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Biographical 71'femoirs
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
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~ ~NationafAcad~my Press
A,
The National Academy Press was created by the National Academy of
Sciences to publish the reports issued by the Academy and by the
National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the
National Research Council, all operating under the charter granted to
the National Academy of Sciences by the Congress of the United States.
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Biograpl~ical Memoirs
VOLUME 59
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 1990
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The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Con-
gress as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation for
the furtherance of science and technology, required to advise the federal
government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its cor-
porate charter the Academy established the National Research Council in
1916, the National Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of
Medicine in 1970.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER 0-309-04198-8
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 5-26629
Available from
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
J
2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.W.
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20418
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
FREDERIC C. BARTTER
BY]EAN D. WILSON AND
CATHERINE S. DELEA
GEORGE WELLS BEADLE
BY NORMAN H. HOROWITZ
SOLOMON A. BERSON
BY J. E. RALL
RAYMOND THAYER BIRGE
BY A. CARL HEMLHOLZ
WILLIAM HENRY CHANDLER
BY JACOB B. BIALE
GERTRUDE MARY COX
BY RICHARD L. ANDERSON
CONRAD ARNOLD ELVEH]EM
BY R. H. BURRIS, C. A. BAUMANN, AND
VAN R. POTTER
v
. .
V11
3
27
55
73
87
117
135
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V1
C O NTE N T S
GOTTFRIED SAMUEL FRAENKEL
BY C. LADD PROSSER, STANLEY FRIEDMAN
AND JUDITH H. WILLIS
HALDAN KEFFER HARTLINE
BY FLOYD RATLIFF
MARK KAC
BY H. P. MCKEAN
ALDO STARKER LEOPOLD
BY ROBERT A. MCCABE
MANFRED MARTIN MAYER
BY K. FRANK AUSTEN
WALSH McDERMOTT
BY PAUL B. BEESON
THEOPHILUS SHICKEL PAINTER
BY BENTLEY GLASS
GEORGE P6LYA
BY R. P. BOAS
EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM
BY JOSHUA LEDERBERG
CORNELIS BERNARDUS VAN NIEL
BY H. A. BARKER AND ROBERT E. HUNGATE
ROBERT H. WHITTAKER
BY WALTER E. WESTMAN, ROBERT K. PEET,
AND GENE E. LIKENS
MAXWELL MAYER WINTROBE
BY WILLIA1M N. VALENTINE
CUMULATIVE INDEX
169
197
215
237
257
283
309
339
357
389
425
447
473
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PREFACE
On March 3, 1863, Abraham LincoIn signed the Act of In-
corporation that brought the National Academy of Sciences
into being. In accordance with that original charter, the
Academy is a private, honorary organization of scientists,
elected! for outstanding contributions to knowledge, who can
be called upon to advise the federal government. As an in-
stitution the Academy's goal is to work toward increasing
scientific knowledge ant! to further the use of that knowlecige
for the general good.
The Biographical Memoirs, begun in 1877, are a series of
volumes containing the life histories ant! selected bibliogra-
phies of deceased members of the Academy. Colleagues fa-
miliar with the discipline ant! the subjects' work prepare the
essays. These volumes, then, contain a record of the life and
work of our most distinguished leaders in the sciences, as
witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and peers.
They form a biographical history of science in America an
important part of our nation's contribution to the intellectual
heritage of the world.
PETER H. RAVEN
Home Secretary
ELIZABETH J. SHERMAN
Editor
. .
V11
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