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OCR for page 505
APPENDIX A
AIR~QUaLI~Y STANDARDS
The possibility of establishing standards for indoor air quality is
under consideration, because its importance for protecting burn health
is recognized as a major national en~riron~ntal taste. The ever-
increasing cOse of energy has heightened the need for considering such
standards, inasmuch as ~ cost-effective method of reducing energy use
in buildings is to reduce ventilation, an action that can increase
indoor air pollution.
There is ~ regulatory indoor air standard for nonoccupational air
in the United States only for ozone. There are voluntary standards for
indoor air quality that may serve as guidelines to federal, Ante, or
local government agencies on formaldehyde, carbon ~acnoxide, chlorine,
radon, carcinogenic aerosols, and other chemical substances. The ozone
standard applies only to devices thee produce ozone as ~ waste
product. The radon standards and guidelines apply only to buildings
that are contaminated as ~ result of urantu~proc:~esing (~.g., by the
use of mill tailings as landfill) and buildings that are on phosphate
land in Flor Ida .
Tables A-l through A-8 flat ~ number of o.S. outdoor air~quality
and occupational standards and ease relevant foreign standerde. They
are presented not as an exhaustive list of air~quality standards, but
rather to Fort perspective to the many allusions to standards
throughout this report.
505
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506
TABLI! A-1
National Primary Ambient-Air Quali~cy Standards as Set by
the U.S. Environments Protection Ageneg
Long Term Short Tere
Concentration ~ Averaging Conc~ntratlon ~ Averaging
Contaminant ~ g/m Tiae i 8/e Time Reference
Sulfur oxides, 80 1 yr 365a 24 h 15
measured as
sulf ur dioxide
Particulate 75b 1 ye 260a 24 h 14
matter
Carbon monoxide
Ozone
Hydrocarbons
Nit rogen dioxide 100
1 ye ~
Leat 1.5 3 Moe
aMay be exceeded only once per year.
bGeo~e t ric mean.
10, OOOa 8 h 16
40,000a 1 h 16
235C 1 h 20
160 3 he 17
19
18
CStantard is attained when expected number of days per ialen~r year with a~xt~1
hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppa (23S ugia ~ is equs1 to or lees then
1, as determined by Appendix H to subchapter C, 40 CFR SO.
t3-h period is 6 a.m. to 9 a.m.
e3-mo period in a calendar quarter.
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507
Table A-2
Additional "blent Air Quality Guidelinesa
Contaelnan~b
Acetone - O
Acrolein - O
Knin ~ O
JeryllI"
Cedetue
Calctu. oxide ~ Itee
Carbon dlculfide - O
Chlorine - O
Chrome
Cresol - O
Dichloroethane - O
Ethyl acetate -
Fomaidehyde - O
Hydrochloric acid - O
Hydrogen sulf ids - O
Ilercaptans - O
ttercur~r
Methyl alcohol - O
Meth~rtene
chloride - O
Nickel
Nitrogen "iodide
Phenol - O
Sulfatce
Lons Ter
Concentrations Floe
1 "/~13 24 h
0.5 ~g1~3 Yr
0.01 Ug/~3 3G
2.0ug/a 24
0.15 ag/~3
0. 1 ~g/e
1. 5 a~ g/~3
0~1 ~g/~3
2~0 .8/53
14 ag/m
0.4 ~g/~13 3
40~50 ug/e
2 u8/ot3
1~5 ~g/~3
20 ~g/m
SO ~g/53
2 ug/m
0. 5 ~g/~3
0.1 ag`~3
4 yg/m
12 ug/~3
50 ~g/~3
100 U g~m3
Trlchloroetl~y lene - O 2 ag/m
5 ag/m3
2 ug/~3
SO tlg/~3
100 ~ 8/~3
Sulfuric acid - O
Venadiue
Zloc
Short Term
. _
Concentratlon~ Tiee~ ,
d
h __
20~30 ug/~3 C
0.45 ag/, 30 ein
0.3 ag/. 30 ain
24 h
24 h
24 h
24 h
24 h
24 h
24 ~
24 h
24 h
24 h
Yr
24 h
24 h
24 h
24 h
Yr
24 h
Yr
24 h
Yr
26 h
26 h
Yr
24 h
24 - /~3
25 - 13
7 ~g/e
__
30 "n
C
C
-
6~0 ~g/~3
42 ~g/m
120 Ug`~3
3 ~g/e
42 ~/m
20 u8/~3
6. S ~g/~3
150 - /~3
__
1 ag/m3
__
30 ain
30 ein
C
30 ~n
1 h
1 h
30 "n
30 a$n
30 min
200 ug/m3 30 2ein
16 ag/a'3 30 ~n
~Reprin ted "th per~iselon fro. ANSI/ASHRAE,1 which states' "Outtoor air shall be
co - idered unacceptable if it is known to contain any cont~inant at a concentra-
tion abo~re that listed in Table [~-23. This table covere other co~on cont~i~nto
for which no EPIL aublent air quality stantards exist. These [concentratlo - ] were
selected fro. current practices in ~rarious states, provinces ant other countries.-
bCont~inants oarlced -0- have otors at concentrations sooetiees found in outdoor
air. The tabulated concentrations do not necessarily result in odorlese conditions.
CUnlese otherwise specified, all air quality aeasurements should be corrected to
standard conditions of 25°C (77°~) temperature and 760 am (29.92 in.) of aercury
pressure ( 101. 3 kPe ) .
dC, cellinB, or maxia~1 allowable concentration.
eAn industry organization has appealed t}`e air quality limits of 120 ug/m3 as
shown in Tables 2 and 4 of St~ntard 62-1981. The appeal is under considera-
tion. If any change in Standard 62-1981 results from the app~.al, all original
recipients will be inforaed by ASERAE.
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S08
T"LE A-3
Selected Occupatio~l-Safety and -sleuth Stewards as Set by
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administrations
Contaminant
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Forms dehyde
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone
Sulfur dioxide
Inert or nuisance
dust, respirable
fract ion
Concentration, b
- 9
agle
POP
5, 000
SO
2
25
5
0.1
5
Asbestos c c
aData from 29 CFR 1910.1000.~l
9, 000
55
3
30
9
0.2
13
b8^ time~welghted averages, except values for nitrogen dioxide,
which are ceillag values.
CEewer than mo fibers longer than 5 ~ per cubic centieenter.
OCR for page 509
so9
Table A-6
Selected Guidelines for Air Contaminants of Indoor Origina
Contaminantb
Ace tone - O
Ammoni a - O
Asbe stos
Benzene - O
Carbon dioxide
Chlordane - O
Chlorine
Cresol - O
Dichlaromethane - O
Formaldehyde - O
Hydrocarbons, aliphatic - O
Hydrocarbons, aromatic - O
Me rcury
Ozone - O
Phenol - O
Radon
Te t rach 1 oroe thy le ne - O
Trichloroethane - O
Turpent ine - O
Viny 1 chloride - O
Concentration Exposure Time
4.5 g/~3 Continuous
5 ~ g/m Continuous
Known human carcinogen;
best available con-
trol technology
Known human carcloogen;
best available con-
t rol technology
__
120 ug/m3 Continuous W. German and Dutch
gultellnes
100 ug/m3 Continuous
__
0.01 working Annual average Background OeO02~
leve 1 ~ WL ~ 0. 004 WL
Known human carcinogen;
best available con-
t rol technology
Reprinted with pemission from ANSI/ASHRAE, 1 which states: "If the air is thought to
contain any contaminant not listet ~ in various tables ], guidance on acceptable
exposure . . . should be obtained by reference to the standards of the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration. For application to the general population the
concentration of the~e contaminants should not exceed 1/10 of the limits which are
used in industry.... tn so',e cases, this procedure may result in unreasonable
limits. Expert consultation may then be required." "The~e substances are ones for
which indoor exposure standards are not yet available."
Contaminants marked "O" have odors at concentrations sometimes found in indoor air.
The tabulated concentrations do not necessarily result in odorless ~onditions.
An industry organization has appealed the air quality limits of 120 ug/m3 as
shown in Tables 2 and 4 of Standard 62-1981. The appeal is under considera-
tion. If any change in Standard 62-1981 results from the appeal, all original
recipients wi 11 be infonned by ASH RAE .
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510
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OCR for page 511
511
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OCR for page 512
512
TABLE A-7
l
Other Indoor Air~Quality Standards
Contaminant Concent ration Ref erence
United States:
Ozone 0.05 ppm (IOO ug~m3) 9
Japan:
Carbon dioxide I,OOO ppm (l,BOO m,/m3)
Carbon monoxide 10 ppm 311 mg/m ~ 6
Particles 150 ug/m
OCR for page 513
513
TABLE A-8
Ventilation Standards for Dwellings
U . S . STANDARDS
AS}lRAE Standard 62-73: ANSt/ASHRAE Standard 62-1781:
Single-Unit Dwellings,2 Single or Hultiple Units,
cf~n/person cfm/room
Area Hinimum Recommended Minimum
.
General living areas S 7-10 10
Bedroc - s 5 7-10 10
Kitchens 20 30~50 100 ~ intermittent operation)
Toilets, bathrobes 20 30~50 50 (intermittent operation).
All other rooms NA NA 10
Basements, still ty 5 S NA
rooms
PROPOSED NORTHERN EUROPEAN STANDARDS
Area
Standard
-
General living areas 0.5 ach aeasured in spring ant autu~n, but not less than
4 L/e per beds
K! tchens 10 L/s continuously, a plus:
For an electric stove with more than two rings, an
ad justable fan capable of removing at least 80Z of the
gaseous cooking products
Toile to
al L/s equals approximately 2 cfm.
For other electric stoves, an exhaust fan of at least
30-L/s capacity
For gas stoves, an exhaust fan of the size necessary to
remove the combustion products
10 L/s continuously,a plus an openable window or vent or
an exhaust fan capable of 30 L/s
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514
REFERENCES
1. American National Standards Institute, and American Soe$e~cy of
Heating, Ref rigerating and Air~Conditioning Engineers . ANSI/ASE~AE
Standard 62-1981. ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
New York: American Society of Beating, Refrigerating and
Air~Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1981. 48 pp.
2. American Society of lIeating, Refrigerating.and A~r~Conditioning
Eng ineer~ . ASBRAE Standard 62-73. Standards for tlatura1 and
Mechanical Ventilation, p. 6. New York: American Society of
Beating, Refrigerating and Air~Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1913.
3. Andersen, T. Formaldehyde in the indoor environment--~ealth
implications and the setting of standards, pp. 65-77. In P.0.
Fanger, and 0. Valbj,Srn, Eds. Indoor Climate. Effects on Human
Comfort, Performance, and Health in Residential, Commercial, and
Light-Industry Buildings. Proceedings of the First International
Indoor Climate Symposium, Copenhagen, August 30-September 1, 1978.
Copenhagen: Danish Building Research Institute, 1919.
4. Atomic Energy Control Board [Canada] {AECB). Criteria for
Radioactive Clean-up in Canada. AECB Information Bulletin 77-2.
Ottawa, Ont., Canada: Atomic Energy Control Board, 1977.
5. Baars, R. The formal aspects of the formaldehyde problem in the
Netherlands, pp. 77-82. In P.O. Fanger, and 0. Valbj~rn, Eds.
Indoor Climate. Effects on Hewn Comfort, Performance, and }lealth
in Residential, Commercial, and Light-Industry Buildings.
Proceeding s of the First International Indoor Climate Symposium,
Copenhagen, August 30-September 1, 1978. Copenhagen: Danish
Building Research Institute, 1979.
6. National Technical Information Ser~ric:e. Building Control Law USA
Dust Collectors. {in Japanese; English abstract) 1914. APTIC No.
63252.
7. NKB. For~lag till Nordiska riktlinjer for byg~nadabesta~eleer
rorande: Luftkvalitet. proposed Nordic Guidelines for Building
Codes: Air Quality] Stockholm, Sweden: NEB, 1979.
8. Swedish Ministry of Agriculture. Preliminary Proposal for Measures
to Minimize Radiation Risk in Buildings, Sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.~.
Stockholm: Swedish Ministry of Agriculture, 1979.
9. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Food and Drug
Administration. Standard for equipment producing ozone as a
byproduct. Maximum acceptable level of ozone. Code of Pederal
Regulations, Title 21, Part 801. 415, July 1, 1979.
10. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for ~
Recommended Standard .... Occupational Exposure to Eor~ldehyde. Deal
(NIOSB) Publication No. 77-126. Washington, D.C.: O.S. Government
Printing Off ice, 1977.
11. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Realth
Administration. Occupational safety and health standards. Al r
contaminants. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Part
1910: 100O, July 1, 1979.
OCR for page 515
515
12. U.S. B~vironmenta1 Protection Agenc5!?. Indoor radiation exposure due
to radium~226 in Florida phosphate lands: Radiation protection
recommendations and request for comment. Fed. Reg . 44: 38664-38670,
July 2, 1979.
13. U.S. B`,rironmental Protection Agency. Interim cleanup standards for
inactive uranium processing sites. Fed. Reg. 4S: 27366-27368, April
2 2, 1980.
14 . {J . S . Environmental Protection Agency . National primary ambient air
quality standards for particulate matter. Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 40, Part 50.6, July 1, 1980.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary ambient air
quality standards for sulfur oxides (sulfur dioxide). Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 40, Par t 50 . 4, July 1, 1980 .
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary and
secondary ambient air quality standards for carbon monoxide. Code
_
, ~
Of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 50.8, July 1, 1980.
17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National priory and
secondary ambient air quality standard for hydrocarbons. Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 50 . lo, July l, 1980 .
18. O.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary and
secondary ambient air quality standards for lead O Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 40, Part 50.12, July I, 1980.
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary and
secondary ambient air quality standard for nitrogen dioxide. Code
of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Par t 50 . ll, July 1, 1980 .
20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary and
secondary ambient air quality Standards for ozone. Ante of Federal
Regulations, Title 40, Part 50.9, July 1, 1980.
21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed cleanup standards
for inactive uranium processing sites. Fed. Reg. 45:27370-2737S,
April 22, 1980.
2 2 e U ~ S. Mine Safety and Health Administration. Regulations and
standards applicable to metal and nonmetal mining and milling
operations. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 57.5-38 and
57.5-39, July 1, 1979.
23. Wahren, B. Formaldehyde Indoor Air Standards in Sweden. Paper
presented at the Consumer Product Safety Commission Technical
Workshop on Formaldehyde, Washington, D.C., April 9-11, 1980.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
national primary
