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Strategy for the Detection Once
Stucly of Other Planetary
Systems and Extasolar
Planetary Materials:
1990-2000
Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration
Space Studies Board
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington D.C. 1990
OCR for page R2
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of dis-
. , , . ~ ~
tinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of
science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter
granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the
federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National
Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the
National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy
matters pertaining to the health of the public The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the
National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and, upon its own initiative, to identity issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel
O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized lay the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of soence and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined lay the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing senaces to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Mediane. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White
are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This study was supported by Contract NASW-3482 between the National Academy of Sciences
and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89 64173
International Standard Booic Number 0-309~4193-7
Copies of the summary of this report, and of the full report itself, are available from:
Space Studies Board
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Ubshington, DC 21)418
Additional copies of the full report are available for sale from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20418
S093
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, November 1990
Second Printing, March 1991
Third Printing, June 1991
Fourth Printing, No~crnber 1991
Fifth Printing, March 1992
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COMMITTEE ON PI~ETARY AND LUNAR EXPLORATION
LarIy W. Esposito, University of Colorado, Chapman
Robert O. Pepin, University of Minnesota (Chairman, 7185-6/88)
Peter H. Bodenheimer,* University of California at Santa Cruz
Alan P. Boss, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Robert ~ Brown,* Space Telescope Science Institute
Donald E. Brownlee,* University of Washington
Andrew F. Cheng, Johns Hopkins Un~versipr
Anita L. Cochran, University of Texas at Austin
Paul D. Feldman,* Johns Hopkins University
Robert D. Gehrz,* University of Minnesota
William K Hartmann,$ Planetary Science Institute
I arry ~ Haskin,* Washington University
Bruce M. Jakosky,* University of Colorado
Luc~r-Ann McFadden, University of California at San Diego
Christopher P. McKay, NASA Ames Research Center
William B. McKinnon,* Washington University
H. Warren Moos,$ Johns Hopldns Umversi~
Duane O. Muhleman, California Institute of Technology
Philip D. Nicholson,* Cornell University
Norman R Pace, Indiana University
Carte M. Pieters,* Brown University
Graham Ryder, Lunar and Planetary Institute
Paul D. Spudis, Lunar and Planetary Institute
Peter H. Stone, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
David ~ Strangway,* University of British Columbia
G. Leonard Tyler,* Stanford University
Fred L. Whipple,* Center for Astrophysics
Yuk L. Yung,* California Institute of Technology
Richard W. Zurek Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Staff
Paul F. Uhlir, Senior Program Officer
Anne Lo Pond, Secretary
Altoria L. Bell, Secretary
*Former committee member who participated in writing or reviewing this report.
. ..
111
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SPACE STUDIES BOARD
Louis J. Lanzerotti, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Chapman
Philip Abelson, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Joseph ~ Bunts, Cornell University
John R. Carruthers, INTEL
Andrea K Dupree, Center for Astrophysics
John ~ Dutton, Pennsylvania State University
Larry W. Esposito, University of Colorado
James P. Ferns, Renssalear Polytechnic Institute
Herbert Friedman, Naval Research Laboratory (retired)
Richard L. Garwin, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Riccardo Giacconi, Space Telescope Science Institute
Noel W. Hinners, Martin Marietta Corporation
James R. Houck Cornell University
David ~ Landgrebe, Purdue University
Elliott C. Levinthal, Stanford University
William J. Merrell, Jr., Texas A&M University
Richard K Moore, University of Kansas
Robert H. Moser, NutraSweet Corporation
Norman F. Ness, Bartol Research Institute
Marcia Neugebauer, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Sally K Ride, University of California at San Diego
Robert F. Sekerka, Carnegie Mellon University
Mark Settle, ARCO Oil and Gas Company
L. Dennis Smith, University of California at Irvine
Byron D. Tapley, University of Texas at Austin
Er Otto
Albertus D. Welliver, The Boeing Company (Chairman, Aeronautics and
Space Engineering Board, National Academy of Engineering)
Staff
Richard C. Hart, Acting Staff Director
1V
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COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES,
MATHEMATICS, AND APPI,ICATIONS*
Norman Hackerman, Robert ~ Welch Foundation, Chairman
Peter J. Bickel, University of California, Berkeley
George F. Carrier, Harvard University
Herbert D. Doan, The Dow Chemical Company (retired)
Dean E. Eastman, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Make Anne Fox, University of Texas
Phillip ~ Griffiths, Duke University
Neal F. Lane, Rice University
Robert W. Lucly, AT & T Bell Laboratories
Christopher F. McKee, University of Californua at Berkeley
Richard S. Nicholson, American Association for the
Advancement of Science
Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Princeton University Observatory
Alan Schnesheim, Argonne National Laboratory
Roy F. Schwitters, Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory
Kenneth G. Wilson, Ohio State Un~versi~
Norman Metzger, Executive Director
The project that is the subject of this report was initiated under the predecessor group of the
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, which was the Commission
on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, whose memben are listed in Appendix B.
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
Premises of this Report, 7
Overview and Purview, 9
Nomenclature, 13
2 BASIC SCIENTIFIC GOALS
3 PRESET UNDERSTANDING OF THE ORIGIN
OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS
Introduction, 21
Star Formation, 23
Properties of the Nebular Disk, 26
The Evolution of the Central Star, 29
Formation of the Planets, 30
4 OBSERVATIONS OF EXrRASOLAR PLANETARY AND
PROTOPLANETARY MATERIAL
Introduction, 34
Material Associated with Protostars and
Pre-Main-Sequence Stars, 35
Gas and Dust Disks Around Main-Sequence Stars, 38
Substellar Objects, 40
Circumstellar Dust, 41
. .
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1
s
18
21
34
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OBSERVATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
IDENTIFICATION OF EXTRASOLAR-SYSTEM PLANETS 44
Observational History, 44
Direct Detection, 45
Indirect Detection, 48
Evaluation of Proposed Indirect Techniques, 51
Astrometric Telescope Facility, 51
Doppler Spectroscopic Planet Searches, 53
Photometric Planet Searches, 54
Future ObseIving Systems, 55
Recommendations Regarding Techniques for
Planet Searches, 55
6 FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS OF PRECURSOR
PLANETARY SYSTEMS
Dust-Related Astrophysical Studies, 58
Laboratory Study of Interstellar Materials, 59
Protostellar Observations, 62
Observation of Pre-Main-Sequence Stars, 63
Spectroscopic Studies of Extrasolar-System Planets and
Preplaneta~y Materials, 65
Summary Recommendations, 66
7 RELATION TO OTHER ASTRONOMICAL AND
ASTROPHYSICAL STUDIES
Fundamental Properties of Stars in the Solar
Neighborhood, 67
Properties of Star-Forming Regions, 69
TheoIy of Stellar Evolution, 70
Disks in Astrophysics, 71
Problems in Galactic Structure, 72
Implications Regarding the Search for Life, 73
g RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommended Program, 75
Scientific Objectives, 76
Measurement Requirements, 78
Strategy and Implementation, 80
APPENDIX A: THE LARGE STAR SAMPLE REQUIRED
FOR A PHOTOMETRIC PLANETARY SEARCH
57
67
75
83
APPENDIX B: LIST OF MEMBERS, COMMISSION ON
PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND RESOURCES 86
.. .
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