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OCR for page 261
Index
A
Aircraft and airlines industries,
innovations in, 34
imitators profiting hoary, 67
standardization of, 74
Antirust policies, affecting mtemational
competitiveness of United States,
17~175
Apprenticeship system, 208
Appropliability of innovations, 67 68,
89-90
access to complementary assets
affecting, 7~72, 77, 80, 89-90
industry differences in, 89-90
and profitability, 67~8, 72-76
in mtemational trade, 90 93
Assets required for colon of
innovations, 21, 23, 26, 3940,
7~72, 7~88
continual strategies concerning, 73-
74, 77-79
combined wide legation
strategies, 85
261
compared to integration strategies,
8~85
integration strategy for access to 7
77, 79-85; see also Integration
strategy
loose, 68, 74, 80, 81, 82, 90 91
parteniing strategy concerning, 3, 78
79, 90, 102, 103, 107, 115
and profitability, 67~8, 72-76
~ intemabonal Made, 90 93
specialized, 71, 72, 7S-76, 84
strategies for access to, 76-88
AT&T
breakup of, 132-133
worldwide affiliations of, 138
Automation
in process innovations, 26
in services sector, 125, 133, 137
Automobile industry
complementary assets in, 71
innovations in, 34, 38-39, 40
standardization of, 74
OCR for page 262
262
B
Banking and financial services, see
Financial and banking services
Black & Decker Corporation, revital-
mng product manufacture and
design in, 3, 5~62
impact on new product development,
61-62
by increasing integration, 58-59
Brazil, interaction of government and
corporate interests in, 250
C
Capital
availability of, for financing
innovations, 202
and investments in human capital, 233
in Japan 215-216
in services sector, 123-124
Centralization of activities
in consolidation phase of
technological trajectory, 225,
227-228, 229-230
in integration strategy, see Integration
strategy
in Japan, 221, 229-230
in mission-onented technology policy,
193-194, 234
in research and development
programs, 104 107
in seances sector, 132-137
Chemical industries
appropnabilin,r of innovations in 72-
73, 77
in Federal Republic of Germany,
Sweden, and Switzerland, 206,
210
China, People's Republic of, Interaction
of govem~nent and co~pcrate
interests in, 248, 249-250
Cola beverages, imitators profiting from
development of, 66 67
COMBAT (comm~,nibr in Education and
Training for Technology), 254
Comroumcations
INDEX
alla AT&T
breahlp of, 132-133
worldwide affliabons of, 138
and automation of data flow, 137-139
improvements in
and economies of scope, 137-138
and glob~li7~tion of industries, 98-
99, 107, 161-162
interaction of corporate and govem-
ment interests conceming, 254
and protectionist issues concerning
intemationa~1 data flow, 111-113
transfer of technology in, see Transfer
of technology
Competitiveness, international, of United
States, 9, 160166
antitrust policies affecting, 17~175
communication and transportation
improvements affecting, 98-99,
107, 161-162
costs and benefits of changes in, 166
168
decline of, 160-166
education affecting, 17~172
management techniques anffecung,
164 165, 17~176
requirements for future grown of,
168-169
services sector affecting, ~7,144152,
157
tax policies affecting, 173, 177
made policies affs~ng, 162-163, 165
166, 177, 178-186
value of dollar affecting, 165
wages as measure of, 8, 9, 168, 178
Complementary assets, see Assets
required for comm~ciali~ion of
innovations
Computer industry
access to complementary assets in,
70, 76, 78-79, 85, 86 88, 90
in automanon of insurance industry,
importance of flexible designs in,
137
imitators profiimg Tom innovations
fin, 66 67, 86-87
OCR for page 263
INDEX
interaction with government interests,
251, 252, 254
partnering strategy in, 78-79, 90
standmlizabon of ~ovadons in, 74,
87-88
worldwide affiliations in, 138
Computerized axial tomographic
seer, imitators profiting from
development of, 65 66, 85-86
Consolidation phase ~ technological
trajectory, 225, 227-228
~ Japan, 229-230
Containerized shipping, 71-72
Contractual strategies for access to
complementary assets, 73, 7~79
combined with integration strategies,
85
compared to integration strategies, 79-
85
Cooperation
interim; in Japan, 22~221
umversity-industry, 200 201, 208, 210
Cotporate strategies, mte~tion with
government policies, 11-12, 245
256
cormnon interests in, 25~251
new approaches in, 253-256
sources of conflicts in, 251-253
D
Data flow, see Communications
Decen~aliza~on of technology policies,
205-206, 207, 233-234
Defense industries
government expenditures on, 172-173,
193, 197, 198-199, 212
national differences in, 193
interaction of government and
corporate interests in, 248-249
requirements for, 169-170
role of Ices sector in, 156
Diffusion~onented technology policy,
192, 205-214
decentralization of activities in, 205-
206, 207
263
defense expendin~res in, 212
economic and institutional framework
of, 206 212
education and Gaining in, 206, 207-
208, 210
effectiveness of, 210, 212-214
ind~ial standards in, 209
research and development in, 209-212
socialization pattern in, 213
transfer of technology in, 210, 233
Diffusion of technology, see Transfer of
technology
Distribution systems, globalization
trends in, US, 96 } 18; see also
Globalization of industries
Drug industry, appropriability of
mrlovations in, 89
E
Education
in diffusion-oriented technology
policy, 206, 207-208, 210
apprenticeship system in, 208
as investment in human capital, 215-
216, 233
in Japan, 216
in mission-onented technology policy,
200 201, 204 20S, 207, 208
national differences in, 217
quality of, affecting international
competitiveness of United States,
170-172
and umiversity-industry links, 200
201, 208, 210
Emergence phase in technological
trajectory, 225, 227, 228
Engineering industries, mechanical, 206
207, 209, 213
Entrepreneurs, role in organizational
structure and manufactunag
innovations, 27-33
Environmental differences in national
technology policies, 200 203,
232
OCR for page 264
Equipment in manufacturing
and process innovations, 23-26, 29
"d product innovations, 21, 22
ESPRIT (European Strategic Program
for Rese rch and Development in
Information Technology), 113,
254, 255
EUREKA projects, 113-114, 255
European Economic Comity,
technology strategies of, 254
Evolution ~ m~ufac. - ing mdustnes, 2-
3, 1648
life cycle concept in, see He cycle
concept, technological
Exchange rate fluctuations
affecting globalization of industnes,
101, 1 10-1 1 1
affecting international competitiveness
of United States, 165
Expons
of product innovations, 25, 42, 43
of UDied States
decline in, 161
with military applications,
restrictions on, 113
F
Facial and banking seances
automation of, 133
changes in scope of, 138-139
competition in, 142-143
complexity of, 140
intemational, 146147
Fluid phase of innovations, 19, 21, 23,
29, 69
org~ni7~iional structure in, 27, 31
in process innovations, 23, 29
in product innovations, 19, 21, 25
profits in, 7~75
Fragmentation of industnes, compared to
globalization trend, 45, 9~118;
see also Globalization of
industries
France, technology policy in, 192, 203-
204, 223, 224
INDEX
and accessibility of scientific
info~don, 200
and defense expendinlres, 193
and design of research and
development programs, 198, 199
effectiveness of, 196
and funding of research and
dleYelopment programs, 194, 198,
199
icon of corporam and national
strategies in, 255
and labor force involved in rich
and development programs, 200,
202
and labor mobility, 201
and shifting to new uses of resources,
224, 228, 229
and technological trajectory, 228-229
and Safer of technology, 232
G
GATI (General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade), 180, 181, 182, 183
Germany, Federal Republic of,
technology policy in, 192, 207,
210, 211-212, 223, 224
and deepening uses of resources, 224,
229
and defense expenditures, 193
and education, 208
and funding of research and
development programs, 194, 198,
211-212
and industrial standards, 209
and industry-university links, 210
and labor force involved in research
and development programs, 200,
211
and technological trajectory, 229
Globalization of industries, 3-8, 9~118
compared to centralization of research
and development activities, 104,
107
driving forces for, 100-102, 107
empirical evidence of, 102-104
OCR for page 265
INDEX
enabling conditions for, 98-99, 107
historical development of, 9~97
limits to, 108-115
org~tiona1 structure of companies
affecting, 99, 114~115
protectionist policies affecting, 111-
114
services sector changes affecting, 146-
152, 157
Government policies, 8-12, 191-245
cross-national comparison of 10-11
decentralization of, 205-206, 207,
233-234
diffusion - dented, 192, 205-214; see
also Diffusion-onented
technology policy
diversity of, 232
environmental differences in, 200
203, 232
in France, see France, technology
policy ~
in Germany, see Germany, Fed
Republic of, technology policy in
and globalization or *agmentation of
industries, 97, 101, 103, 110
incentives provided in, 235
interaction with corporate strategies,
11-12, 246 256
common interests in, 25~251
new approaches in, 253-256
soumes of conflicts in, 251-2S3
and in~adonal competitiveness of
United States, 162-163, 165-166
artiest practices affecting, 174
175
in education, 17~172
in research and development, 172
174
tax programs affecting, 173, 177
trade legislation affecting, 177,
178-183
on investment in human capital, 215
216, 233
in Japan, see Japan, technology policy
in
mission-oriened, 192, 193-205, 232;
265
see also Mission-oriented
technology policy
on shifting and deepening uses of
resources, 222-231
supporting national industries, 104,
162-163, 216-217
in Sweden, 192, 193, 194, 210, 212
Switzerland, 192, 193, 198, 206,
207, 208, 210
and technological trajectones, 225-231
on trade, intemational, 177, 178-186
affecting profits Tom innovadons,
91-92
Genetal Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade in, 180, 181, 182, 183
import restrictions in, 163, 178
179, 181-182, 184
liberalizing measures in, 183, 184,
185
protectionist, 97, 184
special interest groups affecting,
184, 185
voluntary export agreements and
orderly marketing agreements in,
181-182
on transfer of technology, 200 201,
210, 232-233
in United Kingdom, see Uruted
Kingdom, technology policy in
in United States, 9-10, 192, 196 205,
223, 224
Gross nations product of United States
components of, 122
nufactunag sector in, 6, 161
seances sector In,
H
Health services
complexity of, 141-142
integration of, 133-137
I
IBM Corporation
access to complementary assets of,
78, 85, B~88
OCR for page 266
266
interaction with foreign governments,
251, 252, 254
parmenng strategy of, 78
worldwide affiliations of, 138
Imitation of ~ovabons, 3, 4, 65-95
access to complementary assets
affecting, 7~72, 76-88
emergence of dominant design
affecting, 68-70, 7~76, 87-88
in Tonal trade, 9~93
Imports of United States, government
restnctions on, 163, 178-179,
181-182, 184
Incentives in national technology
policies, 235
Innovations in manufacturing industries,
16~8, 52, 58-62
appropriability of, 67-68, 89-90; see
also Appro~nabili~ of
mnovabons
assets required for comm~iali~tion
of, 21, 39 40, 7~72, 7~88; see
also Assets required for
commerm~li~don of mnovabons
comparative analysis of, 39~2
and competition between productive
~its, 17, 35-37
emergence of dominant design of, 68
70, 7~76, 87-88
fluid phase of, 19, 21, 23, 29, 69
organizational structure in, 27, 31
in process ~ovations, 23, 29
in product innovations, 19, 21, 25
profits in, 7~75
government policies shmula~g, 172
174
imitation of, see Citation of
innovations
and integration strategies, 29, 4~41
and international trade, 42 44, 9~93
legal protection of, 67-68, 72-73, 89
90
and organizational structure, 18, 27
33
relationship to international trade,
4244
II~DB
in paradigmatic stage, 68-70, 75-76
in pre-paradigmatic stage, 68-70, 7=
75
process, 16, 17, 23-27; see also
Process Bourbons
in product, 16, 17, 18-23; see also
Product ~ovadons
productive ·Imt in analysis of, 17-18
profits from, 19, 25, 65-95; see also
Profits from innovations
radical and evolutionary patterns of,
33-35
rate of, affecting output and
productivity levels, 18-22
research Ed development investment
decisions concerning, 88
in small "d Lange fits, comparison
of, 88-89
specific phase of, 21, 22-23, 25, 26,
29
competition in, 35-37
organizational structure in, 31, 32
33
in process innovations, 26, 29
in product innovations, 21, 22-23,
25
transitional phase of, 19-22, 23-26, 29
organi7~ona1 structure in, 27-32
in process innovations, 23-26, 29
in product innovations, 19-20, 25
uncertainty concerns in, 19, 22, 25
Insurance industry, changes in scope of,
137
Integration strategy, 7~77, 79-85
combined win contact strategies, 85
compared to contact strategies, 80-85
and globalization of industries, 96 118
limits to, 108-115
and innovations, 29, 40~1
and profits from innovations, 3, 79-85
in services sector, 133-137
Interest groups affecting governmcut
trade policies, 184, 185
International complies, see
Multinational companies
International competitiveness of United
OCR for page 267
INDEX
States, see Competitiveness,
mtemational, of United States
Intonational trade, see Trade,
mtemational
Ins, steam and dry, revitalizing
manufacture and design of, 63~4
J
Japan
267
L
Labor force
and investments in human capital,
215-216, 233
in manufactunog
location advantages in cost of, 110
and process innovations, 26, 27, 29
into of government and
corporate interests in, 249, 253
254
productivity of services sector in, 149
technology policy in, 192, 214-222,
223, 224225
and cen~iz~i programs, 221, 229
230
and competition, 219-220
and defense expenditures, 193
development strategy in, 215-218
and education, 216
effectiveness of, 218-222
and funding of research and
development programs, 194
and intcr~ cooperation, 22~221
and investment ~ human capital,
215-216
and labor force involved in research
and development programs, 200
and lifetime employment system,
216, 220
and promotion of certain industries,
21~217
and shifting and deepening uses of
resources, 22~225, 2'29-230
and technological trajectory, 229
230
and transfer of technology, 217-218
trade relationship with United States,
180
masher of technology to, concerns
about, 112
transfer of technology within, 217-218
mobility of, 201-202
in services sector, 123
and average wages, 152-153
and number of job opportunities,
152-153, 154
Legal protection of innovations, 67-68,
72-73, 89-90
Licensing agreements for access to
complementary assets, 3, 72-73,
77
Life cycle concept, technological, 2-3
and competitiveness of productive
units, 35-37
and distribution of profits from
innovations, 68-70, 7~76
and international ~de, 4, 4244
and organizational structure, 27-33
and process innovations, 23-27, 29
and product ~ovations, 18-23, 25
and revitalizing manufacture and
design of mature products, 49-64
and technological trajectones, 225-231
d~e-stage pattern of, 12-13
Lifetime employment system in Japan,
216, 220
M
Management techniques affecting
international competitiveness of
United States, 164165, 17~176
Manufacturing ~ndustnes
antitrust policies affecting, 17~175
changing role of, in United States,
148, 153, 160 166
com~nu~cation and ban~or~tion
improvements affecting, 98-99,
107, 161-162
OCR for page 268
268
costs and benefits of changes in, 166
168
defense-related, see Defense industnes
glob~i~tion of, 98-104, 107
limits to, 108-11 1
government policies aft, 162
163, 165-166, 172-174
innovations "d evolution in, 2-3, 1
48; see also Innovations
~ ufactunog industries
management techniques affecting,
164 165, 17~176
orga~i7~tional structure of, 27-33; see
also Organizadonal sty re of
manufa~g indusmes
productivity of, 170-177
rate of innovations affecting, 18-22
requirements for future grown of,
168-169
services sector changes affe~g, 147
148
standar~tion in, see Standardization
~ manufacturing
Made policies affecting, 177, 178-186
met production costs in, compared to
volume of production, 27
value of dollar affecting, 165
Market segments, 17
competition in, see Competition in
product markets
homogenization of, and globalization
of industries, 98, 107
Marketing systems, globalization trends
in, =5, 9~118; see also
Globalization of industries
Materials required for commercialization
of me ovations, see Assets
required for commerci21li?=ion of
innovations
Matrix oration of companies, 11=
115
Mature phase of technological trajectory,
225, 227, 228
in Federal Republic of Germany, 229
Mech~hon in services sector, 125,
133
INDEX
Medical services
complexity of, 141-142
integration of, 133-137
Mergers
antirust policies concenung, 174-175
in services sector, 132, 13~135
Military power, see Defense industries
Mission-onented technology policy, 192,
193-205, 232
accessibility of scientific inforrn~tion
in, 200 201
competition in, 201-203
concentration of activities in, 193-
194, 234
design of research and development
programs in, 198-199
education and Gaining in, 200 201,
204 205, 207, 208
effectiveness of, 195-198, 203-205
direct, 195-197
secondary, 197-198
environmental differences in, 200 203
labor mobility in, 201-202
transfer of technology in, 200 201,
232
Multinational companies
antirust policies affecting, 175
communication "d transportation
improvements affecting, 161-162
in globalization of indusmes, 96- 118,
162
historical development of, 9~98
interaction with government policies,
24~256
common interests in, 250-251
new strategies in, 253-256
sources of conflicts in, 25~251
N
National policies, see Govemment
, . .
policies
National security, see Defense industries
Norway, research and development
progr~uns in, 200, 210
OCR for page 269
INDE:X
o
Organizational stn~cn~re of
manufactunag industries, 27-33
entrepreneurial roles in, 27-32
and globalization trend, 99, 11~115
and innovative capacity, 18, 27-33
relationship to international trade,
42 44
matrix, 1 1~1 15
mechanistic, 32
organic, 27
p
Paradigmatic stage of innovations, 68-
70, 75-76
P~enag strategy, 3, 78-79, 90, 102,
103, 107, 115
Patents protecting innovations, 67-68
affecting distribution of profits, 72-73
industry differences in, 89
Performance criteria ~ product
innovations, 19, 25
Petroleum industry, appropriability of
innovations in, 72-73, 77
Polarization, economic, in United States,
166 168, 172
reduction of, 17~178
Power tool industry, revitalizing
manufacture and design of
mature products in, 50~2
Pre-pamdigmatic stage of innovations,
6%-70, 71, 7~75
Price of product, innovations affecting,
19, 22, 25, 57-58, 62
Process innovations' 16, 17, 23-27, 29
cost of, 26, 29
revitalizing mature products, 49 64,
5~62, 63 64
trade secrets protecting, 68
affecting distribution of profits, 72-
73
transitional phase of, 23-26, 29
Product innovations, 16, 17, 18-24
and emergence of dominant design,
68-70, 7~76
269
revitalizing mature products, 49-64,
50-62, 63-64
uncertainty concerns in, 19, 22, 25
Product(s) interchangeable with services,
131, 144
Production systems
globalization trends in, =5, 9~118;
see also Globalization of
industries
process innovations in, 16, 17, 23-27;
see also Process innovations
unit costs in, compared to volume of
production, 27
Productive units in manufacturing, 17-18
competition between, 17, 35-37
hierarchical arrangement of, 17
Productivity
factors enhancing, 17~177
education, 170-172
innovations, 172-174
management techniques, 17~176
rate of innovations affecting, 18-22
of services sector, 149
increases in, 125-128
problems in measurement of, 130
Profits
from globalization of industnes, 100
limits to, 108-111
from innovations, 3-4, 19, 25
access to complementary assets
affecting, 3, 7~72, 76-88, 90-93
appropriability affecting, 67-68, 72-
76, 9~93
distribution of, 65-9S
emergence of dominant design
affecting, 68-70, 7~76
in international trade, 9~93
in product innovations, 19
research and development
investment decisions affecting, 88
in small and large firms,
comparison of, 88
Protectionist trade policies, 10, 97, 184
affecting globalization of industries,
111-114
OCR for page 270
270
R
RACE (Research in Advanced
Communications in Europe),
113, 254
Rental agencies, changes in scope of,
139
Research and development programs
centralization of, compared to
glob~ation of marlce~g and
manufactunag, 10~107
and diffusion of new technology, 232
235
government policies stimulating, 172
174
in Japan, 194, 200, 21.8
in mission~riented technology policy,
193-205
design of prods in, 198-199
effectiveness of, 195-198
environmental differences in, 20
203
labor force involved in, 200, 202
national differences in funding of,
194, 198
and profitability of innovations, 88
in technological trajectory, 225-230
Resources, industrial
required for commercialization of
innovations, see Assets required
for commercialization of
innovations
shifting and deepening uses of, 222-
231
S
Scale, economies of
Id globalization of industries, 96~118
and profitability of innovations in
s~nall and large firms, 88
and relationship of unit production
costs to volume of F reduction, 27
in services sector, 132-137
Semiconductor industry, innovations in,
33-34, 40
Services sector, 5-6, 119-159
INDEX
affecting manufacturing industries,
147-148
capital intensity of, 123-124
competition in, 142-144
complexity in output of, 139-142
concentration of, 125, 132-137
definition of, 119-121
problems in, 130
and distribution of weals, 152-155
grown of, 168-169
and interchangeability of products and
services, 131, 144
in international trade, ~7, 13~131,
132, 144152, 156-157
labor in, 123
and average wages, 152-153
and number of job Enormities,
152-153, 154
limits of current data on, 129-131
mechani7~don and automation of,
125, 133, 137
mergers in, 132, 13~135
myths about, 121-128
and power of society, 156
p~duc~vity of, 149
increases in, 125-128
problems in measurement of, 130
scale of acovines in, 132-137
scope of acquires fin, 137-139
structural changes in, 131-153
technological intensity of, 12~125
value of activities in, 121, 128
Soviet Union, transfer of technology tO9
1 12-! 13
Specific phase of innovations, 21, 22-
23, 25, 26, 29, 69-70
competition in, 35-37
organizational slrucn~re in, 31, 32-33
in process innovations, 26, 29
in product innovations, 21, 22-23, 25
S~dardizabon in manufacturing
affecting dis~ibudon of profits, 7~75,
87
in Black & Decker program, 51, 53-
55, 59
OCR for page 271
INDEX
.
271
and competidon between productive
~es, 3S-37
emergence of dominant design, 68-
10, 7476
and intentional trade, 42
orgaruz~tional changes in, 32
~ process innovations, 23-26
in product ~ovabons, 22
Steel Dusky, international agreements
coning, 176
Supplies r~ui~ for commercialization
of innovations, see Assets
for commercialization of
innovations
Sweden, technology policy in, 192
and defense expenditures, 193, 212
and fimding of research and
development programs, 194
and indus~y-university links, 210
Switzerland, technology policy in, 192,
198, 206, 207
and defense expenditures, 193
and education, 207, 208
and funding of msearch and
development programs, 198
and ~ndus~y-~versity Is, 210
T
Target uncertainty of product
innovations, 19, 22
Talc policies
affe~g int~onal competitiveness
of United States, 173, 177
suing research and development
programs, 173
Technical uncertainty of product
~ovat~ons, 19, 22
Technology transfer, see Transfer of
technology
Textile industries, 42
Trade, mtemational
adjustment programs concenung, 177
cats flow conchs in, 111-113
distribution of profits from innovations
in, 90 93
domestic impact of, 9
dynamic networks in, 91
exports of United States
decline in, 161
win military applications,
restrictions on, 113
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade concaving, 180, 181, 182,
183
and gloWi~ion of industnes, 9~118
government policies concerning, 177,
178-186
import restrictions in, 163, 178-179,
181-182, 184
li~rali~ng policies concerning, 183,
184, 185
net balance of United States in, 149,
150, 151
of product innovations, 25, 42, 43
protectionism affecting, 10, 97, 111
114, 184
relationship to innovation and industry
structure, 42~4
services sector in, ~7, 13~131, 132,
144 152, 15~157
special interest groups affecting, 184,
185
voluntary export agreements and
orderly marketing agreements on,
181-182
Trajectory, technological, 225-231
in Federal Republic of Germany, 229
in France, 228-229
in Japan, 229-230
phases in, 225, 227-228
in United States, 228
in vacuum nlbe industry, 225-227
Transfer of technology, 200 201, 210,
232-233
decentralization of policies affecting,
233-234
incentives affecting, 235
mvesunents in human capital
affecting, 233
in Japan, 112, 217-218
OCR for page 272
272
Transitions phase of innovations, 19-22,
23-26, 29, 69
org~ni7~tional struggle in, 27-32
in process mr ovations, 23-26, 29
in product innovations, 19-20, 25
Transportation
and contain en shipping, 71-72
improvements in, and glob~ion of
industries, 98-99, 107, 161-162
and ~ovabons in airlines industries, 34
imitators profiting Mom, 67
standardization of, 74
U
United Kingdom, technology policy in,
192, 203
and accessibility of scientific
info~on, 200
and defense expenditures, 193
and design of research and
development programs, t98, 199
effectiveness of, 195-196
and funding of research and
development programs, 194, 198,
199
and labor force involved in research
"d development programs, 200,
202
J~DEX
and labor mobilizer, 201
University-mdust~y titles, 200 201, 208,
210
V
Vacuum tube industry, development of,
225-227
Value
of dollar, and exchange me
aUcmadons
affecting global*~ion of industries,
101, 11~111
aff~g inter
competitiveness of Umed States,
165
of innovations, ami distribution of
profits, 65-95
of services sector activities, 121, 128
and national wealth, 152-155
W
Wages
and international comped~veness, 8,
9, 168, 178
in services sector, 152-153
Wealth, national, services sector
affect, lS2-155
Representative terms from entire chapter:
product innovations
