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APPENDIX B
Committee and Staff Biographies
Committee
George Somero, Chair, the Associate Director of Stanford University's Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific
Grove, California and the David and Lucile Packard Professor of Marine Science, is a physiologist who
examines the mechanisms that marine organisms use to adapt to their environments. Because he was
raised in the far northern corner of Minnesota, it was natural for him to move to McMurdo Station,
Antarctica, to conduct his PhD research while a graduate student at Stanford. In Antarctica, he
determined the physiological and biochemical mechanisms that enable cold-adapted Antarctic fish to
carry out their physiological activities in near-freezing temperatures (-1.9°C). Somero is fascinated by
organisms' abilities to cope with extremes of environmental stress and during his 42 years as a university
professor, his research group has studied organisms' responses to extremes of temperature, salinity,
oxygen availability, and hydrostatic pressure. This research has been done in environments as different
as deep-sea hot springs, tropical seas, the polar oceans and the temperate rocky intertidal zone.
Following his doctoral work, Somero did postdoctoral studies at the University of British Columbia with Dr.
Peter Hochachka. Together, over a period of almost 25 years, they published three volumes on the topic
of biochemical adaptation. Following his postdoctoral studies, Somero served on the faculty of the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego for 21 years. He then joined the
faculty of Oregon State University for four years prior to his return to Stanford and Hopkins Marine Station
in 1995. His laboratory currently is exploiting many of the new molecular biological tools developed in
biomedical research to examine the environmental biology and evolution of marine organisms. Their work
not only examines basic evolutionary mechanisms of adaptation to the environment, but also supplies a
foundation for predicting the effects of global climate change on marine ecosystems. Professor Somero
received a Guggenheim Fellowship and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
James Barry, with a background in biological oceanography and marine ecology is a Senior Scientist at
the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). Jim’s research program focuses on the effects
of climate-related changes in ocean conditions, including ocean warming, acidification, and hypoxia, on
the physiology and ecology of marine life. Other areas of expertise and research include deep-sea
biology, the ecology of chemosynthetic biological communities, polar marine ecology, and the biology of
submarine canyon communities. In addition to publishing over 100 scientific papers, Dr. Barry has helped
inform policy-makers on ocean acidification, ocean carbon sequestration, and climate change by
speaking at congressional hearings, briefings, and meetings with members of Congress. He was a
contributing author to the IPCC report on climate change in the oceans, and is an author of the National
Academies of Sciences report on, Ocean Acidification, a National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a
Changing Ocean.
Andrew Dickson is Professor of Marine Chemistry at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the
University of California, San Diego. His research interests include: ocean acidification, quality control of
oceanic carbon dioxide measurements, biogeochemistry of the upper ocean, marine inorganic chemistry,
thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions at high temperatures and pressures, and analytical chemistry of
carbon dioxide in seawater. Dickson previously served on the NRC Committee on Oceanic Carbon and
was the chair of the NRC Committee on Reference Materials for Ocean Science.
Jean-Pierre Gattuso is a biological oceanographer interested in the response of marine organisms to
global environmental changes, including ocean acidification. His research has focused on the response
of pelagic calcifying phytoplankton, but he has also done research on other calcifiers including corals and
coralline algae. He is also interested in carbon and carbonate cycling in coastal ecosystems, including
estuaries and the contribution of the microbial loop in the carbon cycling of pelagic systems. He is
currently the coordinator of the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) and committee
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member on numerous other international ocean acidification programs. Additionally, Dr. Gattuso is the
founding Editor-in-Chief (with J. Kesselmeier) of Biogeosciences, an innovative journal launched in 2004
by the European Geosciences Union (EGU). He received his Ph. D. in 1987 in Biological Oceanography
from the University of Aix-Marseille II, France.
Marion Gehlen is a senior scientist at LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement).
Her research interests include the evolution of marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems in
response to climate change and ocean acidification, the biogeochemistry of marine carbonates, the
contribution of coastal marine sediments to the global marine carbon cycle. Marion is/was a lead scientist
in major EU funded large-scale projects targeting the marine carbon cycle (CarboOcean, CarboChange)
and ocean acidification (EPOCA). She is a member of the GODAE task team in ‘Marine Ecosystem
Prediction.’
Joanie Kleypas is a Scientist III at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Dr. Kleypas earned a
Ph.D. in Tropical Marine Studies from James Cook University, Australia in 1991. Her research focuses
on how coral reefs and other marine ecosystems are affected by environmental changes associated with
global climate change. Dr, Kleypas has presented several testimonies and briefings to various
subcommittees of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives on how increases in sea surface
temperature and ocean acidification affect marine ecosystems. She has led several scientific workshops
on ocean acidification, and served as founding co-chair of the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry
Program’s Subcommittee on Ocean Acidification. Dr. Kleypas was an essential member of the previous,
related study on Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean.
Chris Langdon is a biological oceanographer and Professor in Marine Biology and Fisheries at the
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami in Miami, Florida. He received
his Ph.D. in biological oceanography from the University of Rhode Island. Dr. Langdon’s research focuses
on coral and algae primary production, respiration and calcification, and the response of corals and coral
reefs to global change and ocean acidification. He is the author of twenty-three journal articles and book
chapters on the subject of corals and ocean acidification. He was a member of the Ocean Carbon
Biogeochemical Program Ocean Acidification Committee for three years before rotating off in 2011. He
was co-organizer of Workshop on the Impacts of Increasing Atmospheric CO2 on Coral Reefs and Other
Marine Calcifers, St. Petersburg, FL Apr. 18-20, 2005 and the OCB Scoping workshop on ocean
acidification, San Diego, CA, Nov. 13-15, 2007. He is co-founder of the South Florida Coral Reef &
Climate Change Lab. Langdon pioneered the use of mesocosms and an experimental approach to study
the impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs at Columbia University’s Biosphere 2 Center in Tucson,
AZ. Langdon was also a reviewer for the NRC report Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the
Challenges of a Changing Ocean.
Cindy Lee received her PhD in chemical oceanography in 1975 from the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography at the University of California in San Diego and then spent 11 years at the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution. She has been on the faculty of Stony Brook University’s Marine Sciences
Research Center since 1986. She has participated in many national and international research programs
and has sailed all the Seven Seas. Her research is concerned with the distribution and behavior of
biogenic organic compounds in the marine environment, and the role of these compounds in the global
carbon cycle. Understanding how organic compounds behave requires knowledge of the biological,
geological, and physical processes in the sea. Dr. Lee is interested in organic compounds in all
environments, particularly seawater, surface microlayer and sediments of open ocean and coastal areas.
She has been a member of the NAS Ocean Studies Board, as well as the Committee on Reference
Materials for Ocean Science.
Edward L. Miles has been a pioneer and innovator in the evaluation and design of environmental policy.
His research was instrumental to the development of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea, a convention designed to restructure and significantly expand the legal regime for the world’s
oceans. He is also a key leader in the study of policies for climate change assessments. Edward Miles
serves on the faculty of the Evans School and the School of Marine Affairs in the University of
Washington's College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences. He teaches international science and technology
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policy and marine policy. Miles' research focuses primarily on problems of international science and
technology policy, management of world fisheries, nuclear waste disposal, the law of the sea,
comparative national marine policy, and global climate change. He has been a Ford Foundation Fellow; a
Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow; a James P. Warburg Fellow at the Center for
International Affairs, Harvard University; and a Senior Fellow at the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution. He is currently a senior fellow at the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and
Oceans (JISAO), Virginia and Prentice M. Bloedel Professor of Marine Studies and Public Affairs, and co-
director of the Center for Science in the Earth System (CSES). Miles previously served as: chairman of
the Ocean Policy Committee, National Research Council; joint appointee and chief negotiator for the
Micronesian Maritime Authority, Federated States of Micronesia; chairman of the Advisory Group on the
International Implications of Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste into the Seabed, Nuclear Energy
Agency, OECD, Paris; and chairman of the Advisory Committee on International Programs, National
Science Foundation. He has also been a member of the Advisory Committee on Social, Behavioral, and
Economic Sciences for the National Science Foundation. He is the lead author of marine policy for the
working Group II-B of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the 2nd 1995 assessment. He
was also a 2003 member of The National Academy of Sciences and fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science. Miles holds a Ph.D. in international relations from the University of
Denver, and a BA in history from Howard University.
James N. Sanchirico received his Ph.D. in agricultural and resource economics from the University of
California at Davis. After working nine years in Washington D.C. as a Fellow and then a Senior Fellow
with Resources for the Future (an independent, non-profit environmental policy think-tank), he returned to
UC Davis, where he is currently a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy.
His main research interests include the economic analysis of policy design and implementation for marine
and terrestrial species conservation, the development of economic-ecological models for forecasting the
effects of resource management policies on the economics and ecology, and the control and prevention
of invasive species. Twice his research has been honored with Quality of Research Discovery awards
from the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, and he was part of the team of researchers at
Resources for the Future honored with FEEM’s 20th Anniversary Prize in Environmental Economics. He
communicates his research in economic and natural science peer-reviewed journals, including Science,
U.S. Proceedings of the National Academies of Science, Conservation Letters, Marine Policy, and the
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. His research has been covered in the Wall
Street Journal, Science News, National Public Radio Science Fridays, The Economist, Providence
Journal, and Greenwire News Service. In addition to serving on NOAA's Science Advisory Board, he is a
member of the Science Advisory committee of the Marine Ecosystem Services program at Forest Trends,
on the editorial boards of Ecology Letters and Journal of Theoretical Ecology, and a Nonresident Fellow
at Resources for the Future.
Staff
Claudia Mengelt is a senior program officer with the Ocean Studies Board. After completing her B.S. in
aquatic biology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, she received her M.S. in biological
oceanography from the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University. Her
Master's degree research focused on how chemical and physical parameters in the surface ocean affect
Antarctic phytoplankton species composition and consequently impact biogeochemical cycles. She
obtained her Ph.D. in marine sciences from the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she
conducted research on the photophysiology of harmful algal species. She joined the full-time staff of the
National Academies' Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate in fall 2005, following a fellowship with
the same group in winter 2005. While with the Academies, she has worked on studies including the
Analysis of Global Change Assessments (2007), Strategic Guidance for the NSF's Support of
Atmospheric Sciences (2007), Earth Observations from Space: The First 50 Years of Scientific
Achievements (2007), Tsunami Warning and Preparedness (2010), and Adapting to the Impacts of
Climate Change (2010).
Jessica Dutton received her B.A. from Mount Holyoke College, and her Ph.D. in marine biology from the
University of California, Santa Barbara. As an ecological physiologist, her doctoral research focused on
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understanding the relationship between species tolerances and coastal environmental conditions, and
how such patterns relate to range distributions and climate change. She was a fellow in 2009 with the
National Sea Grant Knauss Marine Policy Fellowship Program, and in 2012 with the Christine Mirzayan
Science and Technology Policy Fellowship Program at the National Academy of Sciences. In the latter
position, and subsequently as a Research Associate, she has worked with the Ocean Studies Board on
several NRC studies including the "Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon-252 Oil Spill on
Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of Mexico," "Review of the National Ocean Acidification Research Plan,"
and "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Stock Rebuilding Plans of the 2006 Fishery Conservation and
Management Reauthorization Act."
Heather Chiarello joined the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in July 2008. She graduated magna
cum laude from Central Michigan University in 2007 with a B.S. in political science with a concentration in
public administration. Ms. Chiarello is currently a senior program assistant with the Ocean Studies Board
in the Division on Earth and Life Sciences, and also with the Committee on International Security and
Arms Control in the Policy and Global Affairs Division of the National Academies. She is pursuing a
Master’s degree in sociology and public policy analysis at The Catholic University of America in
Washington, D.C.
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