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PERCIVAL BAILEY
May 9, 1892—August 10, 1973
BY PAUL C. BUCY
THE BARREN CLAY HILLS of southern Illinois did not pro-
duce gooc! corn or hogs, but they proclucect superb men.
This southernmost section of Illinois is formecT by the Ohio
River on the southeast, by the Mississippi River on the south-
west, and by an indefinite, irregular line running from a few
miles north of St. Louis, Missouri, east to the Wabash River.
This triangle has long been known as "Little Egypt" anc! ap-
propriately has Cairo, located at the apex of the triangle and
the junction of the Ohio ant! Mississippi rivers, as its capital.
The unproductiveness of Little Egypt lee] to poverty. It
seems very likely that this poverty was the force that cirove
many intelligent young people to head North (generally to
Chicago) to become (listinguished judges, lawyers, scientists,
and doctors. The direction of this migration was cletermined
in considerable measure by the existence of the Illinois Cen-
tral RailroacI, which ran from Little Egypt directly to Chi-
cago.
In other parts of the United States, notably in New En-
gland, similar developments have been attributer! to parents'
erudition and the excellence of educational opportunities.
Certainly this explanation cloes not apply to skittle Egypt. The
fathers of these young men, for the most part, ekect out a
bare existence from the poor soil or otherwise worked daily
3
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
with their hands and were often drunk. Their harcI-working
mothers hac! little time for anything but bearing children and
caring for their large families.
The people of L`ittIe Egypt had migrated into southern
Illinois by way of Kentucky from Virginia, the Carolinas,
and Tennessee. Percival Bailey's forebears only partly fit the
pattern. His great-grandfather, Gebhard BoehIer, emigrated
as a young man from Hinterstad] in Baden, Germany. He
was a journeyman miller. Marrying upon his arrival in Illi-
nois, BoehIer (later changed to Bailey) aclded a German
strain to the English, Scots, and Irish stock common to south-
ern Illinois.
Percival Bailey's father, John Henry Bailey, never attracted
his son's admiration or affection. A laborer seldom steadily
employed, he cirank to excess and was irresponsible. Install-
ing his family in a one-room log hut, he took oh for Cuba
and the Spanish-American War.
Bailey's mother- a kindly, uneducated, hard-working
woman devoted her life to the rearing of her family. Born
Mattie Orr, she married John Henry Bailey when she was
seventeen years old. Percival Sylvester, her first chilct, was
born on her eighteenth birthday, May 9, 1892. Percival had
great affection for his mother, ant! her death in 1912, when
he was nineteen years old, was a hard blow.
Dr. Bailey was never happy with either of his given names.
During his early years he went by the nickname "Ves." In later
life he dropped the name Sylvester and the nickname Ves
altogether and preferred to be callecl Percy.
In 1906, when he was fourteen years old, Bailey left home
after a violent quarrel with his father and went to live with
his uncle, Gaphart Bailey, a farmer. His early schooling took
place in a one-room country schoolhouse anct was something
of a "hit and miss" proposition. The school year was short,
confined largely to the winter months, because children were
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PERCIVAL BAILEY
5
needed to help with planting in the spring, tilling in the sum-
mer, and harvesting in the fall.
Yet many apparently unrelated developments worked to
shape Bailey for the future. Hard work on his uncle's farm
turned the spindly boy into a sturdy, vigorous man. It also
convinced Bailey that he would not earn his livelihood with
his hands. At this same time he met a remarkable character,
Dr. Arsen Artin Sissakian, a country doctor he describes in a
paper entitled, "01' Doc Artin." This philosophical Armenian
and another general practitioner, Dr. George W. Barrows,
who cared for Bailey's mother in her final illness, did much
to turn Percy's interest toward medicine.
After completing the local country school, Bailey won a
scholarship to the nearby normal school, Southern Illinois
State Teachers College, now Southern Illinois University,
in Carbondale. He proposed to become a country school-
teacher, a goal that was never achieved, but his experience at
Carbondale was the beginning of a long series of varied in-
fluences that were to mold his future.
Throughout his life various women appeared at the ap-
propriate time to help ant! guide him. First it was his mother,
then Martha Buck, an Englishwoman who taught grammar
and etymology at Southern Illinois. Later Ethel Terry would
help him to obtain a scholarship to The University of Chi-
cago, while Sisters Leonardo and EtheIrita at the Mercy Hos-
pital in Chicago would protect him and teach him much
about life among charity patients. Most important of all was
Yevnige Bashian, the beautiful Armenian air! that he would
marry.
Martha Buck was the first person to create in Bailey the
realization that he was capable of being something more than
a country teacher. She stimulated and fed his ambition, and,
together with another teacher, Carlos Eben Allen, guided his
footsteps to The University of Chicago, which he entered on
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
graduating from Southern Illinois Normal University in
1912. He went on to obtain a B.S. in 1914 and a Ph.D. in
1918 from The University of Chicago and an M.D. degree
from Northwestern University, also in 1918.
At The University of Chicago Bailey's future began to un-
foict. He found himself in an academic worm of which he hacl
been totally ignorant. At The University, he came under the
influence of such giants as Harvey Carr, professor of exper-
imental psychology, who fostered! in him an inquiring mind
and taught him to ask, "What is wrong with this argument?"
George W. Bartelmez taught him scientific method. C. ~ucI-
son Herrick opened the florid of neurology to him. Anton
("Ajax") J. CarIson taught him to ask, as Bailey expressed it,
"Vat iss (lee efficlence?" Julius Grinker, not on the faculty,
stimulated his interest in clinical neurology. Later, others, in-
clucling Harvey Cushing, Pierre Marie, George Boris Hassin,
Pierre Janet, and Gaetan Gatian de Clerambault, were also
to be important in his development and training. But it was
his mentors at The University of Chicago who molded Bailey
into the scientist and clinician, anatomist, neurophysiologist,
neuropathologist, clinical neurologist, neurological surgeon,
and psychiatrist that he was to be. He became the outstanding
catholic neurologist, recognized throughout the world as
"Mister Neurology," a man without peer.
Bailey's Ph.D. thesis dealt with the anatomy of the brain,
and he later earned money to complete his medical education
teaching anatomy at Northwestern University, in Evanston.
He obtainer] his preclinical medical education at The Uni-
versity of Chicago and his clinical education at Rush Medical
College and at Northwestern University Medical School. Dur-
ing these last two clinical years, his studying was done largely
on the Chicago elevated trains running between Evan-
ston, on the north, Rush Meclical College, on the west, and
Northwestern University Medical School, on South Dearborn
Street.
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PERCIVAL BAILEY
7
The faculties of Rush Medical College and Northwestern
Medical School made little impression upon Bailey, and he
never mentioned them in later years. But he often spoke with
great admiration and affection of Julius Grinker, of the Post-
graduate Hospital in Chicago, from whom he first learned
clinical neurology. Grinker was a very able neurologist, who
wrote the section on neurology in Tice's Practice of Medicine,
a popular encyclopedic work of that time. Caustic and hy-
percritical, he was anything but cliplomatic in his clearings
with others. Yet Grinker recognizect in Bailey an intelligent,
inquiring young man whom he clelighted to teach. Bailey in
turn liked Julius Grinker anct lover! to learn.
After he graduatect from Northwestern University in June
HIS, he began his internship at the Mercy Hospital in Chi-
cago, completed nine months later. His impressions of Mercy
Hospital ant! its staff were for the most part unfavorable,
except for two nuns Sister Leonardo anct Sister EtheIrita, for
whom he retained great affection and admiration. (Bailey
related his experiences at the Mercy Hospital in a delightful
chapter, "Sister EtheIrita," in Up From Little Egyptian
As he was approaching the en(1 of his internship, Bailey
wrote two letters, one to the surgeon Harvey Cushing, in
Boston, and one to the psychiatrist Adolf Meyer, at Johns
Hopkins. This has led to speculation that Bailey was a man
who tract difficulty making up his mind and coul(1 not decide
whether he wanted to be a neurosurgeon or a psychiatrist.
Anyone who knew Bailey well would reject this interpreta-
tion, for—even at this early date his interest was in the ner-
vous system rather than in any one of its clisciplines. He
wisher! to study the neurosciences and at the same time to be
a clinician. He cared little whether his clinical activities were
as a neurologist, a surgeon, or a psychiatrist, as was true for
' Percival Bailey, Up From Little Egypt (Chicago: The Buckskin Press, 1969) 265
PP
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
the rest of his life. Cushing replier! immediately, Meyer, in
three months. Both accepted Bailey for training in their in-
stitutions, but Bailey tract aIreacly accepted Cushing's over
and was at work in Boston when he received Meyer's letter.
0~ and on, from April 1919 until July 192S, Bailey
worked with Harvey Cushing at the Peter Bent Brigham Hos-
pital in Boston. These were trying years. Bailey admired
Cushing's ability as a surgeon ant! as a teacher of neurosur-
geons. He recognized Cushing's unequaled contribution in
salvaging brain surgery from a premature (leash, in devel-
oping that specialty, and in showing how surgical lesions of
the nervous system could be diagnosed ant! successfully
treated. Yet he hacl nothing but contempt for Cushing as a
man. In Up From Little Egypt (p. 209), Bailey wrote of Cush-
~ng:
(1) he was very artistic and had a tendency to prettify his data, (2) he had
a tart tongue, (3) he had a tendency to believe anything which he imagined
was true and was not too careful about the conclusiveness of his proof, (4)
he had never learned to spell or write English correctly, (5) his scholarship
left much to be desired.
Yet it was during his years with Cushing that Bailey be-
came a neurosurgeon anti made what was probably his great-
est single contribution to neurology his book Tumors of the
Glioma Group, which he published with Cushing (Philaclel-
phia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1925, 175 pp., 108 illus.~. It rep-
resents many years of hard work in which Bailey applied his
knowlecige of neuroanatomy and neuropathology to the def-
inition of the microscopic nature of gliomas, their relation to
the normal glial cells of the developing and aclult nervous
system, the clinical correlation of these tumors, and the pre-
diction of their prognosis bases! on their microscopic ap-
pearance. This book completely revolutionized the under-
standing and diagnosis of these tumors anal still influences
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PERCIVAL BAILEY
9
neurological anct neurosurgical thought. Its excellence and
thoroughness are attested by the fact that the classification
of gliomas that it proposed has changed but little over the
ensuing fifty years.
Nine months after arriving in Boston, Bailey—unhappy
with Cushing's behavior returned to Chicago to work with
George Boris Hassin in neuropathology at the Cook County
Hospital. Hassin was one of the pioneers in neuropathology
ant! was largely self-educatec3. He, too, was a clifficult person,
but one whose keen sense of integrity Bailey acimirect. In
October 1920, Bailey returnee! to Cushing ant! Boston, only
to leave the following year for Paris. This year in France was
undoubtedly one of the happiest in Bailey's life. He always
recalled it with great pleasure ant! frequently regaled his lis-
teners with lively tales of his life there. At La Salpetriere, he
came under the influence of Pierre Marie, one of the greatest
clinical neurologists of this century. Bailey also learned to
speak French perfectly, without a trace of foreign accent, my
French friends inform me.
In 1922 Bailey returned from Paris to Boston and re-
sume(1 his work with Cushing for the longest continuous pe-
rioc! he was to spend with him. While he was still a student
at The University of Chicago, Bailey had developed a friend-
ship with an Armenian theological student, Antranig Becti-
kian, who married Marie Bashian. At their Betiding Bailey
met Marie's sister, Yevnige, who soon entrapped his heart.
Cushing learned of their plans to marry.
This was in those days of long ago when medical students,
interns, residents, and even young associates ctid not marry.
Cushing feared that marriage would so divert Bailey's inter-
ests and efforts from the laboratory as to be catastrophic for
his research. Learning that Yevnige Bashian's father was cleact
and her two uncles, Armenian rug merchants in New York
City, were the influential members of the family, he went to
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
New York to call on the uncles. They assumed that this dis-
tinguished surgeon from Boston had come to buy rugs. Cof-
fee was served, ant! after suitable courtesies were exchanged,
they got down to business. Cushing toicI them of the out-
standing young man whose career was about to be ruined by
his marriage to their niece. He could not have chosen a more
disastrous means of achieving his goal. Insteac] of convincing
the uncles to prevent the marriage, Cushing had, by his ef-
fusive description of Bailey's outstanding intelligence anct
great future, convinced them that here was the ideal husbanc!
for Yevnige. He returnee! to Boston empty-handec! no
rugs, no agreement.
Bailey's marriage further strengthened his contacts with
ant} interests in things Armenian, begun early in life with his
admiration for the southern Illinois cloctor, Arsen Sissakian.
Yevnige's brother, Antranig, was to become one of his closest
friends.
In 1925 the book on gliomas came off the press and Bailey
hac! already begun work on another monograph, Blood Vessel
Tumors of the Brain. This clinicopathological study was far
ahead of its time and, as a result, never attracted great atten-
tion. In 1928 surgical techniques for treating vascular mal-
formations were still many years away.
In 1925 Bailey returne(1 to Paris, again following up his
interest in psychiatry. On his first trip, Bailey had become
acquainted with Pierre Janet, who worked at La Salpetriere.
On this second trip he worked at L'Hospice de la Ste. Anne
with Gaetan Gatian cle Clerambault. Janet had been influ-
ential in the development of the career of Sigmund Freud
when Freud workoct in Paris, but had later taken great ex-
ception to Freucl's ideas, based more and more on- what pa-
tients told him. Janet, wrote Bailey (Up From Little Egypt, p.
2 ~ 3), "(listrustecl memory and had no use for accounts of the
sayings of patients unless recor(lecl at the time." De Cleram-
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PERCIVAL BAILEY
11
bault, on the other hanct, was a firm believer in the organic
nature of psychiatric clisorclers: "These phenomena Cler-
ambault believer! to be clue to intracellular changes in the
neurones of the cerebral cortex." (p. 214)
Bailey had given evidence of his interest in psychiatry
when he wrote Adolf Meyer requesting an opportunity to
study uncler him. His work with Clerambault was a seconct
manifestation of this interest, but it was not until many years
later—when he accepted an appointment as director of the
Illinois State Psychopathic Institute in 1951- that this inter-
est was to come to the fore.
In 1928 Bailey was selected by Dallas B. Phemister, pro-
fessor of surgery at The University of Chicago, to develop
neurological surgery at that institution. Bailey was thrilled
with this opportunity. His earlier experiences at The Univer-
sity, when he tract associated with such outstanding neuro-
scientists as Charles Hudson Herrick, George W. Bartelmez,
and Anton I. CarIson, hac! demonstratect that institution's
cleclication to neurology.
Franklin C. McLean, who tract close affiliations with the
Rockefeller Institute, had been recruited by The University
to organize this new medical school. McLean envisioned a
new type of medical school in which clinical fields wouIcI have
a close relationship, not only to basic medical sciences, but
also to biological and physical sciences represented elsewhere
in The University. Uncler such a system, both clinical and
preclinical departments would engage in research. It was also
McLean's plan that all members of the mecTical faculty be
employed full time, supported entirely by salary. Phemister
entertained similar views ant! had recruited—in acicTition to
Bailey Lester R. Dragsteclt, heart of the Department of
Physiology at Northwestern University, and George Curtis,
heac! of the Department of Anatomy at the University of
Louisville, as professors of surgery.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Knowing this, Bailey was encouraged to hope that he
would be able to develop an integrated department of neu-
rosciences at Chicago and not just a division of neurological
surgery. He might have had misgivings about his ability to
handle the clinical side of his new position, for much of his
time in Boston had been spent in the laboratory and his years
in France had not trained him to perform neurosurgical op-
erations. Ever helpful, Cushing, on learning that Bailey was
going to Chicago, remarked "l don't know what is going to
become of you. You will never be a neurosurgeon," (Up From
Little Egypt, p. ~ 264.Even Max Peet,professorofneurological
surgery at the University of Michigan and later Bailey's close
friend and admirer, exclaimed to this author on learning of
the appointment, "WhY. Bailev is not a neurosurgeon: he's a
pathologist!"
~ , ~ ~ ~
If Bailey was forced to rely on his own evaluation of his
surgical abilities, in the end, he was proven correct. He be-
came a superb neurosurgeon, though he lacked the enthu-
siasm for operating that characterizes most surgeons. Once
he had demonstrated he could perform an operation well,
he lost interest in repeating it and would turn successive op-
erations of the same type over to me.
Bailey arrived at The University of Chicago in the sum-
mer of 1928 and immediately began organizing a depart-
ment of neurosciences. As his neurosurgical assistant he re-
cruited this author, Paul C. Bucy, then a young man. Trained
in neuropathology by Samuel T. Orton, ~ had developed an
interest in the pathology of brain tumors. He also brought in
Roy R. Grinker, the son of Bailey's old teacher of neurology,
Julius Grinker, as medical neurologist. Stephen Polyak was
induced to come to Chicago from the University of Califor-
nia, where he had recently completed the research that re-
sulted in his publication Afferent Fiber Systems of the Cerebral
Cortex (Berkeley: University of California Press,.1932, 370
pp.~. Bailey intended to recruit into his new department men
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PERCIVAL BAILEY
37
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39
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
the subcutaneous extracranial tissues. l. Neuropathol. Exp.
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41
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
percival bailey
