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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 157
Index
A
Able seamen, 153
Accidents
fatigue and, 39
investigation of, 48
Administrative provisions, 15~156
"Airline model," 11
Alcohol abuse, 4~45, 47
American Bureau of Shipping, 102
American President Lines (APL)
C-9 container ship study by, 69-70
training by, 5~53
American Shipper (1935), 135-136
Attention, 46~7
Automation
and human factors, 41 44, 55
labor unions on, 106, 107-108, 109
and manning level, 61, USE, '~5
rules on, 151, 155
Autopilots, labor unions on, 106
B
Boiler controls, automated, 5-6
Boredom, 46~7
Bridge(s)
integrated, 41-42, 13~131
single-handed, 4~43, 13~131
157
Bridge 90, 130-131
Bureau Veritas, 101
C
Canada Shipping Act, 102
Captains of the Port (COPTs), 82~3
Cargo, containerization of, 7
Casualties
emergency response capacity for, 33
U.S. Coast Guard annual reports on, 24,
25, 26
Certificate of Inspection (COI), 60, 145,
150
Certification
adequacy of, 48
and dual~ualified officers, 52
recommendations on, 87 88
for "Ship of the Future," 54
statutes on, 147-148
Chilbar (1935), 137
Classification societies, survey of, 95,
101-102
Cleanliness, labor unions on, 107
C-9 container ships, American President
Lines study of, 69-70
Coast Guard, see U.S. Coast Guard
COI, 60, 145, 150
Containerization, of cargo, 7
OCR for page 158
158
Continuity of service, 34
Convention on the International Maritime
Satellite Organization (INMARSAT),
80, 81
Convention on the International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions
at Sea (COLREGS), 80
Corporate training programs, 52-53
Cost effectiveness, labor unions on, 110
Coops, 82~3
Crew size, see Manning level; Manning
reductions
C-10 container ships, 12
D
Deck department
automation of, 43
and engine room automation, 44
innovations in, 4-5, ~7
manning reductions in, ~7, 62
Decklengine mechanic, 8, 153-154
Denmark, survey of, 103
Denny, M., 128 129
Det norske Veritas, 101
Disability, labor unions on, 106 107
Drug abuse, 44 45, 47
Dual-qualified officers, 7
and fatigue, 39
of Germany, 10, 50
of Japan, 49-50
of the Netherlands, 50-51
of the United States, 39~0, 51-52
EEl Estero (1926), 135
Emergent conditions, in task analysis, 68,
127
Emergency response capacity, 32-33
Engineman, 153-154
Engine room
innovations in, 4, 5~
manning reductions in, 62
unattended, 5, 6, 4~44
Equipment failures, 33
Exxon, mixed product tanker study by,
70-71
INDEX
F
Fatigue, 38
labor unions on, 106, 109
management of, 46 47
and safety, 15, 31-32
standard watch rotations and, 40~1, 46
work hours and, 31-32, 3800, 46
Federal Republic of Germany, see
Germany
Fire fighting, 68, 70
Functional model, for task analysis, 6~73
G
Gaffney, Michael, 12~130
General-purpose ratings
and fatigue, 39
in Germany, 010, 50
in Japan, 50
Germany
crew size of, ~10
survey of, 102
training in, 50
H
Hardware analysis, 64
Health, labor unions on, 10~107
Helmsman, labor unions on, 106
Human Action Sequence Model, 48
Human factors
accident investigation, 48
analysis of, 45, 48
automation and, 4104, 55
drug and alcohol abuse, 41 45, 47
excessive workload, 47
fatigue and boredom, 46 47
management of, 45~8
recommendations on, 86 87
social interaction, 44, 47
training and certification, 4~54
watch rotations, 4~41
work hours, 3~40
I
ILO, 82
IMO, see International Maritime
Organization (IMO)
Injuries, Maritime Index Bureau data on,
22, 24
OCR for page 159
INDEX
INMARSAT, 80, 81
Innovation
and manning level, 61
recommendations on, 86
Integrated bridges, 41-42, 13~131
International agreements, 79~2
International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships,
80
International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea (SOLAS), 80, 81
International Convention on Load Lines,
80
International Convention on Standards of
Staining, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW),
80, 81
International Labour Organisation (ILO),
82
International Maritime Organization
(IMO)
international agreements negotiated by,
79~1
survey of, 101
tanker casualty data of, 2~25
J
Japan
crew size of, 9, 10-11
training in, 49-50
Japanese Committee on the
Modernization of the Japanese
Seafarers System, 129-130
Job design, and fatigue and boredom, 46
Junior engineer, 153-154
K
Kane v. Amencan Tankers Corp. (1955),
137
L
Labor organizations
information from, 10~121
safety concerns of, 30
Language difficulty, labor unions on, 106
Laws, on manning, 76-78, 133-138,
145-150
Licensing, see Certification
159
Liverpool Polytechnic, 128
Living conditions, 34, 44, 47
Lloyd's Register of Shipping
survey of, 101
vessel loss data of, 21-22, 23
Lookout
labor unions on, 105
rules on, 153
M
Maintenance
labor unions on, 107
and manning level, 61
and safety, 15, 32
Maintenance departments
establishment of, 78-79, 139-140
and manning level, 141
manning reductions in, 7~8, 62
watch-standing requirements for,
138 140, 150-151, 155
work hour restrictions for, 14~141
Maintenancepersons, 13~141, 154
Management team, 11-12
Man-machine tradeoff study, 64
Manning level
American President Lines C-9 container
ship study of, 69-70
automation and, 61
description of model for, 65-68
in emergency conditions, 68
evaluation of model for, 69-71
Exxon mixed product tanker study of,
7~71
functional model for assessing, 63-73
innovation and, 61
international agreements affecting, 79-82
labor unions on, 108
limitations of model for, 72-73
maintenance and, 61
operating conditions affecting, 68-69
port state control of, 82-83
regulatory procedures for, 60-61
shipboard task analysis and, 63 64
statutory basis for, 76-78
traditional, 133
U.S Coast Guard certification
procedures for, 59-62
utility of model for, 71-73
Manning reductions
automated boiler controls in, 5 -
OCR for page 160
160
containerization of cargo in, 7
in deck department, 6-7, 62
elimination of relief person in, ~7
in engine department, 5 - , 62
first generation of, ~5
future, ~12, 62
by Germany, 9-10
historical pattern of, 3 - , 5, 62
by Japan, 9, 1~11
in maintenance department, 7-8, 62
by the Netherlands, 11
by Norway, 9
in state-of-the-art ships, ~12
in steward's department, 7
two models for, 11-12
unattended engine room in, 6
Manne Engineers Benef Assign v. Adams
(1977), 136
Marine Safety Manual, 153-155
Maritime academies, 51-52
Maritime authorities, survey of, 95-96,
102-103
Maritime Index Bureau, injury data of, 22,
24
McCrea v. United States (1935), 135-136
Merchant Marine Act (1936), 149-150
N
National authorities, survey of, 95-96,
102-103
Navigation and Inspection Circulam, 156
Netherlands
crew size in, 11
survey of, 102
task analysis in, 13~131
training in, 5~51
Night watch, 155
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai, 101-102
Norway
crew size of, 9
survey of, 102-103
o
Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspection
(OCMI), 6~}61
Officer training
in Germany, 50
in Japan, 49-50
in the Netherlands, 5~51
INDEX
in the United States, 51-53
O'Hara v. L~ckenbach S.S Comparly
(1926), 130135
Oilers, 153-154
Oil spill data, 25, 26, 27
Operating conditions, affecting manning,
6~69
Organizational analyses, 64
Overtime work, 78, 137-138, 154
p
Pacific Gulf Marine (PGM), 12~129
Physical demands, 34
Pioneer Ship, 9, 11
Port state control, 82-83
Power failures, 33
Power plants, human factors and
automation of, 55
R
Radio officers, 153
Recertification, 54, 88
Registro Italiano Navale, 101
Regulatory policy
administrative provisions for, 153-156
background of, 132-138
continuing problems with, 141-144
findings on, 83
ideal framework for, 74
inflexibility of, 141-143
international agreements affecting, 79-82
labor unions on, 109-110
on maintenancepemons, 13~141
need to modernize, 78-79
port state control of, 82-83
recommendations on, 88
rules, 15~153
in shipping vs. civil aviation, 75-76
statutes, 76-78, 145-150
Relief helmsman, elimination of, 6-7
Requirements analysis, 63, 64
"Riding crews," 32, 39
Rules, 15~153
Safety
emergency response capacity, 3~33
fatigue and, 15, 31-32
OCR for page 161
INDEX
findings on, 35-36
further research on, 3~35
improving data collection on, 20
individual company data, 25-28, 29
industry information on, 21-30
labor organizations on, 30, 108
lack of reliable data on, 1~20
Lloyd's vessel loss data, 21-22, 23
maintenance and, 15, 32
Marine Index Bureau injury data, 22, 24
oil spill data, 25, 26, 27
physical demands on crew members and,
34
problem of quantifying, 17-20
recommendations on, 85~6
service continuity and, 34
social conditions and, 34
tanker casualty data, 22-25
training and, 15, 33
trends in, 21, 2~30
U.S. Coast Guard annual casualty
reports, 24, 25, 26
vessel operators on, 3~31
Sailors, 133n, 151
Schuffel, H., 130-131
Service continuity, 34
Ship management officer, 10, 50
Ship 90 bridge, 130 131
"Ship of the Future," 9
Ship operation center, 9, 41
Ship owners/operatom
questionnaire for, 122-125
safety concerns of, 30-31
Ship's foreman, 9
Ship's mechanics, 9
Single-handed bridges, 42~3, 130-131
Skill losses, labor unions on, 107
Sleep disruption, 39, 40-41
Smith v. Reinauer Oil Transp. (1958), 137
Social conditions, 34, 44, 47
Software analysis, 64
SOLOS, 80, 81
Southem Pacific Ca v. Hair (1928), 135
Stanwick Corporation study, 126, 127
State-of-the-art ships, ~12
Statutes, on manning, 76-78, 13~138,
145-150
STCW, 80, 81
Steward's department, innovations in, 4, 7
Stress, 38
watch rotation system and, 40
161
Sweden, survey of, 103
Systems engineering approach, 12-13, 59,
63 64
T
Tank vessels
casualty data for, 2~25
manning standards for, 148 149
Task analysis
functional model for, 63-73
previous research on, 126-131
Technology
and fatigue and boredom, 46
making best use of, 12-13
and manning statutes, 76, 78
and recertification, 54
recommendations on, 86
TNO Institute of Perception, 130 131
Gaining
corporate programs for, 52-53
in Germany, 50
in Japan, 49-50
labor unions on, 106, 107-108
in maritime academies and schools,
51-52
officer, 51-53
need for changes in, 4~49
in the Netherlands, 5~51
recommendations on, 87~8
and safety, 15, 33
in the United States, 51-54
of unlicensed crew membem, 33, 53-54
U
Unattended engine room, 5, 6, 43~4
United Kingdom, survey of, 103
U.S. Coast Guard
annual casualty reports of, 24, 25, 26
Captains of the Port, 82~3
manning requirements of, 59-62
oil spill data of, 25, 26, 27
Unlicensed crew members
in Germany, 50
in Japan, 50
in the Netherlands, 51
training of, 33, 5~54
in the United States, 53-54
OCR for page 162
162
V
Vessel loss
International Maritime Organization
data on, 2~25
Lloyd's data on, 21-22, 23
Vessel operators
questionnaire for, 12~125
safety concerns of, 3~31
Vigilance, 46~7
W
Watch officers, 50
Watch rotation system, and fatigue, 40~1,
46
Watch-standing categories, 154
Watch-standing requirements
discussion of, 133-137
for maintenancepersons, 138 140
and overtime, 138
rules on, 150-151
INDEX
statutes on, 77, 145-147
Western Pioneer, Inc. v. United States Coast
Guard (1983), 137n
West Germany, see Germany
Wheelhouse 90, 42-43
Williams, V. E., 127-128
Work assignment restrictions, 77-78, 137
Work hours
authority to set, 15~155
and fatigue, 31-32, 38~0, 46
for maintenance department, 14~141
statutory limitations of, 78, 137-138,
142n
Workload
and fatigue, 38
labor unions on, 108, 11~111
task analysis of, 47
y
Yamanaka, Keiko, 129-130
Youngstown (1940), 137
Representative terms from entire chapter:
manning level
