Shellfish Sanitation Program;
Northeast Technical Support Unit
Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance Program, 31, 54
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 151, 288, 289-290, 296, 298
Food Inspection Act (Canada), 326
Food processing, 6-7, 17, 22, 33, 78
additives, 74
bacteria, 31, 44, 45, 53-62, 63-64, 72-73
cross-contamination, 27, 30, 40, 41, 68, 74, 76, 78, 309, 311
curing and smoking, 23, 48, 59, 75, 124, 319
education of personnel, 2, 18, 44, 103, 307, 309, 313-314, 336
irradiation, 44, 45, 67-68, 77
marination techniques, 75
nitrosamines, 124
packaging and containers, 23, 59, 60, 63-64, 70, 74, 300;
see also Canning
ready-to-eat foods, 25-26, 311
refrigeration, 44, 49, 56, 59, 66, 68, 69, 73, 74, 78, 95-96
salting, 60
standards, 63-64, 72-73, 342-414 (passim)
state-level actions, 308-311, 316, 342-414 (passim)
viruses, 62
see also Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point;
Inspection issues
Freshwater fish, 23, 126, 223, 225, 243, 248, 316
see also Great Lakes
chemical toxin control, 307
enforcement, 52
federal aid to states, 19, 307
industry recipients, 322
local efforts, 311
natural toxin control, 106
G
Gambierdiscus toxicus, 89, 90, 92
Gastrointestinal system, 8, 30, 37, 39, 40, 45, 51, 76, 89, 94-95, 99, 100, 114, 124
see also Diarrhea
Genetics
chemical residues, general, 175, 181, 182
DNA probes, 20, 41, 57, 68, 78
Geographic factors, see Regional factors;
specific geographic areas
Georgia, 359-365
Government role, 13-16
chemical toxin control, 12
interagency issues, 16, 17, 19, 310, 320
see also Federal government;
Local government;
Regulations;
Standards;
State government
Great Lakes, 12, 17, 73, 124, 195, 201, 240, 243, 245, 248, 329, 330
Guam, 7, 89, 102, 316-317, 318
Gulf of Mexico, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 67, 71, 99, 305
see also Red tides
H
Hafnia alvei, 95
Hallucinogenic fish poisoning, 102
Halogen compounds, 124-125
Hawaii, 89, 91, 92, 94, 100, 101, 102, 314, 316, 330, 365-370
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, 4-5, 7, 9, 10, 16, 17, 27, 31, 72, 78, 283-284, 314, 319, 321, 325, 333, 335
Health professionals
education, 13, 15, 44, 77, 78, 103, 106, 301, 307, 309, 313-314, 336
Hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78
Hemorrhages, 117
Hepatic system
hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78
organic compounds, 120
Hepatitis, 8, 49, 50-51, 52-53, 62, 66, 72, 117, 316
Heptachlor compounds, 120, 138, 147-148
Herbicides, 115, 119, 121, 139, 150
High-performance liquid chromatography, 98
Histamine poisoning, 94
I
Immunological factors
allergies, 6, 35, 125, 310, 317, 319
aquaculture, 122
bioassays, 9, 78, 98, 180, 181, 194
chemical residues, 11-12
immunocompromised individuals, 30, 31, 39, 41, 42, 57, 65, 68, 76, 77, 78
paralytic shellfish poisoning, 96
radioimmunoassays, 92, 98, 180
southern blotting, 38
vaccines, 53
Imports, 2, 16, 22, 23, 36, 73-74, 334-335
aquaculture products, 13, 18, 22, 23, 25, 124
export inspections, 301, 326, 328
inspection requirements, 7, 14, 15, 18, 76, 124, 298-299, 300, 301, 325-328, 335
mercury, 244
puffer fish, 106
regulatory programs, 14, 15, 16, 18, 25, 26-27
shellfish, 23, 73, 76, 77-78, 100, 103, 106, 298-299, 315, 329
standards, 8-9, 13, 73, 77-78, 298, 300, 325, 334-335, 337
statistical data, 225, 226, 228, 244-245
Individual risk assessments, 219, 243, 257
Industry associations, 225, 321-324, 337
Inhalation toxicology, 113, 115
Insecticides, see Pesticides
Inspection issues, 1, 9, 13-17, 19, 31, 78, 294-301, 313, 319, 333-334
aquaculture, 124
chemical toxins, 12, 126, 150-151
cost factors, 298, 300, 301, 307, 308, 327
EPA, 295
FDA, 295-300
imports, 7, 14, 15, 18, 76, 124, 298, 300, 325-328, 335
mercury, 299
paralytic shellfish poisoning, 10, 296, 306, 315
parasites, 68
research, 9, 10, 16-17, 19-20, 30, 78, 92, 93, 103, 106
state-level, 18-19, 308-311, 321-324
voluntary programs, 287, 300-301, 320, 321, 322, 323
see also Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point;
Sampling
International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, 320
International perspective, 14-16, 18, 26-27, 125, 222, 229, 230, 235-239, 275, 301, 325-331, 335, 337
see also Imports;
specific countries
Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference, 310, 320, 336
Interstate trade, 223, 224, 229, 287, 300, 336
voluntary programs, 287, 300-301, 320, 321, 322
Irradiation, 44, 45, 67-68, 77
J
Japan, 23, 40, 92, 100, 101, 115, 196
K
Kidneys, see Renal system
L
Labeling, 6, 26, 150, 222, 251, 310, 319, 322
imports, 26
state actions, 310
Lactobacillus, 95
Laws, 19, 112, 254, 255, 302, 323
Administrative Procedures Act, 288
Agricultural Marketing Act, 300
Clean Water Act, 295
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 151, 288, 289-290, 296, 298
Food Inspection Act (Canada), 326
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, 295
National Aquaculture Act, 320
Presidential Reorganization Order No. 3, 288, 300
Toxic Substances Control Act, 118
Lead, 116, 131-132, 142, 161-163, 180, 235-236, 243, 253, 293, 299
see also Laws;
Regulations;
Standards
Licenses and permits, 78, 96, 106, 308, 313, 323
recreational fishing, 16, 96, 106, 313
Listeria monocytogenes, 57-58, 64, 73, 74, 78, 292, 298
Litigation, 289-290
advisories, 324
Liver, see Hepatic system
Local government, 14-16, 31, 96, 99, 103, 302, 304, 311, 315, 319, 330
Louisiana, 43, 317, 324, 370-376
M
Mahimahi, 10, 93, 94, 298, 329
Maitotoxin, 91
Marination techniques, 75
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, 295
Marketing and distribution, 310-311
Agricultural Marketing Act, 300
labeling, 6, 26, 150, 222, 251, 310, 319, 322
National Aquaculture Act, 320
Maryland, 307-308
Massachusetts, 96, 128, 315, 376-380
Meningitis, 57
Mercury, 12, 17, 113, 116-117, 132-133, 142-143, 154-155, 162-163, 185-188, 196-219, 220-221, 223, 229, 237-238, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 253, 299, 330
Mexico, 23
Microbiology and microorganisms, 9, 34, 41, 64-76, 78, 92, 98, 100, 181, 194, 296, 305, 309, 319, 332
see also Bacteria;
Genetics;
Parasites;
Viruses;
specific organisms
Minorities, 6, 25, 74, 75, 249, 316
see also Ethnic foods
Mississippi, 380-385
Models
dose-response, 176-179, 181-182, 184-185, 187-188
recreational catches, 250
Molecular biology, 175
see also Genetics;
Stochastic processes
Molluscs, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 15, 30-31, 77-78, 299, 330-331
bacteria, 38, 39-41, 42, 44, 46, 55, 72, 76, 309, 330-331
chemical residues, 125, 128-139, 225, 232-237, 239
natural toxins, 96, 98, 99-100, 309
oysters, 68-71, 72, 250, 309, 324
state-level actions, 309, 310, 313, 315, 317, 324
Monte Carlo simulations, 187
Morganella morganii, 95
chemical residues, 178-179, 195
ciguatera, 90
paralytic shellfish poisoning, 96, 98-99
puffer fish poisoning, 100, 101
Mussels, 102
Mutagens and mutagenesis, 115, 117, 119, 125, 174, 175, 181, 182, 256
N
National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Food, 292
National Aquaculture Act, 320
National Blue Crab Industry Association, 323
National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, 127-128
National Fisheries Institute, Inc., 70, 323
National Food Processors Association, 321
National Marine Fisheries Service, 13, 16, 24, 224-226, 231-239, 243, 244, 287, 300-301, 314, 320
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 14, 101, 126-127, 137, 139, 141, 148-149, 332
National Status and Trends Program, 126-127, 128-147, 152
National Oceanographic Data Center, 152
National Pesticide Monitoring Program, 126, 139
National Research Council, 229, 230, 231-238 (passim)
National Shellfish Sanitation Program, 14, 15, 68-69, 229, 293-295, 305, 310, 313, 331
National Status and Trends Program, 126-127, 128-147, 152
Native Americans, 6, 75, 249, 316
Natural toxins, 9-11, 87-106, 291, 332
federal government, general, 10, 106, 306
natural toxins, 9-10, 92-93, 94, 102
public information, 9, 92, 96, 103, 106, 306
regional factors, 6, 9, 10, 14, 89, 92, 305
regulations, general, 106, 306, 332
risk assessment, 9-10, 92-93, 94, 102
state-level regulation, 9, 10, 103, 106, 306, 316
see also specific toxins
Nematodes, 48-49
Neurotoxicity, 15
amnesic shellfish poisoning, 101-102
chemical residues, general, 11, 15, 184, 252, 256
ciguatera, 89-90
hallucinogenic fish poisoning, 102
organic compounds, 119, 120, 121, 195
paralytic shellfish poisoning, 6, 9, 10, 88, 96-99, 102, 104, 296, 306, 315, 330, 331
scombroid, 94-95
trace metals, 114, 115, 117, 161, 162, 180, 185-186, 188, 204-211, 213-219
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (red tides), 9, 10, 99, 105, 306, 317
Nickel, 113
Nitrosamines, 124
Northeast Technical Support Unit, 19, 66, 76
bacteria, 31, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 53, 55-57, 60, 61, 66
naturally occurring toxins, 96, 99
parasites, 31
Norwalk virus, 6, 7, 30, 49, 50, 51-52, 66, 66, 72, 76
O
Oregon, 319
Organic compounds, 17, 118-125, 134-139, 144-150, 240-243
bioconcentration levels, 119, 134-139, 144-150, 299
hepatic systems, 120
neurotoxicity, 119, 120, 121, 195
reproductive toxicology, 119, 121, 189, 195, 219, 250
see also specific chemicals
Oxytetracycline, 123
Oysters, 324
chemical residues, 250
Gulf of Mexico, 71
processing, 309
viruses, 72
water quality standards, 68-71
Ozonation, 125
P
Pacific Islands, 2, 6, 9, 40, 91, 96, 316
see also Guam;
Hawaii
Packaging and containers
labeling, 6, 26, 150, 222, 251, 310, 319, 322
modified atmospheres, 64
see also Canning
Paralysis
ciguatera, 90
puffer fish poisoning, 100
Paralytic shellfish poisoning, 6, 9, 10, 88, 96-99, 102, 104, 296, 306, 315, 330, 331
Parasites, 6-9, 31, 35, 46-49, 67, 68, 77, 121, 296
epidemiology, 30, 31, 46, 47, 48
frozen food, 48
public information, 68, 75, 78
risk assessment, general, 3-9, 30, 31, 46, 47, 48-49
sampling, 276-277
shellfish, 30-31
see also specific parasites
Pasteurization, 62-63
Pentachlorophenol, 121
Persistence, in environment
organic compounds, 121
trace metals, 113, 117, 158-164, 197-199, 213, 219
Pesticides, 12, 115, 118, 120, 121, 122, 126, 137-138, 145-149, 245, 299-300
data bases, 126, 139, 222-225, 254
see also specific pesticides
Phenols, 120-121, 138-139, 148-149
Plesiomonas shigelloides, 36, 45-46
Polioviruses, 72
fecal, 6, 33, 36, 49-53, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 277-278, 290, 294, 330-331
legislation, 295
public awareness of, 22
see also Chemical toxins;
Environmental Protection Agency;
Trace metals;
Waste management
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 12, 17, 113, 118-119, 120, 127, 134-135, 144-145, 154-155
risk assessment, 175, 176, 178, 182, 184, 186-196, 223, 224, 240, 241, 253, 254, 257-258
recreational catches, 246-249, 250
standards, 293
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 120, 136-137, 241, 247, 293
Polyether compounds, 93
Polymerase chain reaction techniques, 68, 78
Preservation techniques, 319
curing and smoking, 23, 48, 59, 75, 124, 319
vacuum packaging, 60, 63, 64, 74
see also Canning;
Packaging and containers
Presidential Reorganization Order No. 3, 288, 300
Prorocentrum, 100
Public Health Service, 69
see also Centers for Disease Control
Public information, 2, 15, 19, 22, 27, 293, 308, 331, 332, 336
advisories, 18, 245-246, 250, 251, 324-325, 335-336
chemical residues, 12-13, 150, 222, 245-246, 250, 251, 256
labeling, 6, 26, 150, 222, 251, 310, 319, 322
microorganisms and parasites, 68, 75, 78
natural toxins, 9, 92, 96, 103, 106, 306
recreational fishing, 18, 68, 96, 245-246, 306, 308
state activities, 306, 308, 309
Puerto Rico, 89, 91, 314, 316, 391-400
Puffer fish poisoning, 9, 100-101, 104, 106
Puget Sound, 246-247
R
Radioimmunoassays, 92, 98, 180
Recreational fishing, 2, 15, 27, 28, 68, 77, 250, 331, 334
aquaculture and, 25
chemical toxins, 17, 127, 225, 245-251, 330
consumption, 247-248
education, 18, 68, 96, 245-246, 306, 308
advisories, 18, 245-246, 250, 251, 324-325, 330, 335-336
federal government, general, 251, 308
licenses and permits, 16, 96, 106, 313
state actions, 18, 245-246, 250, 251, 306, 308, 312-313
Red tides, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 9, 10, 99, 105, 306, 317
Refrigeration, 44, 49, 56, 59, 66, 68, 69, 73, 74, 78, 95-96
see also Frozen food
ciguatera, 6, 9, 89, 90, 92, 102, 106, 329
see also specific species
Regional factors, 2, 15, 18, 22, 117, 305, 314, 319
chemical residues, 11, 12, 17, 112, 126, 128, 129-150 (passim), 193, 240, 244, 247-248
control measures, 14, 15, 17, 68, 306, 309
natural toxins, general, 6, 9, 10, 14, 89, 92, 305
see also specific geographic areas
Regulations, 13-16, 17, 296, 305, 309, 319, 332
chemical residues, 12, 13, 17, 124, 125, 150, 173, 174-219, 223, 253-254, 306-307
economic factors, 17, 190-192, 193, 219, 244, 255, 307
dose-response relationships, 174-186
ethnic foods, 75
illness surveillance program, 78
imports, general, 14, 15, 16, 18, 25, 26-27
interstate trade, 223, 224, 229, 287, 300
labeling, 6, 26, 150, 222, 251, 310, 319, 322
natural toxins, general, 106, 306, 332
scombroid, 106
shellfish, 7
specific states, 342-414
state-level, 9, 10, 103, 106, 303, 304-314, 316, 319-324, 336
vessels and docks, 19, 26, 300, 307-311
waste management, 1, 2, 8, 17, 30, 52, 77, 254
see also Environmental Protection Agency;
Food and Drug Administration;
Inspection issues;
Licenses and permits;
Standards
Renal system, 42, 115, 116, 117, 123, 160-161, 162, 180
Reporting issues, 22, 31, 302-303, 314-319
see also Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance Program;
Northeast
Technical Support Unit
Reproductive toxicology
chemical residues, general, 11, 12, 151, 178-179, 181, 219, 250, 252, 253, 256, 330
education on, 18
organic compounds, 119, 121, 189, 195, 219, 250
perinatal period, 57, 119, 161, 195, 205
trace metals, 114, 115, 118, 119, 159-164, 197, 205-207, 213-219, 231, 330
Research, 19-20
academic, 126
chemical residues, 12, 252-253
consumer information, 27
inspection technology, 9, 10, 16-17, 19-20, 30, 78
natural toxins, 92, 93, 103, 106
risk assessment, 252-253
standards, 73-74
toxicology, experimental, 219, 332
Respiratory system, 97, 99, 100, 113, 115, 184
Risk assessment, 1, 2, 16, 320
allergies, 6, 35, 125, 310, 317, 319
bacterial infections, 3-6, 6-9, 30, 31, 37, 39, 41, 42-43, 44-45, 54-55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66
chemical residues, 11-12, 112-113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 126, 151, 157-164, 172-259, 307, 333
ciguatera, 92-93
comparative, various products, 328-331
high-risk groups, 8, 14, 30, 31, 39, 41, 42, 44, 65, 68, 76, 77, 125, 229, 310, 330
mercury, 223, 229, 237-238, 241, 243, 253
microorganisms, general, 34, 64-76
parasites, 3-6, 6-9, 30, 31, 46, 47, 48-49
PCBs, 175, 176, 178, 182, 184, 186-187, 188-196, 223, 224, 240, 241, 253, 254, 257-258
natural toxins, 9-10, 92-93, 94, 102
sex differences, 115, 151, 159
vibrio, 37-38
see also Dose-response assessment;
Epidemiology;
Exposure
S
Salmon, 24, 54, 59, 63, 244, 245, 278-281, 321
Salmonellae, 3, 8, 53-55, 67, 69, 73, 75, 77, 274-275, 292, 298, 303, 318, 329
chemical residues, 127-128, 181, 189, 199, 223-224, 241, 243, 244, 248-249, 254, 307
FDA, 189, 199, 223-224, 241, 243, 244, 248-249, 254, 267-284, 296-297, 321
recreational catches, 248-249, 250
state-level actions, 307
Scaritoxin, 90
Scombroid poisoning, 6, 9, 10, 11, 88, 93-96, 102, 103, 105, 106, 313, 315, 316, 317, 329
Seasonal factors
bacteria, 36, 39-40, 42, 44, 45-46, 67-68, 71, 77, 305
Gonyaulax, 98
Selenium, 113, 114, 117-118, 133-134, 143, 163-164, 238-239, 243
Sex differences
bluefish, 248
chemical residues, 115, 151, 159
see also Reproductive toxicology
bacterial infections, 30-31, 34, 37-39, 40-42, 44, 45, 54, 55, 56, 61, 66-67, 68, 278, 291
chemical residues, 115, 232-237, 239, 247
crabs, 42, 50, 59, 74, 115, 277-278, 290, 291, 309, 323
diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, 9, 99-100
imports, 23, 73, 76, 77-78, 100, 103, 106, 245, 298-299, 329
natural toxins, general, 292, 309
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 9, 10, 99, 105, 306, 317
paralytic shellfish poisoning, 6, 9, 10, 88, 96-99, 102, 104, 296, 306, 315, 330, 331
parasitic infections, 30-31
recreational fishing, 8, 24, 52, 313
risk, general, 66-67
standards, 68-70, 77-78, 322, 323
state-level action, 306, 309, 310, 315, 316
see also Molluscs;
National Shellfish Sanitation Program
Shigella, 8, 36, 45-46, 60-61, 67, 292
Shrimp, 328-329
Size and size restrictions, 150, 151-152, 154-155, 248-249
Skin and skin diseases, 94-95, 113, 114-115, 159, 163
Smoked seafood, see Curing and smoking
South Carolina, 400-411
Southeast Fisheries Association, 322
Southern blotting, 38
Southern California Coastal Water Research Organization, 240
Sport fishing, see Recreational fishing
acceptable daily intake (ADI), 222, 226, 229-238
action levels, 289-290
aquaculture, 122
chemical residues, 123, 150-152, 154-155, 190-193, 240
crabs, 323
EPA, 287, 288, 290, 307, 320, 327, 328
FDA, 68-70, 123, 186-187, 189-196, 288-294
federal government, general, 68-70, 123, 186-187, 189-196, 288-294, 307
food processing, 70, 72-73, 74, 342-414 (passim)
imports, 8-9, 13, 73, 77-78, 298, 300, 325, 334-335, 337
industry, 321-324
PCBs, 293
regional, 319
risk models and, 177
shellfish, 68-70, 77-78, 322, 323
size restrictions, 150, 151-152, 154-155, 248-249
tolerances, 288-289
voluntary, 287, 300-301, 320, 321, 322
Staphylococcus agents, 30, 61-62, 73
State government, 2, 13, 15, 16, 63, 304-325, 336, 342-414 (passim)
chemical residues, 12, 13, 14, 112, 306-307, 315-316, 324
federal cooperation with, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18-19, 31, 69, 106, 223, 302, 306, 307, 309, 310, 312, 313-314, 319-321;
see also National Shellfish Sanitation Program
food processing, 308-311, 316, 342-414 (passim)
inspection, 18-19, 308-311, 321-324
interstate trade, 223, 224, 229, 287, 300, 336
molluscs, 309, 310, 313, 315, 317, 324
natural toxins, general, 9, 10, 103, 106, 306, 316
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 99, 306
paralytic shellfish poisoning, 10, 98, 306, 315
public information, 306, 308, 309
advisories, 18, 245-246, 250, 251, 324-325, 335-336
recreational fishing, 18, 245-246, 250, 251, 306, 308, 312-313
regulations, general, 9, 10, 103, 106, 303, 304-314, 316, 319-324, 336
reporting, 22, 302-303, 314-319
sampling, 307
voluntary programs, 287, 300-301, 320, 321, 322
water quality, 310
see also Licenses and permits;
specific states and U.S. territories
Statistical programs and activities
classification issues, 30, 240, 243, 269-273, 325, 332
consumer trends, 21-27 (passim), 199-200, 225-226
models, 176-179, 181-182, 184-185, 187-188, 250
Monte Carlo simulations, 187
morbidity and mortality, 302
national surveillance system, 2, 126-150, 240-245, 254, 268-269, 287-304
stochastic processes, 174, 181-184
uncertainty, 177-178, 187, 190, 193, 196, 219, 257, 268, 283
see also Centers for Disease Control;
Data bases;
Epidemiology;
Reporting issues;
Risk assessment;
Sampling
Stochastic processes, chemical toxicity, 174, 181-184
Subsistence fishing, 2, 10, 15, 17, 225, 245-251, 330
Sulfonamides, 122-123
Swordfish, 12, 17, 154-155, 223, 224, 244, 298, 299, 330
T
TCBS media, 41
Temperature effects, 63-64, 76
bacteria, general, 38, 41, 44, 46, 48, 58, 59, 61-64, 73, 330
control requirements, 17, 68, 69, 73
cooking, 9, 30, 70, 77, 78, 311, 328-329
cross-contamination, 311
distribution of seafood, 73
harvest waters
bacteria, 36, 39-40, 41, 42, 44, 45-46, 48, 67-68, 69, 71, 77, 305
molluscs, 7, 30, 39-40, 46, 67-68
nitrosamines, 124
pasteurization, 62-63
viruses, 62
see also Frozen food;
Refrigeration
Tennessee, 96
Tetracycline, 75
Tetratogenesis, see Reproductive toxicology
Tetrodotoxin, 100
Thailand, 23
Three-class attribute sampling, 271-272
Time factors, 76
distribution of seafood, 73, 310
dose response, 113
preparation by consumers, 26
scombroid, 106
terminal sale dates, 310
Tin, 113-114
Total Diet Study, 222-223, 238, 241
Toxaphene, 149-150
Toxicology, see Chemical toxins;
Developmental toxicology;
Natural toxins;
Reproductive toxicology
Toxic Substances Control Act, 118
Trace metals, 12, 113-118, 126, 128, 129, 139-143, 157-164, 224
acceptable daily intake, 226, 229-238
bioconcentration levels, 113, 129-134, 139-143
blood diseases, 116, 117, 161, 180
chronic toxicity, 158-164
neurotoxicity, 114, 115, 117, 161, 162, 180, 185-186, 188, 204-211, 213-219
persistence, 113, 117, 158-164, 197-199, 213, 219
reproductive toxicology, 114, 115, 118, 119, 159-164, 197, 205-207, 213-219, 231, 330
see also specific metals
Trematodes, 47-48
Tuna, 10, 93, 95, 96, 103, 199-200, 299, 330
Tuna Research Foundation, 199-200
Two-class attribute sampling, 269-270
U
United Nations, see Food and Agriculture Organization
United Kingdom, 201
Urinary disorders, 123
V
Vaccines, 53
Vacuum packaging, 60, 63, 64, 74
Vessels, regulation of, 19, 26, 300, 307-311
Vibrio bacteria, 2, 6-8, 19, 30-34, 36-45, 66-68, 72-74, 76, 77, 95, 100, 292, 305, 320, 324
cholera, 19, 37-41, 45, 66, 292, 316-317, 318
state-level actions, 309, 315, 316, 317
Virgin Islands, 89, 91, 314, 316
Viruses, 32, 49-54, 62, 65-67, 72, 76
see also specific viruses
Voluntary programs, 287, 300-301, 320, 321, 322, 323
W
Washington, 96, 128, 246, 311, 316, 411-414
Waste management, 8, 17, 30, 52, 77, 254
see also Pollution
Water quality monitoring, 17, 30, 295, 310, 335
harvest waters
bacteria, 36, 39-42, 44-46, 48, 67-69, 71, 77, 305
see also National Shellfish Sanitation Program
Wisconsin, 319
see also Reproductive toxicology
World Health Organization, 222, 229, 230, 275, 326
Y