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APPENDIX B: RELATED TABLES 1 Gross National Product and Defense Outlays, 1948-1985 (in current dollars), 69 2 Employment in Selected Scientific, Engineering, and Technical Occupations, 1950- 1985 (in thousands), 70 Department of Defense Military Outlays, 1985-1989 (in millions of dollars) High Technology Recruitment Index, 1970-1986, 72 Job Offer Index for Bachelor's-Deeree Candidates, by Curnculum and Year, 72 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 at, Unemployment Rates by Field, 1976-1984, 73 Bachelor's-Degreed Scientists and Engineers Working on DoD-Sponsored Projects, by Employment Field and Year: Expenenced Samples (in percent), 74 Master's-Degreed Scientists and Engineers Working on DoD-Sponsored Projects, by Employment Field and Year: Expenenced Samples (in percept), 7S Doctoral Scientists and Engineers Working on DoD-Sponsored Projects, by Employment Subfield and Survey Year (in percent), 76 Inflow into the Sciences from Over Fields, by DoD Support-Status and Year: Experienced Samples, 77 11 Outflow of People with Degrees in One Field and Employment in Another, by DoD Support-Status and Year: Experienced Samples, 78 67
TABLE 1: Gross National Product and Defense Outlays, 1948-1985 fin billions of constant dollars) Gross Defense Defense Outlays Year National Outlays as %of GNP Product . 1948 1,260.6 74.2 5.9 1949 1,260.9 79.1 6.3 1950 1,368.6 77.6 5.7 1951 1,510.2 119.3 7.9 1952 1,569.1 216.8 13.8 1953 1,631.9 234.3 14.4 1954 1,610.2 220.5 13.7 1955 1,699.7 190.5 11.2 1956 1,734.6 182.6 10.5 1957 1,763.6 186.8 10.6 1958 1,750.1 182.4 10.4 1959 1,852.3 185.3 10.0 1960 1,893.4 184.3 9.7 1961 1,942.8 187.1 9.6 1962 2,045.9 201.6 9.9 1963 2,129.9 205.0 9.6 1964 2,243.6 203.6 9.1 1965 2,373.6 185.0 7.8 1966 2,510.8 204.7 8.2 1967 2,582.6 241.7 9.4 1968 2,689.7 283.1 10.5 1969 2,755.3 255.8 9.3 1970 2,747.2 235.5 8.6 1971 2,825.2 213.7 7.6 1972 2,965.9 198.9 6.7 1973 3,120.0 181.8 5.8 1974 3,103.2 177.9 5.7 1975 3,064.2 177.5 5.8 1976 3,214.0 171.8 5.3 1977 3,363.9 174.9 5.2 1978 3,542.0 176.0 5.0 1979 3,629.8 183.1 5.0 1980 3,623.7 188.7 5.2 1981 3,693.9 197.7 5.4 1982 3,599.7 213.1 5.9 1983 3,726.7 228.6 6.1 1984 3,970.4 238.3 6.0 1985 4,063.1 245.3 6.0 SOURCES: D~ense Outlays: 1948~4: National Defense Budget Estimates for FY1986, OASD Comptroller; Dense Outiwys, 1985-86: Budget of the United States Government, FY1987, p. 5.5 (all figures in 1986 dollars); Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 69
TABLE 2: Employment in Selected Scientific, Engineenng, and Technical Occupations, 1950-1985 (in thousands) Occupations 1950 1960 1972 1977 1980 1982 1985 TOTAL, aL occupations 56,435 64,639 82,153 92,017 99,303 99,526 107,150 Engineers 527 861 1,111 1,295 1,472 1,574 1,683* Life & physical scientists arid mathematicians 117 150 232 281 309 320 378 Engineering & science technicians 261 532 835 91S 1,127 1,114 1,115 Computer specialists - - 276 381 598 751 923 *Estimates by the National Science Foundation show a somewhat larger increase of about 300,000 for the period 1980-1983. SOURCES: 1950, 1960: Bureau of the Census, Changes between 1950 and 1960 Occ~anonandIndust7y Classifications, Technical Paper 18 (1960), Table 1; 1972, 1977, 1980: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey: A Databook, vol. 1, Bulledn 2096 (Sept. 1982), Table B-20; and 1982, 1985: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, January 1983 and January 1986 (data are from Be Current Population Survey). 70
TABS 3: Department of Defense Military Outlays, 198S-1989* (in millions of dollars) 1985 1986 Increase 1987 1988 1989 1985-89 TOTAL 245,371 258,425 274,265 290,700 313,300 27.7 Military personnel 67,842 71,438 73,610 78,842 75,548 11.4 Operation & maintenance 72,348 74,137 80,872 81,023 87,163 20.5 Procurement 70,381 75,702 76,708 81,243 88,881 26.3 Research, development, test, and evaluation 27,103 28,702 31,618 36,649 38,447 41.9 Military construction 4,260 4,545 4,592 5,473 6,590 54.7 All other (mostly pay and benefits) 3,437 3,901 7,165 7,470 16,671 385.0 *Actual, 1985; estimated, 1986-89 (in current dollars). SOURCE: Executive Office of Me President, Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1987, p. 5-5. 71
TABLE 4: High Technology Recruitment Index, 1970-1986 Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Year Average Year Average 1970 60 1978 139 1971 43 1979 144 1972 62 1980 138 1973 96 1981 135 1974 100 1982 101 1975 68 1983 101 1976 87 1984 133 1977 114 1985 112 *1961=100; seasonally adjusted. NOTE: The High Technology Recruitment Index is an index of the number of square inches of space devoted to the advertisement of available vacancies in a given set of technical journals and magazines. SOURCE: Deutsch, Shea, and Evans, Inc. TABLE S: Job Offer Index for Bachelor's-Degree Candidates, by Curriculum and Year Field 1975 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Engineenng Aeronautical 35 93 103 100 118 94 74 69 109 Chemical 38 75 90 100 106 57 16 30 32 Civil 62 84 106 100 106 56 21 28 33 Electrical 27 77 97 100 97 90 75 93 99 Industrial 29 61 79 100 83 72 37 50 60 Mechanical 30 76 94 100 100 69 37 47 55 Engr Technology 31 76 107 100 97 61 34 46 50 Other 14 69 91 100 137 107 35 46 46 Science Computer Science 16 70 70 100 112 126 100 147 148 Mathematics 49 83 107 100 89 86 63 65 69 Other Physical & Earth Sciences 36 89 69 100 199 131 47 66 58 NOTE: This index was constructed on the basis of job offers to bachelor's degree candidates reported in the College Placement Council salary surveys. Offers in 1980 were set to 100 for each curriculum. 72
TABLE6: Unemployment Rates by Field, 1976-1984 Year Field 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 TOTAL, All Fields* 3.4 1.9 1.9 2.3 I.6 Physical scientists 3.0 2.2 2.1 2.6 1.8 Physicists/as~onomers 3.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.2 Mathematical scientists 4.9 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 Ma~emadcians 5.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 Stadshcians 2.3 0.5 0.5 1.8 2.1 Computer Specialists 2.4 I.0 1.0 1. ~ 0.6 Environmental scientists 2.1 2.1 2.3 3.0 3. ~ Engineers 3.2 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.2 As~onom~cal/aeronaubcal 4.0 1.6 1.4 1.9 0.6 Chemical 2.3 2.5 2.6 3.1 2.4 Civil 2.7 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.6 Electrical Eng~neenng 1.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.9 Mechanical 4.3 1.2 1.4 2.1 1.4 Over 3.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 na *"AD Fields" category includes social scientists. SOURCE: Unpublished data, National Science Foundation. 73
TABLE 7: Bachelor's-Degreed Scientists and Engineers Working on DoD-Sponsored Projects, by Employment Field and Year: Experienced Samples (in percent) Employment Field 1972 1974 1982 1984 TOTAL, A] Fields TOTAL, SEC (Scientists, Engineers, Computer Specialists) fields only Aeronautical, aerospace, or astronautical Computer Electrical or electronic Marine engineers or naval architects Mechanical Metallurgical or matenals Nuclear Systems Other eng~neenng fields Computer Specialists Computer programmers Computer scientists Computer systems analysts Other computer specialists Mathematical Scientists* Mathematicians Operations research analysts Systems analysts, except computer systems or data processing Other mathematical scientists Physical scientists Aunosphenc scientists Oceanographers Physicists/astronomers Over physical scientists Non-SEC 186 20~6 23~1 63 8 TO 34~6 ** 23~0 21~6 17~6 ** 11.1 17~6 19~6 13~8 13~5 25~3 14~5 ~0 4~4 ** 17~6 11~2 ** ** 34~9 10~0 15~0 19~0 21~5 22~6 59~3 ** 33e 1 ** 22~2 18~1 32~1 40~5 13~0 17~0 23~3 31~4 15~1 12~6 44~3 56~6 54~3 ** 14~1 12~0 15~3 42~6 49~3 8~8 11~2 15~0 170 19~6 58~3 AT 27~8 44~2 16~4 22~5 32~0 37~4 11 8 11~5 13~0 264 11~2 8~6 17~5 39~8 38~7 25~2 ~ ~2 8~2 4~1 45~9 31~7 7~0 10~8 15 5 17 2 19~9 59 8 27~8 27 6 52~4 17~2 16~0 32~1 41~6 11~2 11~3 13~7 19~5 100 99 19~3 39~6 52~7 32~7 6~2 7~5 5~1 58~8 14~2 7~1 ~ ~ r *Mathematicians, statisticians, and other mathematical scientists, including professors and instructors. ** Data not available. SOURCE: Unpublished data, National Science Foundation. 74
TABLE 8: Master's-Degreed Scientists and Engineers Working on DoD-Sponsored Projects, by Employment Field and Year: Expenenced Samples (in percent) Employment Field 1972 1974 1982 1984 TOTAL, all fields TOTAL, SEC (Scientists, Engineers, Computer Specialists) fields only Engineers Aeronautical, aerospace, or astronautical Computer Electncal or electronic Manne engineers or naval architects Mechanical Metallurgical or materials Nuclear Systems Over eng~neenng fields Computer Specialists Computer programmers Computer scientists Computer systems analysts Other computer specialists Mathematical Scientists* Mathematicians Operations research analysts Systems analysts, except computer systems or data processing Other mathematical scientists Physical scientists Atmospheric scientists Oceanographers Physicists/astronomers Other physical scientists Non-SEC 23.8 24.8 28.4 52.6 a* 42.0 ** 28.7 23.0 9.5 ** 13.7 26.8 31.7 23.9 21.3 23.3 19.7 .0 9.6 ** 22.1 12.5 ** ** 14.3 12.4 21.6 - 24.5 26.7 30.1 65.6 ** 40.3 ** 26.1 21.3 9.0 55.4 15.4 21.7 21.6 21.5 24.6 13.3 21.2 18.3 31.9 ** 16.0 13.7 18.1 57.0 38.2 8.0 15.1 18.4 20.5 25.1 55.5 ** 33.9 35.7 18.9 33.1 9.3 48.3 14.3 15.4 13.2 32.4 13.8 14.2 18.6 11.0 46.6 42.9 4.4 9.4 11.8 65.0 25.8 6.5 12.9 19.0 20.6 25.5 63.0 18.7 36.8 67.7 20.2 28.7 13.9 43.1 12.8 11.0 10.3 22.3 10.0 9.1 23.1 15.7 62.6 39.4 12.1 9.2 14.0 41.1 30.4 6.1 14.5 *Mathematicians, statisticians, and other mathematical scientists, including professors and instructors **Data not available. SOURCE: Unpublished data, National Science Foundation. 75
TABLE 9: Doctoral Scientists and Engineers Working on DoD-Sponsored Projects, by Employment Subfield arid Survey Year (in percent) Survey Year Employment Subfield 1973 1975 1981 1983 1985 S/E, TOTAL 10.5 9.0 7.8 9.0 8.5 Mathematics, Total 11.5 9.4 10.2 11.5 11.8 Applied 21.7 20.8 20.9 25.3 24.6 Probabili~/Stads~acs 21.2 15.2 10.1 16.6 14.9 Operations Research 37.5 28.4 12.3 26.6 34.5 Computer Science,Total 18.7 16.6 19.1 18.6 19.2 Physics/As~onomy, Total 25.3 21.5 19.5 21.6 21.9 Atomic & Molecular 24.8 25.2 22.7 26.4 26.6 Classical 45.4 47.7 28.7 54.3 54.7 Plasma 34.1 15.8 30.4 28.3 33.1 Nuclear 6.6 4.7 15.3 4.2 10.2 Solid State 33.0 24.4 23.8 19.0 19.6 Over Physics 22.9 18.4 18.3 16.6 17.7 Cheesy, Total 6.2 5.1 6.1 5.3 5.8 EarWEnv~ron Science, Total 13.4 12.2 10.2 12.3 9.4 Geophysics 27.4 20.9 15.5 12.9 13.9 Earth 5.4 6.8 4.9 8.6 4.7 Atmosphere 24.1 25.4 26.7 21.7 13.2 Environmental 12.1 11.5 4.1 10.3 11.8 Hydrology/Oceanography/ Manne Science 32.7 26.1 21.9 25.7 19.9 Engineering, Total 26.2 23.1 16.8 22.0 19.8 A=onaubcal & As~onaubcal 59.0 59.5 44.4 50.5 61.9 Elec~ical/Elec~on~cs/Computer 40.3 36.0 29.0 36. ~ 29.6 Industrial 30.8 33.1 4.4 18.0 18.7 Nuclear 16.7 13.2 12.0 17.6 15.4 Engineering Mechanics 39.5 36.6 21.3 30.5 25.2 Mechanical 21.4 16.8 20.8 16.7 14.0 Materials Science 25.2 18.8 13.1 18.0 17.6 Other Engineering 31.4 24.2 32.3 21.2 24.7 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. 76
TABLE 10: Inflow into the Sciences from Other Fields, by DoD Support-Status and Year: Experienced Samples Total, Total, with Computer Math Physical All Fields SEC** field Engineering Science Sci*** Science TOTAL 1972 54.0 32.2 16.2 95.9 49.8 33.6 1974 32.0 12.3 6.9 85.9 19.2 7.4 1982 52.4 30.6 15.4 81.4 39.5 17.5 1984 49.9 30.1 16.8 79.5 37.4 16.9 DoD Support 1972 50.1 31.5 19.3 95.4 52.9 27.6 1974 26.3 14.4 9.4 87.0 34.2 11.2 1982 45.1 28.6 17.5 83.8 51.3 12.0 1984 43.0 27.4 18.3 80.4 50.3 16.2 No DoD Support 1972 55.0 32.4 15.2 96.0 49.3 34.3 1974 33.4 11.7 6.1 85.7 15.4 6.9 1982 53.7 31.0 14.8 81.0 37.3 18.0 1984 51.3 30.7 16.4 79.4 34.5 17.0 *Percent of those employed with degrees in different fields. **Scientists, Engineers, and Computer Specialists. ***Mathematicians, statisticians, and other mathematical scientists, including college professors and instructors. SOURCE: Unpublished data, National Science Foundation. 77
TABLE 11: Outflow of People with Degree In One Field and Employment In Another, by DoD Support-Status and Year: Expenenced Samples Total, All Fields Total, with Computer SEC* field Engineering Science TOTAI 1972 54.0 48.1 44.8 57.6 1974 32.0 32.0 25.6 37.2 1982 52.4 47.0 39.8 22.8 1984 49.9 43.8 36.1 29.6 DoD Support 1972 50.1 45.0 39.5 58.9 1974 26.3 26.3 17.8 50.6 1982 45.1 40.6 29.7 30.9 1984 43.0 37.7 26.3 34.5 No DoD Support 1972 55.0 48.8 46.3 57.2 1974 33.4 33.4 27.7 33.3 1982 53.7 48.3 42.0 21.7 1984 51.3 45.1 38.3 29.0 *Scientists, Engineers, and Computer Specialists. SOURCE: Unpublished data, National Science Foundation. 78
