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4
STUDIES IN GEOPHYSICS
Groundwater
Contamination
Geophysics Study Committee
Geophysics Research Forum
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1984
)
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible
for this report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a
Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy
of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined
by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as
a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct
of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is ad-
ministered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering
and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences.
The Geophysics Study Committee is pleased to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foun-
dation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U. S. Geological Survey, and the U. S. Department
of Energy (Grant #DE-FGO2-82ER12018) for the conduct of this study.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Groundwater contamination.
(Studies in geophysics)
1. Water, Underground Pollution United States.
I. National Research Council (U.S.). Geophysics Study
Committee. II. Series.
TD223. G75 1984
ISBN 0-309-03441-8
628.1'68 83-27249
Printed in the United States of America
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Panel on
Grounc~water Contamination
J O H N D . B RE D E H O E FT, U. S. Geological Survey, Chairman
MARY P. ANDERSON, University of Wisconsin, Madison
MARY JO BAE DEC KE R. U. S. Geological Survey
KEROS CARTWRIGHT, Illinois State Geological Survey
RANDALL J. CHARBENEAU, The University of Texas at Austin
J O H N A. C H E RRY, University of Waterloo
STANLEY N. DAVIS, University of Arizona
DAVID B. GOETZE, Utah State University
YACOV Y. HAIMES, Case Western Reserve University
DARLE AN E C . H O F F M AN, Los Alamos National Laboratory
GRANT E. KIMMEL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
LEONARD F. KONIKOW, U.S. Geological Survey
JA M E S W. M E RC E R. GeoTrans, Inc.
DAVID MILLER, Geraghty & Miller, Inc.
VE RO N ~ CA ~ . PYE, The Academy of Natural Sciences
JO H N B. ROBE RTSON, U. S. Geological Survey
Staff
THOMAS M. USSELMAN
. . .
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Geophysics
Study Committees
ARTH U R E . M AXWE LL, The University of Texas at Austin, Chairman
COLIN BULL, The Ohio State University
JOHN C. CROWELL, University of California, Santa Barbara
NICHOLAS C. MATALAS, U. S. Geological Survey
J. M U BRAY M ITC H E LL, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
V. RAMA M URTHY, University of Minnesota
RAYMOND G. ROBLE, National Center for Atmospheric Research
FERRIS WEBSTER, University of Delaware
Liaison Representatives
RALPH ALEWINE, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
BRUCE B. HAN S HAW, U. S. Geological Survey
GEORGE A. KOLSTAD, U.s. Department of Energy
MICHAEL MAYHEW, National Science Foundation
NED OSTENSO, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
WILLIAM RANEY, NationalAeronautics and Space Administration
Staff
THOMAS M. USSELMAN
*Members of the Geophysics Study Committee whose terms expired in June 1982 but were involved in
initiating this study are CHARLES L. DRAKE (Chairman), Dartmouth College; LOUIS J. BATTAN (Vice
Chairman), University of Arizona; JOHN D. BREDEHOEFT, U.S. Geological Survey; ALLAN V. COX,
Stanford University; HUGH ODISHAW, University of Arizona; CHARLES B. OFFICER, Dartmouth College.
1V
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Geophysics
Research Forum
D O N L. AN D E RS O N. California Institute of Technology, Chairman
CHARLES R. BENTLEY, University of Wisconsin, Madison
JAMES H. COULSON, Tennessee Valley Authority
WILLIAM R. DICKINSON, University of Arizona
THOMAS DONAHUE, University of Michigan
JOHN V. EVANS, Communications Satellite Corporation
HOWARD R. GOULD, Exxon Production Research Company
DEVRIE S. INTRILGATOR, Carme! Research Center
KlETH A. KVENVOEDEN, U.S. Geological Survey
THOMAS F. MALONE, West Hartford, Connecticut
ARTHUR E. MAXWELL, The University of Texas at Austin
JOHN C. MAXWE EL, The University of Texas at Austin
PAUL W. POMEROY, Rondout Associates, Inc.
H UGH ODIS HAW, University of Arizona
ALAN H. SHAPLEY, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
JO H N S LAU G HTE R. University of Maryland
FRANCIS G. STE H El, University of Oklahoma
MURRAY STRASBERG, U.S. Navy
VE RN E R E . S U O M I, University of Wisconsin, Madison
EINAR A. TANDBERG-HANSSEN, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
BYRON D. TAPLEY, The University of Texas at Austin
CHARLES A. WHITTEN, Silver Spring, Maryland
Ex Officio
LOUIS J. BATTAN, University of Arizona
OWEN GINGERICH, Smithsonian/Harvard Center for Astrophysics
ROBERT HOFSTADTER, Stanford University
THOMAS A. SENIOR, University of Michigan
Staff
PEMBROKE J. HART
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Commission on Physical Sciences,
Mathematics, and Resources
HERBERT FRIEDMAN, National Research Council, Chairman
ELKAN R. BLOUT, Harvard Medical School
WILLIAM BROWDER, Princeton University
BERNARD F. BURKE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
H E RM AN C H E RN O F F. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
WALTER R. ECKELMANN, Sohio Petroleum Company
JOSEPH L. FIS HER, Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Virginia
JAMES C. FLETCHER, University of Pittsburgh
WI LLIAM A. FOWLE R. California Institute of Technology
GERHART FRIEDLANDER, Brookhaven National Laboratory
E DWARD A. FRIE MAN, Science Applications, Inc.
E DWARD D. GOLDBERG, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
CHARLES L. HOSLER, JR., Pennsylvania State University
KONRAD B. KRAUSKOPF, Stanford University
MANKIN, Oklahoma Geological Survey
MUNK, University of California, San Diego
C HARLE S J.
WALTE R H.
GEORGE E. FAKE, Xerox Research Center
ROBERT E. STEVERS, University of Colorado
HOWARD E. SIMMONS, JR., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
JOHN D. SPENGLER, Harvard School of Public Health
HATTEN S. YODER, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington
RA P H A E L G . KA S P E R. Executive Director
V1
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l
Studies in Geophysics
ENERGY AND CLIMATE
Roger R. Revelle, panel chairman, 1977, 158 pp.
CLIMATE, CLIMATIC CHANGE, AND WATER SUPPLY
James R. Wallis, panel chairman, 1977, 132 pp.
ESTUARIES, GEOPHYSICS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Charles B. Officer, panel chairman, 1977, 127 pp.
THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND MAGNETOSPHERE
Francis S. Johnson, panel chairman, 1977, 169 pp.
GEOPHYSICAL PREDICTIONS
Helmut E. Larldsberg, panel chairman, 1978, 215 pp.
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON GEOPHYSICS
Homer E. Newell, panel chairman, 1979, 121 pp.
CONTINENTAL TECTONICS
B. Clark Burchfiel, Jack E. Oliver, and Leon T. Silver, panel co-chairmen,
1980, 197 pp.
MINERAL RESOURCES: GENETIC UNDERSTANDING FOR
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Paul B. Barton, Jr., panel chairman, 1981, 118 pp.
SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF WATER-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Myron B. Fiering, panel chairman, 1982, 127 pp.
SOLAR VARIABILITY, WEATHER, AND CLIMATE
John A. Eddy, panel chairman, 1982, 106 pp.
CLIMATE IN EARTH HISTORY
Wolfgang H. Berger arid John C. Crowell, panel co-chairmen, 1982, 197 pp.
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON ESTUARIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF AN
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
Charles B. Officer and L. Eugene Cronin, panel co-chairmen, 1983, 79 pp.
EXPLOSIVE VOLCANISM: INCEPTION, EVOLUTION, AND HAZARDS
Francis R. Boyd, Jr., pane, chairman, 1984, 176 pp.
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
John D. BredehoePc, panel chairman, 1984, 179 pp.
*Published to date.
vat
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Preface
This study is part of a series of studies in geophysics that have been undertaken for the
Geophysics Research Forum by the Geophysics Study Committee. One purpose of
each study is to provide assessments from the scientific community to aid policymakers
in decisions on a societal problem that involve geophysics. An important part of such
assessments is an evaluation of the adequacy of current geophysical knowledge ant] the
appropriateness of current research programs as a source of information required for
those (recisions.
This study on groundwater contamination was initiated by the Geophysics Study
Committee and the Geophysics Research Forum with consultation of the liaison rep-
resentatives of the agencies that support the Geophysics Study Committee, relevant
committees and boards within the National Research Council, ant] members of the
scientific community.
The study addresses our current scientific understanding of grounclwater contaminant
transport both by theory and by investigation of contaminates] aquifers. The study
also looks at many of the fundamental questions and uncertainties that require additional
scientific research for the precliction of contaminant transport and the control of ground-
water contamination.
The preliminary scientific findings of the authored chapters were presented at an
American Geophysical Union symposium in San Francisco in December 1981. In com-
pleting their chapters, the authors had the benefit of discussion at this symposium as
well as the comments of several scientific referees. Ultimate responsibility for the
incliviclual chapters, however, rests with their authors.
The Overview of the study summarizes the highlights of the chapters and formulates
conclusions and recommendations. In preparing the Overview, the panel chairman and
the Geophysics Study Committee had the benefit of meetings that took place at the
symposium and the comments of the panel of authors and other referees. Responsibility
for the Overview rests with the Geophysics Study Committee and the chairman of the
panel.
The authored chapters following the Overview contain much of the specific aspects
of groundwater contamination. Chapter 1 briefly examines the magnitude and nature
1X
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Preface
of the problem. Chapters 2 and 3 review the scientific understanding of contaminant
transport and chemistry. Chapters 4 ant! 5 review some of the problems associated with
waste-disposal methods. Chapters 6 through 12 give specific examples of groundwater
contamination, the nature of the scientific problems, and the scientific problems in-
volved in waste disposal and aquifer reclamation. The final two chapters, 13 and 14,
introduce some of the institutional considerations for waste disposal and the prevention
of groundwater contamination.
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Contents
OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS
I. BACKGROUND
1. The Extent of Groundwater Contamination in the United States
Veronica I. Pye and Jocelyn Kelley
II. PROCESSES
2. Movement of Contaminants in Groundwater: Groundwater
Transport Advection and Dispersion
Mary P. Anderson
3. Contaminants in Groundwater: Chemical Processes
John A. Cherry, Robert W. Gillh~m, and fames F. Barker
III. METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL
4. Shallow Land Burial of Municipal Wastes
Keros Cartwright
5. Deep Burial of Toxic Wastes
Stanley N. Davis
IV. EXAMPLES
6. Groundwater Contamination and Aquifer Reclamation at the
Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado
Leonard F. Konikow and Douglas W. Thompson
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3
23
37
46
67
78
93
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Contents
7. Geologic Problems at Low-Level Radioactive Waste-Disposal Sites
John B. Robertson
8. Groundwater Flow Modeling Study of the Love Canal Area,
New York
fames W. Mercer, Charles R. Faust, awl Lyle R. Silka
9. Nonpoint Contamination of Groundwater on Long Island,
New York
Grant E. Kimmel
10. Hydrogeochemical Studies at a Landfill in Delaware
Mary Jo Baedecker and Michael A. Apgar
11. Assessment of the Potential for Radionuclide Migration from a
Nuclear Explosion Cavity
Darleane C. Hoffman and William R. Daniels
12. Groundwater Restoration with In Situ Uranium Leach Mining
Randall J. Charbeneau
V. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
13. Selected Variables Affecting the Choice between Federal and
State Regulatory Responsibility: Groundwater Quality as an
Illustrative Case
David B. Goetze
14. Risk Assessment for the Prevention of Groundwater
Contamination
Yacov Y. Haimes
. .
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