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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. CCalifornia Institute of Technology, 56 Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO), 60, 75 Canary Islands, 85 Carnegie Institution, 56 Charon, 10 Chemical processes, 122 galactic, 39 Chicago Airshower Array, 111 Climate and weather, 8, 32–33, 126–127 Columbus telescope, 56 Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby, 31 Computers and computer science, 6, 89, 91–99, 130 centimeter wavelength programs, 58 cost-effectiveness, 91–92, 96–97 international collaboration, 92, 96 simulations, 30, 42, 48, 91, 97–98, 127 Consortia, telescopes, 56–57, 96 Copernicus telescope, 65 Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 38–39, 44, 46, 51, 66, 117 Cosmic Background Imager, 25, 68 Cosmic rays, 22, 25, 38, 53, 68, 70, 71, 80, 90 see also Fly's Eye telescope Cosmology, 28–29, 44–45, 121–122 Big Bang, 8, 9, 28, 29, 44–47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 71 large-scale structure of universe, 9, 29, 47–49, 51–54, 73, 88 Cost-effectiveness, 119 computer technology, 91–92, 96–97 international efforts, 120 manned space programs, 103, 106 technology development, 68 Dblack holes, 9, 37, 41–42, 64, 66, 79 Defense, see National security Demographic factors, 150–152 Density of universe (omega), 49, 50, 52–54 Department of Defense, 16, 83, 113 Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 113 Department of Energy, 16, 69–70, 112–113 Department of the Navy, 58, 113 Naval Observatory, 132 Naval Research Laboratory, 113 Deuterium, 65 Digges, T., 45 EEconomic factors, see Cost effectiveness; Funding Education, 7, 110, 113–115, 122–124, 150–152 grants and fellowships, individuals, 55, 63, 110, 114, 116, 156 university research, 56–57, 60–61, 88–89, 106, 114, 122–124 An Educational Initiative in Astronomy , 114 8-m telescopes, see Infrared-optimized 8-m telescope; Southern 8-m telescope Einstein Observatory (HEAO), 42, 50, 64, 91, 96, 117 Energy sources, 16, 69–70, 112, 133 Europe, 58, 63, 85, 112 see also specific countries European Southern Observatory (ESO), 88, 96, 133 European Space Agency (ESA), 61, 67, 118 Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), 67, 76, 78 Explorer program, 23, 38, 65–66, 67, 90, 118, 119 Advanced Composition Explorer, 38 COBE, 38–39, 44, 46, 51, 66, 117 FUSE, 5, 23, 38, 65, 89, 111–112, 119 IRAS, 4, 30, 35, 40, 66, 67, 75, 76, 78, 80, 93, 96, 117, 119, 131–132, 134
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