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CARLETON STEVENS COON
Tune 23, 1904—June 3, 1981
BY W. W. HOWELLS
CARL COON was born June 23, 1904, in Wakefield, Mas-
sachusetts, a typical melange of Yankee stock, though the
Coons were originally Cornish.
At least two of Carl's forebears were Civil War veterans.
His grandfather Coon blinc} by Carl's time was a great
teller of tales, all calculated to make Car! very American in-
cleed. The old man talked not only about the war, but also
about his travels in the Miclclle East and his readings on Af-
rica. With his cotton broker father, the young Car} made a
number of trips abroad, especially to Egypt. His mother was
solicitous of his education, anct the family maid (also Yankee)
taught him to react before he went to school.
When he was young, Carl's only apparent awareness
of ethnicity came through fracases with Irish boys of the
neighborhood. Pugnacious as well as scholarly, he managed
throughout his early school years to avoid both distinction
and opprobrium. But not entirely. His clays at Wakefielc!
High were numbered when, macle fractious by boredom, he
descender! into the school's basement and swung from over-
heac! pipes until they broke and flooded! the place. As a cure
he was sent to Phillips Andover Academy.
Actually, Car! Coon had strong intellectual tastes. His love
of Egyptology began early, and he learned to read hiero-
109
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110
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
glyphic writing before going to Andover. Once there, he be-
came enamored of Greek, in which he took the prize at grad-
uation. He learner! Arabic at Harvard; but mathematics was
not in him either then or later.
At Harvard his affection for Egyptology continued, and
his knowledge of hieroglyphs got him into a graduate course
uncier G. A. Reisner. Under the great Charles Townsend
CopelancI, he took English composition a subject in which
he was an apt student anc! eventually a master. But his first
exposure to E. A. Hooton causect him to veer off into an-
thropology.
Despite a somewhat laconic delivery, Hooton was a com-
pelling lecturer. ~ myself know of at last three instances when
an unclergracluate, fired up by some idea in Hooton's dis-
course, clecicled to become an anthropologist then anc}
there—Hooton the while all unwitting of the conversion
going on in front of him. Coon was one of those three. Hear-
ing about the Berbers of the Rif in North Africa with their
occasional blonc! hair and light eyes, he determined on the
spot that his first goal wouIct be to study the lancis he hacT
long dreamer! of. (Hooton himself never got nearer to Africa
than the Canary Islands.)
Graduating magna cum laude a half year aheac! of his cIass-
mates in 1925, Coon went straight into graduate school. In
1924 he had visited Morocco to sneak a look at the Riffians,
who, le(1 by Abel el-Krim, were in revolt against Spain. It was
dangerous ground ant! therefore all the more appetizing to
Carl. Reconnoitering once again in 1925, he took his plucky
new bridle to the just-pacifiecl Rif to begin research for his
dissertation. Hooton, keeping the Harvard community in
touch with his hypera(lventurous stuclent, wrote an article for
the Alumni Bulletin entitlect "An Untamed Anthropologist
among the Wilcler Whites."
Earning his doctorate from Harvard in 1928' he stayer!
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CARLETON STEVENS COON
111
on in the anthropology department as an instructor. At the
sudden death of Roland B. Dixon, the great ethnographer,
Car} took over all his courses on the cultures of the regions
of the worm. Africa he knew personally. His course on
Oceania, which he clicl not know, was one of his most absorb-
ing. To inform himself on the peoples of Asia and Siberia,
he traveled in the USSR. He was to teach anthropology at
Harvard for twenty years, with time out for service in the
Army in WorIc] War Il.
A ,1 1 · ~ . '~ . . . .
~llc~l~-~ology In one lY~US, ootn physical and historical,
was still a relatively young science. It was intrinsically colorful,
even romantic, ant! not nearly so methodical and specialized
as it wouIcl become. This freedom of approach suited Coon's
temperament, giving his originality wicle scope anct allowing
him to explore peoples with gusto. With his natural flair and
engaging writing style, he soon became well known to the
public.
That he was colorful, anct that he macle his material so,
does not mean to say that he was unsystematic. Rather, un-
trammelecI by a plethora of guidelines, his modes of orga-
nization set the example for others. With great mental energy
and insatiable curiosity, he was a prodigious reader and
notetaker. He was lefthanclecI, anct ~ always saw him at meet-
ings writing on a pad of foolscap, his left arm curled over the
page. More important, he was an outstanding firsthand ob-
server—the prime qualification for anyone in his kinc! of
work.
It is ctiflicult to see how he manager! to file and organize
the great body of information he dealt with but, despite his
flamboyant image and uncloubteclly mercurial temperament,
he was a careful organizer. An enormous intellectual vigor
allowed him to follow up hypotheses without becoming wocI-
decl to them. Never a writer of small papers, he Coked for
the larger significance. It may be said that Coon's major con-
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112
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
tributions to science were the fruitful formulations that fol-
lowec! from his assimilation and organization of massive
,~ . ~ .
amounts ot 1ntormatlon.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: RACIAL ADAPTATIONS
Carleton Coon's The Races of Europe (1939) began as a re-
vision of W. Z. Ripley's 1900 work but endecl as a new opus
that used every scrap of published information on living pop-
ulations and prehistoric human remains and much re-
cordecl history besicles. Though some of Coon's hypotheses
seem dubious today, they allowed him to structure a mass of
material in a way that remains impressive. This book was
reprinted some years later ant! is still regarclec! as a valuable
source of ciata.
In 1933 he publishecl a novel, The Riffian, a product of his
precloctoral studies in North Africa. In the late 1930s he col-
laboratect with Harvar(l's E. P. Chapple on Principles of An-
thropology (1942), an ambitious quantification of the inter-
actions of speech and action among human indivicluals and
groups.
Coon's desire was to use Darwinian adaptation to explain
the physical characteristics of race. He defined these as the
physical features that distinguish modern populations and in
1950 published, with S. M. Garn and J. B. Birdsell, Races: A
Study of the Problems of Race Formation in Man. He was exas-
perated by what he called the "hide-race" attitude of people
who, from social or philosophical motives, seemed to deny
the existence of obvious biological differences. He became
indignant at any suggestion that his interest in race derives!
from racist motives. Although a good many articles had been
written about environmental adaptation for such traits, this
book was the first to address the problem as a whole.
In 1962 he brought out his magnum opus, The Origin of
Races (1962), based primarily on human fossil ~naterial
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CARLETON STEVENS COON
113
—a synthesis that remains unmatched today, even by Franz
Weidenrich. Yet his much criticized hypothesis that five sub-
species of Homo erectus evolved separately and in parallel into
Homo sapiens adversely affected appreciation of the book.
Coon later wrote that the stark wording of this theory had
resulted from a misunderstanding with his editor, and in
later editions the passage was rewritten. Yet it is the first ver-
sion that is still widely quoted in discussions of hypotheses of
human evolution. Coon developed objective criteria for dis-
tinguishing his two species, or grades, of Homo. He applied
these systematically and successfully, and they have not been
materially improved upon. His original interpretation incor-
porated the evidence of virtually all fossil material then
known, which the book presents with exemplary complete-
ness. The work remains both readable to the layman and
useful to the specialist nearly thirty years later. In 1965, he
published a companion and sequel to The Origin of Races with
E. E. Hunt, fir., The Living Races of Man.
Coon's last book, published posthumously in 1982, Racial
Adaptations, was a culmination of his efforts to marshal! the
evidence now including biochemical data and to suggest
explanations for physical variation in man.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Coon learned Greek early, he profited from good teachers
(including Hooton) and had a natural ear for English, which
he wrote wonderfully well. His correspondence blossomed
with fresh metaphors, but the hallmark of his style was its
simplicity. He turned out book after book, ranging from the
technical to the popular, from site reports, to texts, to trav-
ellogues, to novels. In addition to The Riffian (1934), he pro-
duced Fiesh of the Wild Ox, a fictional account of his life in the
Rif. Measuring Ethiopia is his exuberant account of his 1935
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4
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
adventures gathering ethnographic data in that country one
step ahead of Mussolini's troops.
More important was his 1945 The Story of Man, a high-
level popular book on human evolution and development.
His vast store of knowledge and his writing ability combined
to make this book both lucid and authoritative.
Yet his knowledge was not confined to physical anthro-
pology alone. In 1948 he became curator of ethnology at the
University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia, a post
that he held until the early 1960s. His 1948 A Reader in Gen-
eral Anthropology, an anthology of firsthand descriptions of
various peoples, proved as successful as his Story of Man. In
1951, his Caravan: The Story of the Middle East introduced the
layman to the peoples of Islam. He described present-day
hunting and gathering societies in The Hunting Peoples ~ ~ 97 ~ ).
In the early days of television, he appeared on "What in
the World," an educational program dealing with various ob-
jects in the collections of the University of Pennsylvania Mu-
seum. Froelich Rainey, the museum's director, would present
objects to a panel of anthropologists who undertook to iden-
tify them without previous knowledge of their provenance.
Car! was apt to recognize them on sight, but as a born show-
man and teacher, he held back. Instead of blurting out, "Of
course, a Fiji cannibal fork!" he would take note of the wood,
speak of stylistic resemblances, and talk of other clues that
might give away the object's area of origin before giving the
answer.
EXCAVATIONS AND FIELDWORK
The opposite of a museum-bound scientist, Carl's first
love was the field. With competence in archaeology and eth-
nology as well as physical anthropology, he excavated (while
on sabbatical leave in ~ 939) a cave in Tangier, where he founcI
deposits going back to Mousterian times. Recovering part
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CARLETON STEVENS COON
115
of a maxillary bone with Neanderthal-like morphology, he
returned after the war with a Harvard team led by Hugh
Hencken to complete the excavation. In 1948 he began ex-
ploring caves in Afghanistan and northern Iran, working
with the University of Pennsylvania Museum. This led to an-
other book, The Seven Caves, in 1952. He later investigated a
cave in Sierra Leone, finding Lower Paleolithic implements
but no fossils. On one occasion, when being shown around
excavations at rebel Irhoud in Morocco that had produced
an important premodern skull, he spotted a second skull of
the same type a find never credited to him in print by the
· .
excavation c erector.
Still more than studying ancient man, however, Carl loved
to observe remote and seldom-visited living peoples. His pre-
doctoral expedition among the Riffians was only the first of
many. In 1929 he went to northern Albania to observe the
Cheghs, undoubtedly the most isolated people in Europe,
who became the subjects of The Mountains of Giants, in 1950.
In 1959, he joined a team of physiologists travelling to Tierra
de! Fuego to study the few remaining Alakaluf Indians' bod-
ily adaptation to a cold, wet environment, which they endure
with very little clothing. His posthumously published, auto-
biographical Adventures and Discoveries gives firsthand ac-
counts of these and many other expeditions.
WORLD WAR II
During World War IT, Car! Coon's knowledge of remote
peoples involved him in a number of adventures well-suited
both to his abilities and his tastes. As he recorded in A North
Africa Story: The Anthropologist as OSS Agent (1980), he was
recruited in deepest secrecy before the 1942 Allied landing
in North Africa to stimulate an uprising against Spain among
the Rif tribes, if Spain should decide to join the Axis powers.
A plan to send him to Albania was later scrapped when the
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116
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Allies landed in Italy and southern France. While still a civil-
ian, Car] performed many special undercover errancls, often
posing in uniforms of his own devising as a British officer.
He also invented an explosive designed to to look like mule
dung that would blow the treacis oh German tanks. He was
later commissioned with the rank of major, and was invaliclec!
home after being hit on the hea(1 by a roof tile clisIocigecl in
a bombing attack.
TEACHER, COLLEAGUE, FRIEND
Throughout his life, Car] Coon remained} a great teacher.
He welcomed anthropologists of every level, from senior to
the most junior, to his home in West Gloucester, Massachu-
setts, on the edge of the Ipswich marshes. He discussect with
them whatever he was working on. He gave out his icleas on
recent discoveries anti publications, praising and disputing
with equal warmth. He die! not trouble himself with the rel-
atone s~gn~hcance ot his own discoveries, concentrating rather
on solidly demonstrating specific finctings. Although pleased
with his major books, he may have failer! to appreciate their
elect (not, however, lost on his colleagues) as models of con-
struction and formulation. Despite the constant theme in his
work of human variation as the result of adaptation to envi-
ronment and his voluminous memory for information, he
was ever one to complete a task and move on.
Reflective though he certainly was, Carl's temperament
was not calm. His thought and speech both carried an ecige
of urgency. An entertaining if sometimes extravagant con-
versationalist, he brought to speech the same gift for phras-
ing that he so amply ctisplayed in writing. Listener as well as
raconteur, he was moclest despite his flamboyance and totally
devoid of self-importance. He was also honest and cancTict
with his opinions whether they were popular or not. He was
a constant, generous, and enormously rewarding friend,
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CARLETON STEVENS COON
117
and remembered over fifty years his kaleicloscopic style
brings me vivid mental pictures and inward! smiles.
Carleton Coon was often honored. He won the Legion of
Merit in 1945 for his war service, and was made a membre
d'honneur of the Association de [a liberation fran~aise du ~ no-
vembre, 1942. He won the Viking Fund Mecial and Award in
Physical Anthropology (1952) and the Gold Medal of the
Philadelphia Athenaeum (1962) for The Origin of Races. He
was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1955.
He was president of the American Association of Physical
Anthropologists for 1962 and 1963. He was a member of
Sigma Xi and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1950 at the
time of his twenty-fifth class reunion, repairing a small omis-
sion indubitably caused by his eagerness twenty-five years
earlier to get busy with the Riffians.
In 1926, Car} married Mary Goodale. Their children are
Carleton Stevens Coon, Jr., and Charles Aclams Coon. Car-
leton, fir., entered the U.S. Foreign Service ancT, when his
father died, tract just been appointed ambassador to Nepal at
the same time that his wife became ambassador to Bangla-
desh. Charles Coon is a real estate broker in Gloucester and
a bridge player of international stature.
Carleton Coon, clivorcecI, marriec! Lisa Dougherty
GecIdes in 1945, the cartographer who cirew the maps for
many of his books. She became the companion of all his post-
war work anct travel. From first to last he travelled beyond
the calls of his fielcl work, to see and inform himself about
areas and people. Despite deteriorating eyesight, he never
stopped writing which he called his only hobby. After hoIcl-
ing several serious ailments at bay for some years, Car] cried
on June 3, 1981, at his West Gloucester home, shortly before
his seventy-seventh birthday. His brilliance left a lasting mark
on a generation of anthropologists.
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118
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
FURTHER READINGS
1940
The angel: Scientists at Harvard measure unique specimen of
Homo sapiens. Life, 8( 1 0~: 38, 4 1 .
1945
C. Ford and A. MacBain. Cloak and dagger. Collier's, 116~14~: 12-
13, 88-90.
L. Huot. Toys of hell. Collier's, 116~26) :28.
1951
Diggers. Time, 57~19~:46-47.
1952
S. L. Washburn. Viking Medalist for 1951. Am. I. Phys. Anthropol.,
10:227-28.
1963
L. Oschinsky. A critique of The Origin of Races. Anthropologica,
5~1~: 109-16.
Dobzhansky, T. A review of The Origin of Races. Sci. Am., 208~2~:
169-72.
1964
D. R. Hughes. Review of The Origin of Races. Man, 64:58.
Y. Rofinszkii. Review of The Origin of Races. Ch. Sov. Anth. Arch.,
3(2):43-50.
1965
B. G. Toeffs. Review of The Origin of Races. Anthropologica,
7~21: 179-87.
A. Montagu. Review of The Origin of Races. In: The Concept of Race,
ed. A. Montagu, pp. 228-41. New York: The Free Press.
1966
G. T. Bowles. Review of The Living Races of Man. Identifying
spaces: Geography and genetics. Science, 154~3749) :628-29.
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CARLETON STEVENS COON
121
With C. C. Seltzer. The racial characteristics of Syrians and Ar-
menians. Peabody Mus. Pap., 13~3~.
Review of H. Field, Arabs of Central Iraq. Am. Anthropol., 38:668-
69.
1937
Review of R. Storrs, The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs. Booklist,
34~7~: 127.
Review of L. S. B. Leakey, Stone Age Africa. Am. Anthropol.,
39:344-45.
Racial analysis of Somalis and Ethiopians. Am. I. Phys. Anthropol.,
22(Suppl.~: 11.
1938
Review of H. Sonnabend, L'Espansione degli Slavi. Rural Soc.,
3:351-52.
1939
The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company.
1940
Review of Akiga's Story (The Tiv Tribe as seen by one of its members>,
trans. R. East, Am. Anthropol., 42:511.
Introduction. In: Fossil man in Tangier, by M. S. Senyurek. Pea-
body Mus. Pap., 16~3~.
Review of I. Barzun, Race, A Study in Modern Superstition. Antiquity,
14~1~: 109-11.
The composite Irishman. The Irish Digest, 6: 10-15.
With E. D. Chapple. The function of religion in primitive and
modern society. Pamphlet, Harvard Peabody Museum Library.
1941
Introduction. In: Native African Medicine, G. Harley. Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1942
Technology and human relations. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci.
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Have the Jews a racial identity? In: Jews in a Christian World, ed. I
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Arensber~. World peace plans
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1943
Ed. C. S. Coon and I. M. Andrews. Studies in the anthropology of
Oceania and Asia. Peabody Mus. Pap., 20.
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Southern Arabia, a problem for the future. Peabody Mus. Pap.,
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The universality of natural groupings in human societies. I. Educ.
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1947
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Review of F. Taillard, Le Nationalasme Marocain. The Middle East I.,
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1951
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
stevens coon
