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OCR for page 235
(b)
PLATE 2.1: L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image of ice floes in the
ocean: (a) original image, 512 x 512 (pixel resolution is about 4m x 4m), (b)
evolution of segmentation via stochastic relaxation with constraints; shown
are sixteen "snapshots" from sixty sweeps (every third sweep) of stochas-
tic relaxation (upper left panel shows the random starting configuration of
edges, and the lower right panel shows the final configuration of the bound-
aries). Reprinted, by permission, from Geman et al. (1990~. Copyright
(I) 1990 by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
OCR for page 236
11i~
PLATE 2.2: Collage composed of nine Brodatz textures: leather, grass,
and pigskin (top row), raffia, wool, and straw (middle row), and water,
wood, and sand (bottom row). Two of the textures, leather and water, are
repeated in the two circles; (a) original image 384 x 384, individual textures
all 128 x 128; (b) estimated boundaries via deterministic (left panel) and
stochastic (right panel) algorithms. Reprinted, by permission, from Geman
et al. (1990~. Copyright (I) 1990 by Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers.
OCR for page 237
(a)
(b)
PLATE 2.3: Single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) recon-
struction of a slice of a human skull across the eyes, from real (hospital)
data: (a) filtered back projection (FBP) reconstruction, (b) reconstruction
via the iterative conditional expectations (ICE) algorithms using ,B = 2.7,
the ML estimator. Note that in (b) one can distinguish details such as nose
bone, eyes, and brain, most of which cannot be distinguished in (a).
(a)
(c)
(b)
PLATE 2.4: SPECT reconstruction of a sim-
ulated phantom. The mode} used in this
experiment was developed by the Nuclear
Medicine Department of the University of
Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester.
This is a comprehensive model that captures
the effects of photon scattering, photon atten-
uation, camera geometry, and quantum noise:
(a) original phantom, (b) FBP reconstruction,
(c) ICE reconstruction with ,l] = 1.
OCR for page 238
(a)
:: ......
(b)
^..,~..........
. . .
............
......
(d)
...<
....
;.t
PLATE 2.5: SPECT reconstruction of a human liver/spleen scan, from real
(hospital) data: (a) FBP reconstruction, (b) ICE reconstruction with ~ = 3,
the ME estimator, (c) ICE reconstruction with ,0 = 0, (~) ICE reconstruction
with ,B = 20; (c) and (~) demonstrate the significance of the parameter ,B
(see text).
OCR for page 239
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
PLATE 2.6: A shape-from-shading experiment with an egg image under
uncontrolled illumination. The surface of the egg was assumed to be Lam-
bertian with unknown albedo; the algorithm (a combination of constrained
annealing and iterative conditional modes (ICM)) estimated, in addition to
the configuration N of unit normals, the albedo p of the egg (and of the
background) and an effective light source direction S: (a) original image,
64 x 64, (b) reconstruction (simultaneous estimation of N. p, and S), (c) re-
constructed scene illuminated from the x-direction, (d) reconstructed scene
illuminated from the y-direction.
OCR for page 240
Area ~+ ~
(a)
a
~ (C)
a
.
(b)
(d)
PL0E 3]: (a) HAIR Bad 2 (credo) with clouds shown as white. (b)
WHIR band 4 OnG=ed temperatures dark gray scales me ~arm. (c) Seg-
mented large produced fly the PCTS~C gorgon. (d) Flag cloud-~sked
large (clouds ad lad are Black) produced by the PC1S~C ~gorRhm. De-
t~ls of the Ailment gray scale maps used in the panels of Plate 3.1 are given
in the text.
OCR for page 241
(b)
PLATE 3.2: (a) One-half cycle of the image sequence constructed by super-
position of an image of an inclined plane with that of a circle. Note, the
circle is out of phase with the inclined plane and the range of data in the
inclined plane is about twice that of the circle. (b) Dominant patterns of
variance determined from the EOF analysis of the image sequence.
OCR for page 242
TIME I
1 23°W
9.9 - °C 14.5
12.7
(a)
TIME 3
123°W
at.,
9.9 -
12.7
(C)
TIME 2
123°W
9 9 - °C
12.7
(b)
36°N
14.5
::~
}A 36°N
::
14.7
PLATE 3.3: Image sequence and geographi-
cal information of a coastal filament observed
oh central California by the Advanced Very
High Resolution Radiometer on the polar-
orbiting NOAA-9 and -10 satellites. ]:ndivid-
ual gray scale mappings were used to opti-
mize feature recognition. The lower temper-
ature ranges (i.e., 9.9°-12.7°C for time step
1) were mapped to a single gray scale. (Wall!
and Simpson, 1990b)
OCR for page 243
123°W
1
1
123°W
-37°N _
- 36°N
(a)
123°W
1
(b)
123°W
- 36°N
1
(C)
45.0 cms~
(d)
1
—37°N
—36°N
-37°N
-36°N
PLATE 3.4: (a) Edge maps. (b) Total velocity field from pattern-matching.
(c) The MU normal component of velocity. (a) The tangential component
of velocity computed as a difference of (b) and (c) for time step 2 of the
image sequence shown in Plate 3.3. (Wahl and Simpson, l990b)
OCR for page 244
O A) (_f.:
on lo
o
on
on, ~~ To
to =
(b)
C)
~.~
PLATE 3.5: (a) A polar I`andsat image showing ice floes as light gray
structures against a dark background. (b) The corresponding distribution,
size, and shape of the ice floes. Reprintecl, by permission, from Banfield and
Raftery (1989~. Copyright (I) 1989 by University of Washington.
OCR for page 245
:: :::: -
:~: :::
~ ^~ : ::~ ~ ~
~ ~ e
A, . ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~
~ ' ~ ~ ~ O
.. . : '.7.'
in- '1 ': ~ tt
~ 2 ~
PLATE 10.1: Plane section of a biological structure with stereological test
system superimposed. Lung of Grant's gazelle; white space is airway, dark
blobs are red blood cells. Microtome thin section, optical microscope image
field, magnification x 1500. Standard test system on transparency, randomly
translated over photographic print. Reprinted, by permission, from Cruz-
Orive and Weibel (1981~. Copyright (I) 1981 by Royal Microscopial Society.
OCR for page 246
q.~
PLATE 10.2: A disector sample formed by two optical section planes. Hu-
man renal glomerulus; dark blobs are nuclei. At left is the look-up section; at
right the counting section, with a tessellation of rectangular counting frames
superimposed (randomly translated). Arrows indicate nuclei counted by the
disector/tiling rule. Optical microscope, Hematoxylin-Giemsa stain, mag-
nification x1140, section separation 4 Am. By kind permission of Dr. Niels
Marcussen, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
image sequence
