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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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THE CASE FOR INTERNATIONAL SHARING OF SCIENTIFIC DATA:
A FOCUS ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM

Kathie Bailey Mathae and Paul F. Uhlir, Editors

Committee on the Case of International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries
Board on International Scientific Organizations
Board on Research Data and Information
Policy and Global Affairs

In collaboration with the Committee on
Freedom and Responsibility in the Conduct of Science
International Council for Science

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
                          OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.

www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS    500 Fifth Street, NW    Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by the National Science Foundation (Award No. OISE-0614728 and OGI-1040898). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Room 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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COMMITTEE ON THE CASE FOR INTERNATIONAL SHARING OF SCIENTIFIC DATA: A FOCUS ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

FAROUK EL-BAZ (Chair), Boston University

BARBARA ANDREWS, University of Chile

ROBERTA BALSTAD, Center for International Earth Sciences

JOHN RUMBLE, JR., Information International Associates, Inc.

WILLIAM WULF, University of Virginia

TILAHUN YILMA, University of California, Davis

Staff

KATHIE BAILEY MATHAE, Study Director

PAUL F. UHLIR, Study Director

LYNELLE VIDALE, Program Associate

CHERYL WILLIAMS LEVEY, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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BOARD ON INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS

Cutberto Garza, MD (IOM), Chair, Boston College

Marvin Geller, Stony Brook University

Daniel Goroff, Alfred Sloan Foundation

Priscilla Grew, University of Nebraska State Museum

Melinda Kimble, United Nations Foundation

Dennis Ojima, Colorado State University

Kennedy Reed, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

John Rumble, Jr., Information International Associates, Inc.

Karen Strier (NAS), University of Wisconsin

Tilahun Yilma (NAS), University of California, Davis

EX OFFICIO

Roberta Balstad, Retired

Michael Clegg (NAS), University of California, Irvine

Dov Jaron, Drexel University

J. Bruce Overmier, University of Minnesota

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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BOARD ON RESEARCH DATA AND INFORMATION

Francine Berman, Cochair, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Clifford Lynch, Cochair, Coalition for Networked Information

Laura Bartolo, Kent State University

Philip Bourne, University of California, San Diego

Henry Brady, University of California, Berkeley

Mark Brender, GeoEye Foundation

Bonnie Carroll, Information International Associates

Michael Carroll, Washington College of Law, American University

Sayeed Choudhury, Johns Hopkins University

Keith Clarke, University of California, Santa Barbara

Paul David, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research

Kelvin Droegemeier, University of Oklahoma

Clifford Duke, Ecological Society of America

Barbara Entwisle, University of North Carolina

Stephen Friend, Sage Bionetworks

Margaret Hedstrom, University of Michigan

Alexa McCray, Harvard Medical School

Alan Title, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center

Ann Wolpert, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

EX OFFICIO

Robert Chen, Columbia University

Michael Clegg, University of California, Irvine

Sara Graves, University of Alabama in Huntsville

John Faundeen, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center

Eric Kihn, National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA)

Chris Lenhardt, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Kathleen Robinette, Air Force Research Laboratory

Alex de Sherbinin, Columbia University

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PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Scientific research and problem solving are increasingly dependent for successful outcomes on access to diverse sources of data generated by the public and academic research community. Global issues, such as disaster mitigation and response, international environmental management, epidemiology of infectious diseases, and various types of sustainable development concerns, require access to reliable data from many, if not all, countries. Digital networks now provide a near-universal infrastructure for sharing much of this factual information on a timely, comprehensive, and low-cost basis. There also are many compelling examples of data sharing in different research and application areas that have yielded great benefits to the world community, although many more could be similarly facilitated.

Many countries that are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and some emerging economies already have implemented national policies and programs for public data management and access, while others are in the process of developing them. Nevertheless, many developing countries do not have formal mechanisms in place. The topic of “data sharing” is broad and complex, and developing countries have different infrastructure, human resource, and access needs that must be addressed. (For purposes of this report, “developing” countries are defined as non-OECD countries, recognizing that there is a broad range of economic development among the non-OECD nations.)

There are various specific barriers to the access and sharing of scientific data collected by governments or by researchers using public funding. Such obstacles include scientific and technical, institutional and management, economic and financial, legal and policy, and normative and sociocultural barriers, as well as limitations in digital infrastructure. Some of these barriers are possible to diminish or remove, whereas others seek to balance competing values that impose legitimate limitations on openness. Despite such challenges, however, there could be much greater value and benefits to research and society, particularly for economic and social development, from the broader use and sharing of existing factual data sources.

Many researchers in developing countries, in particular, lack the norms and traditions of more open data sharing for collaborative research and for the development of common research resources for the benefit of the entire research community. Moreover, the governments in many developing countries treat publicly generated or publicly funded research data either as secret or commercial commodities. Even if governments do not actively protect such data, many lack policies that provide guidance or identify responsibilities for the researchers they fund concerning the conditions under which researchers should make their data available for others to use. Finally, developing countries frequently do not have data centers or digital repositories in place to which researchers can submit their data for use by others. In those cases where such repositories do exist, they tend to be managed as black archives—that is, not open to most researchers or the general public.

Because of the importance of data access and sharing in the developing world, an ad hoc committee of the Board on International Scientific Organizations (BISO) and the Board on Research Data and Information (BRDI), in consultation with the Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in the Conduct of Science (CFRS) of the International Council for Science (ICSU), organized a 2-day international symposium in Washington, D.C., on April 18–19, 2011. The main objective of the symposium was to gain better understanding of the data access and sharing situation in the developing world, with a focus on barriers, opportunities, and future actions.

Part One of the proceedings addresses the following questions: Why is the international sharing of publicly funded scientific data important, especially for development? What are some examples of past

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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successes, and what are the types of global research and applications problems that can be addressed with more complete access to government data collections and government-funded data sources?

Part Two provides an overview of the status of public data access internationally, particularly in developing countries. Part Three explores the principal barriers and limits to sharing public data across borders. Finally, Part Four discusses the rights and responsibilities of scientists and research organizations in providing and getting access to publicly funded scientific data. It also provides some insights on how international scientific organizations, government agencies, and scientists can more successfully improve sharing of publicly funded data to address global challenges, particularly in less economically developed countries.

This proceedings contains edited versions of the symposium presentations. As such, they vary in length, formality, and style. Some are more scholarly than others. In addition, language usage varies, since many of the international presenters are nonnative English speakers.

The proceedings is intended primarily for government policy makers, researchers in the developing world, and managers in public and private institutions that fund research and development activities in developing countries. We hope it will enrich their understanding of the importance of data access and reuse from publicly funded research, especially in the developing world, and that it will advance discussions about future actions.

This volume has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for quality. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries Proceedings of a Symposium:

William Anderson, Praxis 101; Peter Arzberger, University of California, San Diego; R. Stephen Berry, University of Chicago; Anita Eisenstadt, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association; and Kamran Naim, University of Tennessee.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the individual papers. Responsibility for the final content of the papers rests with the individual authors.

Farouk El-Baz, Chair, Committee on the Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries

Kathie Bailey Mathae, Director, Board on International Scientific Organizations

Paul F. Uhlir, Director, Board on Research Data and Information

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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CONTENTS

1. Welcoming Remarks

Charles Vest, National Academy of Engineering United States

PART ONE: SETTING THE STAGE

2. Background and Purpose of the Symposium: Historical Perspective

Farouk El-Baz, Boston University United States

3. Why Is International Scientific Data Sharing Important?

Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman, UNESCO Science Laureate Pakistan

4. Discussion of Part One by Symposium Participants

PART TWO: STATUS OF ACCESS TO SCIENTIFIC DATA

5. Overview of Scientific Data Policies

Roberta Balstad, Columbia University United States

6. Implementing a Research Data Access Policy in South Africa

Michael Kahn, University of Stellenbosch South Africa

7. Access to Research Data and Scientific Information Generated with Public Funding in Chile

Patricia Muñoz Palma, National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research Chile

8. The Management of Health and Biomedical Data in Tanzania: The Need for a National Scientific Data Policy

Leonard E. G. Mboera, National Institute for Medical Research. Tanzania

9. The Data-Sharing Policy of the World Meteorological Organization: The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data

Jack Hayes, U.S. Permanent Representative to the World Meteorological Organization United States

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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21. Artificial Barriers to Data Sharing – Technical Aspects

Donald R. Riley, University of Maryland United States

22. Scientific Management and Cultural Aspects

David Carlson, University of Colorado United States

23. Political and Economic Barriers to Data Sharing: The African Perspective

Tilahun Yilma, University of California, Davis United States

24. Discussion of Part Four by Symposium Participants

PART FIVE: HOW TO IMPROVE DATA ACCESS AND USE

25. Government Science Policy Makers’ and Research Funders’ Challenges to International Data Sharing: The Role of UNESCO

Gretchen Kalonji, UNESCO France

26. International Scientific Organizations: Views and Examples

Bengt Gustafsson, CFRS/ICSU Sweden

27. Improving Data Access and Use for Sustainable Development in the South

Daniel Schaffer, Academy of Sciences for the Developing World Italy

28. How to Improve Data Access and Use: An Industry Perspective

John Rumble, Information International Associates United States

29. Production and Access to Scientific Data in Africa: A Framework for Improving the Contribution of Research Institutions

Hilary I. Inyang, African Continental University System Initiative University of North Carolina, Charlotte United States

30. The ICSU World Data System

Yasuhiro Murayama, National Institute of Information and Communication Technology Japan

31. Libraries and Improving Data Access and Use in Developing Regions

Stephen Griffin, National Science Foundation United States

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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FREQUENTLY USED ACRONYMS

BISO Board on International Scientific Organizations
BRDI Board on Research Data and Information
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research
CFRS Committee for Freedom and Responsibility in the Conduct of Science
CODATA Committee on Data for Science and Technology
GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems
HDI Human Development Index
ICSU International Council for Science
ICT Information and Communication Technology
ICTP International Center for Theoretical Physics
IPY International Polar Year
IRDR Integrated Research on Disaster Risk
NIMR National Institute for Medical Research
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NREN National Research and Education Networks
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
SDSS Sloan Digital Sky Survey
TWAS The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World
USGS United States Geological Survey
WMO World Meteorological Organization
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2012. The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/17019.
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The theme of this international symposium is the promotion of greater sharing of scientific data for the benefit of research and broader development, particularly in the developing world. This is an extraordinarily important topic. Indeed, I have devoted much of my own career to matters related to the concept of openness. I had the opportunity to promote and help build the open courseware program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This program has made the teaching materials for all 2,000 subjects taught at MIT available on the Web for anyone, anywhere, to use anytime at no cost. In countries where basic broadband was not available, we shipped it in on hard drives and compact disks. Its impact has been worldwide, but it has surely had the greatest impact on the developing world. I am also a trustee of a nonprofit organization named Ithaca that operates Journal Storage (JSTOR) and other entities that make scholarly information available at very low cost.

The culture of science has been international and open for centuries. Indeed, the scientific enterprise can only work when all information is open and accessible, because science works through critical analysis and replication of results. In recent years, as some scientific data, and especially technological data, have increased in economic value frequently has caused us to be far less open with information than business and free enterprise require us to be. Indeed, the worldwide shift to what is known as open innovation is strengthening every day.

Finally, since the end of World War II, the realities of modern military conflict and now terrorism have led governments to restrict information through classification. This is important, but I believe that we classify far too much information. The last thing we need today, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, is further arbitrary limitations on the free flow of scientific information, whether by policies established by governments and businesses, or by lack of information infrastructure. For all these reasons, the international sharing of scientific data is one of the topics of great interest here at the National Academies and has been the subject of many of our past reports. This is the primary reason why this symposium has been co-organized by the NRC's Policy and Global Affairs Division—the Board on International Scientific Organizations (BISO) and the Board on Research Data and Information (BRDI). The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data: A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium summarizes the symposium.

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