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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
October27, 1901-December9, ·986
BY WILLIAM N. VALENTINE
WHEN MAXWEEE MYER WINTROBE died in Salt Lake City
on December 9, 1986, his distinguished career in med-
icine and in his subspecialty of hematology had spanned
some sixty years from the conquest of pernicious anemia
to the present. His scientific achievements are recorded in
more than 400 publications. His Clinical Hematology, first pub-
lished in 1942 and currently in its eighth edition, remains a
prototype of excellence and for many years stood alone as
the premier text in his chosen field.
In 1943 Max Wintrobe became the founding chairman of
the Department of Medicine at the University of Utah—a
post he filled with great energy and ability until 1967. From
that time until his death he continued an active and produc-
tive career at Utah as Distinguished Professor.
By all accounts, Max was a world leader in hematology, a
role attested to by a legion of honors, visiting professorships,
memberships and activities in national and international
scientific societies, consultantships, editorial responsibilities,
and perhaps most importantly—by the large cadre of stu-
dents who had flocked to be under his tutelage and who
themselves went on to be leaders in their medical communi-
ties and in academia.
447
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448
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
EDUCATION AND EARLY LIFE
Max Wintrobe was born October 27, 1901, in Halifax,
Nova Scotia. His parents (both of whom hac! emigrated from
Austria) adjusted rapidly to the new community, adding the
English language to their repertoire of German, Polish, and
Yiddish. Their educational background! was limited and their
lifestyle frugal, as dictated by modest means. His mother's
family, the Zwerlings, was large ant! had been in Canada for
many years. Max, an only child, responded to his mother's
deep interest in education and her urgings to stucly, work
hard, ant! achieve. In 1912, the family moved to Winnipeg,
Manitoba, where, however, there were few French and no
family.
A better-than-average student, Max entered the Univer-
sity of Manitoba at age fifteen. Having already determines!
on a medical career, he also made the decision to spend four
undergraduate years before entering medical school, though
only one year was required at the time. At the University he
showed his facility for language, favoring English, Latin, and
French ant! winning goIc! menials in the latter and in political
economy. He also discovered his love of history and the well-
turnec! phrase so important to his later career.
Entering medical school at twenty, Max developed a spe-
cial interest in the Johns Hopkins Medical Center through
the writings of William Osler, but limited circumstances pre-
vented any thought of transferring. Throughout his under-
gracluate and medical school years he worked at a variety of
ocict jobs to further his education ant! to help the family fi-
nances. Of his teachers at Manitoba he remembered William
Boyct, professor of pathology a flowery and exciting lec-
turer with a rich Scottish brogue as the most stimulating.
But as graduation neared, Max, who had achieved an out-
standing record, became increasingly aware of his lack of
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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
449
desire to go into private practice, though other opportunities
were few and resources limited. After his internship and re-
ceipt of the M.D. degree in 1926, the dilemma was resolved
by the offer of the first Gordon Bell Fellowship, named in
honor of the dean of the University who had just retired.
Wintrobe was first assigned the task of determining the
relative prevalence of achiorhyciria in certain western Cana-
clian communities where the incidence of pernicious ane-
mia a subject of especially great interest in 1926 was be-
lieved to vary widely. A second assignment, pursued
energetically but fruitlessly, was to produce achylia gastrica
in clogs. Thus was launched a clistinguishecI, lifelong aca-
demic career in the field of hematology.
THE TULANE YEARS (1927—19304: ANEMIA OF THE
SOUTH, NORMAL BLOOD VALUES, THE WINTROBE
HEMATOCRIT, AND CORPUSCULAR CONSTANTS
In September 1927, Max arrived in New OrIeans, having
accepted the offer of an appointment as assistant in medicine
at Tulane University from Dean C. Bass. Assures! of an an-
nual stipend of $1,800 and a small laboratory next to Roy
Turner—a Hopkins graduate ant! the consummate erudite
clinician it was possible to get married. Max returned
to Winnipeg and shortly thereafter, on January I, 192S,
brought his bricle, nee Becky Zamphir, from the-50°F of
Winnipeg to bright, sunny New OrIeans.
Max's New OrIeans years were both pleasant and procluc-
tive. Charity Hospital offerect a wealth of clinical material,
inclucting nutritional ant! other anemias of all types, tropical
disease, tuberculosis, and every variety of neoplasia. John H.
Musser, the distinguished chief of medicine, suggested that
Wintrobe find out if the widely believed "anemia of the
South" myth actually existed. Though Max could not identify
any such entity, the study allowed him to collect tiara and
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
develop techniques that became an integral part of the clin-
ical evaluation of all patients, not only those with blooc! and
marrow disorders.
He first worked to document statistically normal values
for hematologic parameters in normal adults and children.
Acceptec! round numbers of normality at that time were cle-
rivec} from only a few counts and from observations some
seventy-five years old. A "normal" hemoglobin value in men
was expressed as ~ 00%. Wintrobe's careful observations
macle on Tulane medical students and women from Sophie
Newcomb College together with observations by Russell
Haclen in ClevelancI, Edwin Osgood in Portland, and a few
made in Europe served as basic ciata for establishing nor-
mality in terms of quantitatively accurate observations.
Max's second important contribution was the invention of
the Wintrobe hematocrit, which universally replacer! the
leaky, awkwardly calibrated ant! poorly conceiver! devices of
the 1920s. Wintrobe's calibrated, straight-sided tube helct
about a milliliter of blood. Most importantly, any venous
blood sample being measured in the tube was anticoagulated
with a combination of potassium and ammonium oxalate that
clid not cause cells to shrink or swell. Although many millions
of the Wintrobe hematocrits have been soIci, neither Win-
trobe nor Tulane profited. Since the instrument was intended
for the public good, Wintrobe refused all royalties ant! ap-
plied for no patent.
Another important innovation came to Wintrobe in the
mi(lclle of the night while puzzling over the inadequacies of
the various indices then in vogue. These includec} color, vol-
ume, and saturation indices derived indirectly from ratios
based on "percent of normal" for reel cell numbers, hemo-
gIobin content, etc. Wintrobe's methoc! permitted direct cal-
culation of the average cell size, MCV (mean corpuscular vol-
ume in cubic microns), MCH (mean hemoglobin content in
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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
451
picograms), and MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin con-
centration in percent) quantifications that are stanclarct
procedure in research and clinical laboratories today.
I. H. Musser's invitation to assist him in rewriting the sec-
tion on diseases of the blooc! for the ten-volume looseleaf set
of the Tice Practice of Medicine (1931,3) marked a new step in
Wintrobe's career. The new section was documented with
great care and had a lengthy bibliography, not a common
practice at the time. This desire for full bibliographical cloc-
umentation later resulted in one of the most valuable features
of Wintrobe's textbook Clinical Hematology ~ ~ 942,5~.
During his three years in New OrIeans, Wintrobe worked
toward his Ph.D. degree. His thesis, The Erythrocyte in Man
(1930,3), represented a review of worIct literature and of his
own studies in that fielcI.
In his efforts to apply appropriate statistical methods to
his own data, Wintrobe had contacted Raymond Pear] at
Johns Hopkins, author of the helpful Introduction to Medical
Biometry and Statistics. With the assistance of Dean Bass, Win-
trobe was able to journey to Hopkins, see Pearl, and meet
Alan Chesney, clean of the Medical School. When searching
for a suitable publication for his thesis sometime later, Win-
trobe hit upon the review journal Medicine; serendipitously,
Chesney was its editor. Chance again favored Max, his thesis
was publishecI, and his long-cherished wish to study an(1 work
at Hopkins became a reality. He was offered an appointment
as instructor in the Division of Clinical Microscopy.
JOHNS HOPKINS ~ ~ 930—~ 943)
The Wintrobes fount! some aspects of life in Baltimore
less than pleasing, but meclically an(1 scientifically Hopkins
was all they had hope(1 for. Max directed the second- and
thircI-year courses in clinical microscopy, stimulating his stu-
clents by integrating laboratory findings with clinical prob-
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
lems and diagnoses. In adclition he worker! in the Outpatient
Department and gave consultations as requester! a practice
that burgeoned as his reputation spread.
The student caliber was good, the faculty talented and in
the forefront of medicine. The times were busy but the Great
Depression had brought austerity to all. Max had no secre-
tarial assistance and there were no funcis to train technicians.
He trained his own assistants (including Becky) but could pay
them nothing. Instead, he bartered training for their ser-
vices. To assist in studies in comparative hematology, Becky
first mastered the art of venipuncture on fish, and she sub-
sequently became chief technician at the diagnostic clinic.
Max carried out studies of comparative hematology on
animals in the Washington, D.C., Zoo, and during one en-
joyable summer at Mountain Desert Island in Maine, where
Homer Smith, Jim Shannon, and other distinguished scien-
tists were also working. The Wintrobes spent other summers
pleasantly working at Woods Hole in Massachusetts.
Baltimore was the site of much intellectual exchange in
medicine, and Wintrobe enjoyed and benefited! from discus-
sions with his many colleagues, including George Minot, Bill
Castle, and others of the Boston group. Max's career-Ion"
interest in pernicious anemia, for instance, was furthered by
his admiration of CastIe's classic experiments, and Castle ap-
propriately authored the foreword to his last book, Hematol-
ogy, the Blossoming of a Science ~ ~ 985, I ).
It was also fitting that Irving Sherman, a Hopkins student
working with Wintrobe, incidentally noted birefringence of
sickles! red cells in the course of his studies on the role
of deoxygenation in producing sickling. Bill Castle later
brought this fincling to the attention of Linus Pauling in a
chance conversation, giving birth to studies that wouIc] define
the molecular lesion of hemoglobin responsible for sickle cell
anemia and usher in the era of molecular biology.
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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
453
In 1933 Becky and Max, backed by a six-month leave and
a half-year's pay, embarked! on the first of their many trips to
Europe. During these months they visited a large number of
institutions and met many of the current and future leaders
of hematology in Englancl and on the continent. Among
many others were Otto Naegli of Zurich, acknowledged as
the outstanding hematologist in Europe, Isidore Snapper,
whose clinic was in HolIancI, Paul Morawitz of Leipzig, and
Janet Vaughn of England. Although Max's first paper was
published in 1928 in the New Orieans Medical and Surgical
journal, by 1933 he had already achieved a considerable rep-
utation in the field of hematology.
At Hopkins he sought to expand his data on normal blood
values and on the uses of the hematocrit. He clemonstrated
that the hematocrit effectively measured erythrocyte secli-
mentation rate and that, when proper centrifugation was em-
ployed, the volume of packed red cells could be ascertained
accurately and the mass of leukocytes and platelets roughly
approximated. The supernatant plasma was also a conve-
nient medium for determining icterus. With the hematocrit,
Wintrobe was also able to demonstrate a cryogIobulin in
blood and to diagnose a previously unsuspected case of mul-
tiple myeloma. As he and Buell reporter} in the Bulletin of the
fohns Hopkins Hospital (1933,2), the temperature dependent,
reversible turbidity evident in supernatant plasma in a he-
matocrit temporarily placed in a refrigerator, had led the
researchers to this diagnosis.
After returning from Europe, Max resumed a busy sched-
ule of writing anc} research. In 1940 he published a study of
forty members of three Italian families, some of whom suf-
fered from splenomegaly, milct icterus, and blood changes
recognized as a mild form of thalassemia. In a footnote he
pointed out that the same condition had been observed in
the parents of a patient with Cooley's anemia, also cited in a
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
later table in his first edition of Clinical Hematology. This ob-
servation coincicled with independent observations by Da-
meshek ant! Strauss in America and Silvestroni and Bianco,
somewhat later, in Italy, to establish the recessive transmission
of thalassemia. In 193S, another study by Wintrobe and Rob-
ert H. Williams (later to head the Department of Medicine at
the University of Washington in Seattle) clemonstratec! that
nonautolyzed yeast in sufficient amounts could induce a he-
mopoietic response in patients with pernicious anemia. As a
house officer, Williams was able to sequester suitable subjects
from the eye of Professor Longcope, who was unenthusiastic
about the study. The hemopoietic response presumably arose
from large amounts of folic acid in the yeast supplement.
Other studies conducted with H. B. Schumacker, who
later became chief of surgery at Indiana University, centerec!
on the significance of macrocytosis and its association with
liver disease. Struck by the fact that macrocytosis occurred in
both human ant! animal fetal development, Max, his stu-
dents, and coworkers began studying fetal Hood in experi-
mental animals. The opossum prover! unaccommodating
and was abandonecI, but the domestic pig proved more tract-
able. Wintrobe's early work with this animal model provided
a basis for his later studies in nutritional anemia, vitamin
deficiency, ant! trace metal metabolism carrier! out at Utah.
Though attempts to produce pernicious anemia in animals
prover! fruitless, other studies brought about diverse scien-
tific contributions in many areas: the role of splenectomy in
thrombocytopenic purpura, the etiology and management of
the anemias, and the diverse manifestations of the leukemias.
Quantitatively cleterminec! corpuscular constants became
universally accepted as a basis for classifying red cell ctis-
orders.
All of these investigations, both clinical and in the labo-
ratory, follower! Max's moclus operands. Experiments were
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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
455
clone meticulously, records were fully clocumented and main-
tained, all available literature was explored thoroughly, and
compendious bibliographies were compiled. Max consistently
involved both students and house officers in his research ac-
tivities, and his association with fine investigators (such as
pathologist Arnold Rich) stimulated the flow of ideas while
building valuable contacts. Many of these students and house
officers later achieved fame, including George Eastman Cart-
wright, who worker! with Max as a second-year student, fol-
lowed him to Salt Lake City, and in 1967 succeeded him as
Utah's chairman of medicine.
On Pear] Harbor Day, December 7, 1941, Max was work-
.
sing to complete the index of the first edition of Clinical Hema-
tology (1942,54. Since the authorities insisted he remain in
Baltimore he began studying chemical warfare agents with
Professor Longcope and Val Jaeger, then a house officer. At
Utah, he and Jaeger later continued the work begun at
Baltimore's U.S. Army Edgewoocl Arsenal (in Baltimore). In
1943, Max was called to be the chairman of Medicine at the
newly established University of Utah Medical School—the
first four-year medical school between Denver and the Pacific
Coast from Canada to Mexico.
T H E UTA H Y EA RS ~ ~ 94 3—~ 9 ~ 6
Max was now an established leader in hematology in
charge of the Clinic for Nutritional, Gastrointestinal ant!
Hemopoietic Disorders and an associate physician at Hop-
kins. ClinicalHematoZogy, published in 1942, hac! filled a major
voic! in the field and was well on its way to becoming the
leacling hematological reference work.
But when the Wintrobes and their young daughter, Susan
Hope (born in Baltimore in 1937), considered moving to
Utah in 1943, they did so with considerable trepidation. As
Canadians, they knew little about Utah, but two Hopkins
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
men Phillip Price and A. Louis Dippel—were going there
as, respectively, chief of Surgery and chief of Obstetrics-
Gynecology at the new school. In adclition, Alan Gregg,
vice-presiclent of the Rockefeller Foundation, and Isaiah
Bowman, president of Johns Hopkins, both urgect Max to
accept, stressing the importance of this opportunity to open
~ .
a new frontier.
But if Utah offered "opportunity," it offerecl, in Max's own
fiord, "absolutely nothing more." The hospital's clinical facil-
ities ant] plant were run clown and poorly administered. The
medical school was hou sect in a dormitory co ns tructecl for
World War ~ cavalry officers. The promised new medical cen-
ter materialized only after twenty-two years, to be cledicatecl
two years before Max's retirement as chief of medicine. In
1943, as far as he was concerned, faculty in all departments
had to be recruited, medical care improved, student scholas-
tic standards raised, goals reoriented, research projects and
facilities established, and supporting funds obtained.
Despite these hare} facts, all the departments continued to
grow steaclily, and their chairmen functioned well together.
By 1950, the Department of Medicine faculty numbered ten
and included high-caliber, enthusiastic recruits dedicated to
the goal of establishing a first-rate medical school. The
Hematology Division enjoyed worIdwicle fame, attracting
young physicians from North America and elsewhere in large
numbers.
Max instituted a program (later widely emulated)
whereby students, house officers, and fellows initially exam-
inec! all patients, whether private or nonpaying, as subjects
for undergraduate and graduate teaching. Between 1947
and 1984, 170 graduate students were trained in hematology
and participates! in research activities at Utah. Well over half
remained in academic medicine, a number as leaders, ant!
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
tive and compendious hematology texts, Clinical Hematology
was the prototype and remains a mode] of excellence in the
fielcI.
A second publishing endeavor highly valued by Max was
the Principles of Internal Medicine (1950,1; 1954,3; 1974,1),
with TinsIey R. Harrison as editor-in-chief. In 1950 when
Principles was first published, Cecil and Loeb's excellent text
enjoyed a near monopoly in its field. Harrison's Principles,
with its emphasis on the pathophysiology and biochemistry
of disease, opened the way for a new approach. Principles
recommended diagnosis and treatment based not only on the
signs and symptoms that brought the patient to the physician,
but also on this pathophysiology.
The original authors included Harrison, Resnick, Dock,
Keefer, and Wintrobe, who were later joined by Paul Beeson,
George Thorn, and others. Max was coeditor of this highly
successful text through five editions, and the book was trans-
lated into Portuguese, Italian, Polish, and Greek. For the
sixth and seventh editions, he served as eclitor-in-chief.
Max's final literary efforts sprang from a long-standing
interest in medical history. Bloodt, Pure and Eloquent (1980,I),
edited and partly authored by Max, was (like Clinical Hema-
tology) dedicated "To Becky." It includes his own chapters on
classic early discoveries in hematology, followed by chapters
written by contemporary hematologists who themselves had
made significant contributions to the subject areas of which
they wrote.
Most recently, his Hematology, the Blossoming of a Science: A
Story of Inspiration and Effort ~~ 985,~ tells the human history
of many contributors to the field through more than 500
biographical sketches. Writing this book as part memoir, part
history, Wintrobe yet realizer! that he could never cover the
lives of all who hacl contributed to "the Golden Age of hema-
tology."
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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
RETIREMENT FROM THE CHAIR OF MEDICINE
463
In 1967 Max was succeeded at Utah as head of the De-
partment of Medicine and physician-in-chief at the Univer-
sity Hospital by George Cartwright; it can hardly be saic! he
retired. As Distinguished Professor of Internal Medicine he
continues} to see patients and, of course, write. He continued
oIc! activities, initiated new ones, and receiver! a cascade of
honors and awards after becoming emeritus. His curriculum
vitae shows more than twenty visiting professorships at major
universities in the United States and abroad after 1967.
In 1977 the Wintrobes purchased a condominium in Palm
Desert ant! thereafter spent the winter months in the more
gentle climate of southern California. This meant an ens! to
skiing but the opportunity to golf, write, edit, ant! relax.
Many agencies private and governmental continued
their clemanc] for Max's participation. As a senior statesman
and ambassador his style underwent little change. He spoke
in deep, carefully measured tones, ant! when he was in
charge, he ran a tight ship. He never dispensed the fruits of
experience ant! wisdom with the benignity of a Bernard Bar-
uch, from a park bench. Fair and decisive, he hell! strong
opinions, and he clic! not hesitate to express them and would
scrap for a cause he believed in.
Reminiscing in 1984, he stated that he was unequivocally
happy to have accepted the challenge and come to Utah in
1943. As he looked back over the forty years since leaving
Hopkins, a time that had been full of opportunities and
crownec! with achievement, he and Becky couIct only con-
clu(le they were glad they had ventured.
When Max received his M.D. in 1926, the death sentence
of a diagnosis of pernicious anemia hac! just been commuted
ant! the discipline of hematology (essentially based on mor-
phology) wouIcl never be the same. That same year Cooley
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
was to identify the anemia that bears his name, but the tha-
lassemia syndromes their genetics, expression in heterozy-
gotes, and molecular basis remained unknown.
The first hospital-operated blooc! bank would not appear
for more than another decade. The Rh-antigen system was
undiscoverecI. The Coombs' test and autoimmune disease
were unknown and the erythroenzymopathies unsuspected.
The genetic code, the hemogIobinopathies and their molec-
ular basis were not the subject of any text. Nobody knew of
erythropoietin or discussed "B" and "T" lymphocytes, "col-
ony stimulating factor," lymphokines, or granulocyte metab-
olism and kinetics. There were no chemotherapeutic agents
for malignant blooc! dyscrasias except the arsenical Fowler's
solution employee! in treating chronic granulocytic leukemia.
No one had thought of marrow transplants, genetic engi-
neering, or the role of oncogenes.
These fragments of the explosion of information uncov-
ered between 1926 and Max's death in 1986 give some small
idea of what he liked to call the Golden Age of Hematology.
It was indeed a golden era and Max Wintrobe was one of
its chief architects and ambassadors to the world.
Max is survived by his wife, Becky; his (laughter, Susan;
and his four grandsons, Andrew, Stephen, Timothy, and
Davis! Brown.
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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1929
465
With M. W. Miller. Normal blood determinations in the South.
Arch. Intern. Med., 43:96.
Hemoglobin standards in normal men. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,
26:868.
The volume and hemoglobin content of the red blood corpuscles.
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A simple and accurate hematocrit. }. Lab. Clin. Med., 15:287.
1930
Blood of normal young women residing in a subtropical climate.
Arch. Intern. Med., 45:287.
Classification of the anemias on the basis of differences in the size
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The erythrocyte in man. Medicine, 9: 195.
1931
Hemoglobin content, volume and thickness of the red blood cor-
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ciated with liver therapy. Am. J. Med. Sci., 181:217.
The direct calculation of the volume and hemoglobin content of
the erythrocyte. Am. J. Clin. Path., 1:147.
With I. H. Musser. Diseases of the blood. In: Tice Practice of Medi-
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1932
The size and hemoglobin content of the erythrocyte. I. Lab. Clin.
Med., 17:899.
With L. I. Soffer. The metabolism of leukocytes from normal and
leukemic blood. I. Clin. Invest., 11:661.
1933
Macroscopic examination of the blood. Am. }. Med. Sci., 185:58.
With M. V. Buell. Hyperproteinemia associated with multiple mye-
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With R. T. Beebe. Idiopathic hypochromic anemia. Medicine,
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466
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With H. S. Shumacker, Jr. The occurrence of macrocytic anemia
in association with disorder of the liver. Bull. Johns Hopkins
Hosp. 52:387.
Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in
the blood of various vertebrates. Fol. Haematol., 51:32.
With I. W. Landsberg. Blood of normal men and women. Bull.
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1935
With l. W. Landsberg. A standardized technique for the blood se-
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With H. B. Shumacker, fir. Comparison of hematopoiesis in the
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1936
With H. B. Shumacker, [r. Erythrocyte studies in the mammalian
fetus and newborn. Am. I. Anat., 58:313.
1937
The application and interpretation of the blood sedimentation test
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1939
The antianemic effect of yeast in pernicious anemia. Am.~. Med.
Sci., 197:286.
Diagnostic significance of changes in leukocytes. Bull. N.Y. Acad.
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With M. Samter and H. Lisco. Morphologic changes in the blood
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Nutritive requirements of young pigs. Am. J. Physiol., 126:375.
1940
With E. Matthews, R. Pollack, and B. M. Dobyns. A familial hem-
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With I. L. Miller and H. Lisco. The relation of diet to the occur-
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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
467
rence of ataxia and degeneration in the nervous system of pigs.
Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 67:377.
1941
Attempts to produce pernicious anemia experimentally. Bull. N.
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1942
With C. Mushatt, I. L. Miller, fir., L. C. Kolb, H. l. Stein, and H.
Lisco. The prevention of sensory neuron degeneration in the
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I. Clin. Invest., 21:71.
With H. J. Stein, M. H. Miller, R. H. Follis, Jr., V. Naiiar, and S.
Humphreys. A study of thiamine deficiency in swine. Bull.
Johns Hopkins Hosp., 71:141.
With M. H. Miller, R. H. Follis, fir., H. J. Stein, C. Mushatt, and S.
R. Humphreys. Sensory neuron degeneration in pigs. IV. Pro-
tection afforded by calcium pantothenate and pyridoxine. I.
Nutr., 24:345.
With M. H. Miller, R. H. Follis, Jr., and H. I. Stein. What is the
antineuritic vitamin? Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 57:55.
Clinical Hematology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
1943
With R. H. Follis, Jr., M. H. Miller, H. J. Stein, R. Alcayaga, S.
Humphreys, A. Suksta, and G. E. Cartwright. Pyridoxine defi-
ciency in swine, with particular reference to anemia, epilepti-
form convulsions and fatty liver. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp.,
72:1.
1944
With G. E. Cartwright and S. Humphreys. Studies on anemia in
swine due to pyridoxine deficiency, together with data on phen-
ylhydrazine anemia. J. Biol. Chem., 153: 171.
With G. E. Cartwright, P. ~ones, M. Lauritsen, and S. Humphreys.
Tryptophane derivatives in the urine of pyridoxine-deficient
swine. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 75:35.
With W. Buschke, R. H. Follis, Jr., and S. Humphreys. Riboflavin
deficiency in swine, with special reference to the occurrence of
cataracts. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 75:102.
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468
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With R. H. Follis, fir., S. Humphreys, H. Stein, and M. Lauritsen.
Absence of nerve degeneration in chronic thiamine deficiency
in pigs. l. Nutr., 28:283.
1945
Relation of nutritional deficiency to cardiac dysfunction. Arch. In-
tern. Med., 76:341.
With H. J. Stein, R. H. Follis, Jr., and S. Humphreys. Nicotinic acid
and the level of protein intake in the nutrition of the pig. J.
Nutr., 30:395.
1946
With G. E. Cartwright, M. A. Lauritsen, S. Humphreys, P. J. Jones,
and I. M. Merrill. The anemia associated with chronic infection.
Science, 103:72.
With G. E. Cartwright, M. A. Lauritsen, P. I. tones, and P. I. Merrill.
The anemia of infection. I. Hypoferremia, hypercupremia, and
the alterations in porphyrin metabolism in patients. J. Clin. In-
vest., 25:65.
With G. E. Cartwright, M. A. Lauritsen, S. Humphreys, P. J. Jones,
and I. M. Merrill. The anemia of infection. II. The experimen-
tal production of hypoferremia and anemia in dogs. I. Clin.
Invest., 25:81.
With L. S. Goodman, W. Dameshek, M. l. Goodman, A. Oilman,
and M. T. McLennan. Nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of
methyl-big (beta-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride and tris
(beta-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease,
lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous
disorders. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 132: 126.
With G. R. Greenberg and G. E. Cartwright. The pathogenesis of
the anemia of infection. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 59:110.
1947
With G. R. Greenberg, S. R. Humphreys, H. Ashenbrucker,
W. Worth, and R. Kramer. The anemia of infection. III. The
uptake of radioactive iron in iron-deficient and in pyridoxine-
deficient pigs before and after acute inflammation. I. Clin. In-
vest., 26:103.
The mammalian red corpuscle. Blood, 2:299.
With M. Grinstein, }. I. Dubash, S. R. Humphreys, H. Ashen-
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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
469
brucker, and W. Worth. The anemia of infection. VI. The influ-
ence of cobalt on the anemia associated with inflammation.
Blood, 2:323.
With C. M. Huguley, Jr., M. T. McLennan, and L. P. C. Lima. Ni-
trogen mustard as a therapeutic agent for Hodgkin's disease,
lymphosarcoma and leukemia. Ann. Intern. Med., 27:529.
With M. T. McLennan and C. M. Huguley, Tr. Clinical experiences
with nitrogen mustard therapy. In: Approaches to Tumor Chemo-
therapy, p. 347.
1948
With G. E. Cartwright. Studies on free erythrocyte protopor-
phyrin, plasma copper, and plasma iron in normal and in pyr-
idoxine-deficient swine. I. Biol. Chem., 172 :557.
Nitrogen mustard therapy. Am. J. Med., 4:313.
With M. Grinstein and J. A. Silva. The anemia of infection. VII.
The significance of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, together
with some observations on the meaning of the "easily split-off"
iron. }. Clin. Invest., 27:245.
With G. E. Cartwright, J. Fay, and B. Tatting. Pteroylglutamic acid
deficiency in swine: effects of treatment with pteroylglutamic
acid, liver extract and protein. I. Lab. Clin. Med., 33:397.
With C. M. Huguley, fir. Nitrogen-mustard therapy for Hodgkin's
disease, lymphosarcoma, the leukemias, and other disorders.
Cancer, 1:357.
With G. E. Cartwright. Studies on free erythrocyte protopor-
phyrin, plasma copper, and plasma iron in protein-deficient
and iron-deficient swine. I. Biol. Chem., 176:571.
1949
With G. E. Cartwright, B. Tatting, and H. Ashenbrucker. Experi-
mental production of a nutritional macrocytic anemia in swine.
Blood,4:301.
With G. E. Cartwright. Further studies on nutritional macrocytic
anemia in swine. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 62:294.
1950
Eds., M. M. Wintrobe, T. R. Harrison, P. B. Beeson, W. H. Resnik,
G. W. Thorn. Principles of Internal Medicine. Philadelphia: The
Blakiston Company.
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470
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1951
With G. E. Cartwright, M. E. Lahey, and C. J. Gubler. The role of
copper in hemopoiesis. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 64:310.
Clinical Hematology, ad ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
1952
Factors and mechanisms in the production of red corpuscles. In:
Harvey Lectures, 45. Springfield: C. C. Thomas.
With R. K. Smiley and G. E. Cartwright. The anemia of infection.
XVII. A review. Ad. Intern. Med., 5: 165.
1953
With G. E. Cartwright and C. I. Gubler. Studies on the function
and metabolism of copper. J. Nutr., 50:395.
Shotgun antianemic therapy. Am. I. Med., 15: 141.
1954
With G. E. Cartwright, P. Fessas, A. Haut, and S. J. Altman. Chemo-
therapy of leukemia, Hodgkin's disease and related disorders.
Ann. Intern. Med., 41:447.
With G. E. Cartwright, R. E. Hodges, C. J. Gubler, J. P. Mahoney,
K. Daum, and W. B. Bean. Studies on copper metabolism. XIII.
Hepatolenticular degeneration. I Clin. Invest., 33: 1487.
Eds. M. M. Wintrobe, T. R. Harrison, R. D. Adams, P. B. Beeson,
W. H. Resnik, and G. W. Thorn. Principles of Internal Medicine.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
1955
With P. Fessas and G. E. Cartwright. Angiokeratoma corporis dif-
fusum universale (Fabry). Arch. Intern. Med., 68:42 and
95:469.
1956
Clinical Hematology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
With G. E. Cartwright. Blood disorders caused by drug sensitivity.
Arch. Intern. Med., 96:559.
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MAXWELL MYER WINTROBE
1957
471
The search for an experimental counterpart of pernicious anemia
(The George Minot Lecture). Arch. Intern. Med., 100:862.
1961
Clinical Hematology, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
1964
The therapeutic millennium and its price. Adverse reactions to
drugs. In: Drugs in Our Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
With G. E. Cartwright. Copper metabolism in normal subjects. Am.
J. Clin. Nutr., 14:224.
With G. E. Cartwright and I. W. Athens. The kinetics of granulo-
poiesis in normal man. Blood, 24:780.
1965
The problems of drug toxicity in man—a view from the hemato-
poietic system. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 123:316.
The virtue of doubt and the spirit of inquiry (Presidential Address,
Assoc. Am. Phys., Atlantic City, May 1965~. Trans. Assoc. Am.
Physicians, 78:1.
1966
The problem of adverse drug reactions. Am. Med. Assoc., 196:404.
1967
A hematological odyssey, 1926-66. Johns Hopkins Med. J.,
120:287.
1969
The therapeutic millennium and its price: A view from the he-
matopoietic system. J. R. Coll. Phys. (London), 3:99.
Anemia, serendipity, and science. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 210:318.
1974
Ed. M. M. Wintrobe. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 7th
ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
With others. Clinical Hematology, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 7th
ed.
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472 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1980
With others. Blood, Pure and Eloquent. A Story of Discovery of People,
and of Ideas. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1981
With others. Clinical Hematology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 8th
ed.
1982
Medical education in Utah (Medical schools of the west). West. I.
Med., 136:357.
1985
Hematology, the Blossoming of a Science: A Story of Inspiration and Effort.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
myer wintrobe
