Index
A
Acetylcholine (ACh)
in Alzheimer's disease, 57–58, 70
neurotransmitter functions, 69–71, 84
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 59–60, 61–62
AIDS-related dementia, plate 2,
Addictive disorders, 10, 155–156
Adenosine triphosphate, 75
Adenylate cyclase, 75
Adrenal glands, 71
Adrenergic receptors, 78–81
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 18
African toad (Xenopus) ,83
Aggression, 11
Akil, Huda, 156
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA), 148, 151
Alcoholism, 22
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 148
Alimentary canal, 16
Aluminum, 56
Alzheimer's disease, 22, 44, 53–59, 70
Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, 54
Amphetamines, 73
Anatomie (Dryander), x
Anencephaly, 88
Animals, 11
cerebral cortex in, 26
limbic system in, 21
mental representation, nervous systems, 29–30
pineal gland in, 19
Animal testing, 147
hypothalamus, 18
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 50
panic disorder, 53
visual development, 109
Anterior commissure, 29
Antidepressant medication, 51 , 63
Antipsychotic medication, 65
Arginine, 84
Artificial brain, 140–142
Artificial intelligence, 8
Artificial perception, 140 , 141 , 144
“Association” cortex, 26–27 , 105
Asthma, 71
Attention, 105 , 115–117 , 123 , 129–130
neural circuitry, 117–118
pathology, 120–122
reticular activating system, 20
system development, 118–120
Auditory association area, 26
Auditory nerve, 141
Autism, 44
Autonomic nervous system, 17 , 70
Autopsy, 34
Autoradiography, 35–36
AIDS and, 60
backward projection, 107
blood flow, 35
in brain development, 96 , 97–99 , 100
cerebral cortex, 29
reticular network, 20
signal transmission, 30 , 32 , 82 , 97 , 128 , 134
synapse connections, 30 , 33 , 97–98 , 101 , 127
AZT, plate 2 ,62
B
Barrestin, 81
Behavioral studies, 147
Berthoz, A., 111
Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK), 81
Beta-agonists, 71
Beta-endorphin, 77
Bisiach, E., 113
Bladder, 16
Blindness, 110
Blood-brain barrier, 58
Blood circulation
neurotransmitter control, 71–72
Blood vessels, 35
brainstem control, 15
hypothalamus control, 17
neurotransmitter control, 5 , 74–75 , 84
Body temperature, 17
Botulin, 70
Brain
complexity of, 1 , 33 , 86 , 136
computer simulation, 136–137 , 140–144
drugs and, 10
imaging techniques, 7–8 , 34–35 , 45
information processing, 1 , 4 , 123 , 141 , 147
medical examination of, 34
and mind, 46–47 , 62–63 , 121–122
neuroscience approach, 3 , 7 , 9–12
parallel processing, 8
storage capacity, 137–138
Brain development, 6–7, 15, 22–25, 86–89
cell proliferation, 93–95, 102
cellular competition, 98–101, 143
synapse formation, 97–98, 102, 128
techniques for studying, 89–93, 101–103
visual attention system, 118–120
Brain disorders, 6, 100, 145, 151.
See also Mental illness
Brain hemispheres, 15, 20, 23, 28–29
attention system, 121
vision, 107
frontal lobe, 121
medial extrastriate cortex, 38
parietal lobe, 112, 113, 116–117, 120
prefrontal cortex, 27
Broca, Paul, 28
Broca's area, plate 7 ,23, 28, 92
Bromley, D. Allan, 2, 152, 156
Bush, Barbara, 2
Bush, George, iv, 2
C
Cade, John, 49
Calcium channels, 32, 82, 84, 85, 126, 127
Calcium ions, 32, 75, 127, 139–140
California Institute of Technology, 141
Calmodulin, 85
Canada, 153
Carbon dioxide, 52
Caudate nucleus, 41
Cell-adhesion proteins, 5, 128–129
Cell death, 103
Cell proliferation, 93–95, 102
Central nervous system, 1, 69–71, 104
Cerebellum
development of, 96
hemispheres, 20
in language tasks, 39
movement control, 14, 15–16, 19– 20
neurotransmitters in, 71, 84, 85
“association” cortex, 26–27, 105
development of, 5, 22–25, 88, 89, 90, 95–97, 101
gyri and sulci, 25–26
movement control, 25–26
physical areas of, 26, 28, 46, 92–93
visual functions, 27, 106, 110
Cerebrum, 65
Chaos theory, 147
Chemical signals, 6, 31, 32–33, 69, 74, 80
Chemical synapses, 30
Chimeric receptors, 79–81
Chimpanzees, 91
Chlorine ions, 32
Cholinergic pathways, 58
Citrulline, 84
Clinical practice, 11–12, 48, 147–148,
Clomipramine, 50
Cloning, 82
Cochlea, 141
Cognitive function, 8, 130, 134–136
Color vision, plate 8 ,108, 110, 120
Computers, 8, 115, 136–137, 138, 147
artificial brain, 140–142, 144
Conte, Silvio, iv, 2
Cowan, Maxwell, 11
Crayfish, 124
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), 75, 78, 79
role in memory, 126, 127–128, 129
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP), 84–85
Cytokines, 61
D
Darwin III, 143
David Mahoney Institute for the Decade of the Brain, 155
Decade of the Brain, 2, 7, 8, 11–12, 145, 155
Presidential Proclamation, iv, 163
research agenda, 150–153
Degenerative disorders, 10, 53
Déjà vu, 27
Demyelinating disease, 61
Demyelination, 61
blood flow, 35
in brain development, 97–99, 100
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 91, 94, 126
Depression, 48
chemical deficiencies in, 63, 71, 72
Depth perception, 110
Descartes, René, 105
Desensitization, 81
Diacylglycerol (DG), 75–76, 78
Dogs, 130
Domenici, Pete V., 2
Dopamine, 101
in cognitive function, 133–135
in movement control, 72–73
in Parkinson's disease, 57–58, 73
in schizophrenia, 73–74
Dopamine receptors, 64, 65, 101, 134
Dopaminergic neurons, 72–73
Down's syndrome, 57
Drinking, 17
ACh inhibitors, 70
antidepressant medication, 51, 63, 71, 72
antipsychotic medication, 65
beta-agonists, 71
obsessive-compulsive medication, 50–51
opiates, 76–77
panic disorder medication, 51, 52–53
schizophrenia medication, 64, 65–66, 73
substance abuse, 3–4, 7, 10, 155–156
Dyslexia, 38
E
Eating, 17–18
Ectopias, 100
Edelman, Gerald, 128, 142, 144
Education, 149–150
Electrical signals, 6, 31, 67–69, 80, 81–82, 98
Electrical synapses, 30
Electroencephalography (EEG), 42, 117–118, 133
Embryo, 87
Emotion, 119–120
hypothalamus and, 17
imaging techniques, 39–41
prefrontal cortex injury and, 27
Encephalitis, 59
Endocrine system, 16–17
Enkephalins, 77
Environment, 6–7, 8, 86–87, 88–89
Epinephrine, 18, 52, 71, 76, 78
Equilibrium sense, 16
Eserine, 70
Evolution, 13, 22, 26, 27, 93, 102, 136
Eyes, 109–110
F
Fasciculations, 97
FIDIA Pharmaceutical Corporation, 148–149, 153
Follicle-stimulating hormone, 18
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 48–49, 148
Alzheimer's disease and, 55
attention functions, 39, 117, 118, 121
dopamine fibers, 65
Fruit flies, 82
G
Galvani, Luigi, 67–69
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 52–53, 74
brain development, 89–91, 93, 101
manic-depressive disorder, 49
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 50, 52
panic disorder, 52
Gill withdrawal reflex, 125
Glandular cells, 75
Glutamate receptors, 84–85, 139–140
Glutamic acid, 56
Goldman-Rakic, Patricia, 65, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136
Goodwin, Frederick K., 149, 150
Granule cells, 96
“Gray matter,”
Grignolo, Alberto, 153
Guanosine triphosphate, 75
Guinea pigs, 49
Gyri, 25–26
parahippocampal gyrus, 40
H
Hearing, 104–105
Heart, 46
Hemiballism, 6
Heroin, 77
Hippocampus, 141
Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 56, 58, 70
blood flow, 56
in panic disorder, 53
Hippocrates, 46
Hormones, 18
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 148
Human genome project, 151
Human growth hormone, 18
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 59, 60, 62
Human nature, 11
Hunger, 17–18
Hydrogen, 43
Hyoscine, 70
Hypertension, 63
Hypothalamus, 14, 16–18, 19, 21, 71
I
Imaging techniques, 7–8, 34, 45, 133
Immunoglobulin, 128
Inositol, 10
Inositol triphosphate (IP3), 75–76, 78
Institute of Medicine, 11, 145, 147
Insula, 25
Intestines, 17
Italy, 153
J
Jamais vu, 27
Jan, Lily Yeh, 83
JohnD. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 148
Johnson, Mark, 119
Johnson, Richard T., 61
Judd, Lewis, 66
K
Kandel, Eric R., 124, 125, 127, 139
Kidneys, 3
L
Language processing, 26, 27–28, 29
occipital lobe, 118
parietal lobe, 112
PET imaging, 37–39
schizophrenia and, 121
Lateral geniculate nucleus, 106, 108, 109
L-dopa, 73
Learning, 8, 123–125, 127, 129, 138
aging and, 55
Alzheimer's disease and, 59
dendrite spines and, 9
ion channels and, 82
PET imaging, 39
Learning disorders, 38
Lee, D., 111
language functions, 26, 27, 28, 29, 121
visual function, 107
Limbic system
nervous system connections, 21, 22, 27, 65
opiate receptors, 77
Lishman, J., 111
Lithium carbonate, 49
Livingstone, Margaret, 111
Logical functions, 142
Long-term memory, 22, 27, 124, 125–129
Luteinizing hormone, 18
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 72
M
McDonell-Pew Cognitive Neuroscience Program, 154
Macrobiology, 147
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plates 3–5 ,7, 43–44, 110, 118
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 7, 44
Magnetic source imaging, 7–8, 44
Mahoney, David T., 155
Manic-depressive disorder, 10, 48–49
Marine snail (Aplysia) ,5, 124, 125–126, 139
Martin, Joseph B., 145
Mason, James O., 151
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 136–137
Medial extrastriate cortex, 38
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, 18
Melatonin, 18–19
See also Long-term memory;
Short-term memory
Alzheimer's disease and, 53, 55–56, 58, 59
computer simulation, 140
visual, 27
AIDS-related dementia, 59–62
Alzheimer's disease, 53–59
diagnosis and treatment, 4
genetic transfer, 8
manic-depressive illness, 48–49
mood disorders, 62–63
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 49–51
panic disorder, 51–53
PET imaging, 41
schizophrenia, 64–66
Mental representations, 129–130, 132, 136
Mental retardation, 57
Messenger molecules, 98
Messenger RNA, 5–6
Microglia, 61
Migraine headaches, 85
Mind, 46–47, 62, 105, 121–122, 123
Mitochondria, 30
Molecular biology, 8, 50, 103, 146, 147
Monkeys
cerebral cortex, 93, 94, 95–96, 101, 130
movement perception, 113–114
nervous system development, 91, 94, 95, 99
working memory, 65, 130–131, 132–133, 134, 135
Monocytes, 62
Mood disorders, 62–63
Morphine, 77
Motor cortex, plate 7 ,19, 24, 26
Mountcastle, Vernon B., 112, 113–114, 115
Movement control, 5–6
brainstem, 15–16
cerebellum, 19–20
dopamine and, 72–73
precentral gyrus, 25
reticular network, 20
Movement perception, 110, 113–115
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 60
Multiple sclerosis, 44
Muscle cells, 75
Muscular movement, 15–16
Mussels, 55–56
Myasthenia gravis, 70
Myelin sheath
imaging, 42–43
N
National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD), 155
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 11,
National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, 54
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 148, 151, 154
Natural selection, 99
Nerve growth factor, 58, 98, 99
Nervous system, 20
AIDS infection, 59–60
Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 59
autonomic nervous system, 17, 70
central nervous system, 1, 69–71, 104
chain of signals, 4
electrical signals in, 67
hypothalamus and, 16–17
in learning, 5, 124–125, 129, 138, 139
messenger molecules, 98
movement control, 72–73
robot, 143
Neural tube
birth defects, 88
in brain development, 15, 86, 89, 90, 95
Neurobiology, 123–124
Neuroglia, 31
Neurological diseases, 6
Neurons, 29–31
Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 56
blood flow, 35
cell proliferation, 86, 93–95, 98–99
cerebral cortex, 25, 29, 131–132, 134
in cognitive function, 134–135
dopaminergic neurons, 72–73
electrical charge, 31, 32, 53, 82, 83
genetic transcription, 126–127
hypothalamus, 17
imaging techniques, 35, 36, 44
ion channels, 81–83
in memory, 125–126, 128–129, 131–132
motor neurons, 70, 125–126, 127, 128
nerve growth factor and, 58
neuroglia, 31
neurotransmitter synthesis, 69, 71
nitric oxide-forming enzyme in, 85
pineal gland, 18–19
receptor sites, 32–33, 74–76, 78–81
reticular network, 20
sensory neurons, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139
serotonergic neurons, 72
synapses, 30, 31–32, 88, 91, 97–98, 127, 138, 139–140
Neuroscience, 2, 3, 4–5, 6–7, 104
and artificial brain, 142
and brain development, 88, 92, 103
and mental illness, 9–11, 46–48, 59, 66, 145–146, 147–148
research directions, 8–9, 11–12, 146–149, 151–157
technological innovations, 7–8
Neurotransmitters, 4
acetylcholine, 69–71
in Alzheimer's disease, 58
antidepressant medication and, 63
endorphins, 76–77
excitatory and inhibitory, 32–33
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 52–53, 74
norepinephrine, 70–71
receptor sites and, 9, 32–33, 74–75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84–85, 92
second messengers and, 75–76
serotonin, 71–72
storage and release, 30, 32, 33, 126–127
Nitric oxide, 83–85
Nitroglycerin, 84
Norepinephrine
blood vessel effects, 5, 74–75
central nervous system functions, 70–71
medications and, 50, 63, 71, 72
as neuromodulator, 71
O
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 49–51, 52
Occipital lobe, 25
language capacity, 118
visual functions, 23, 27, 106, 111, 116, 117, 132
Ocular dominance columns, 109, 110–111
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 151–152
Opiates, 76–77
Opsins, 79
Optic chiasm, 107
Optic nerve, 102, 106, 107, 109
P
Painkillers, 76–77
Pain sensations, 16, 20, 71–72
Panic disorder, plate 6 ,39–40, 41, 45, 51–53
Parahippocampal gyrus, 40
Parallel processing, 8
Parietal cortex, 132–133
in attention system, 115, 116–117, 120
language functions, 112
movement perception, 115
in spatial perception, 112–113, 132–133, 136
visual neurons, 113–115
Parietal lobe syndrome, 112, 116–117
Parkinson's disease, 2, 6, 56, 57–58, 59, 72–73
“Parsimony in nature,”
Perception, 104–105, 129–130, 142–143
Peripheral vision, 111–112, 113–114, 115
Peterson, Steven, 117
Pew Charitable Trusts, 148, 154
Pharmaceutical industry, 148–149
Pheromones, 21
Phospholipase C, 75–76
Phosphorous, 44
Phrenology, 46
Pineal gland, 18–19
Pituitary gland, 14, 17, 18, 85
Positron emission tomography (PET), 7, 35–37, 45, 50, 110, 133
and attention system, 117, 118, 120
imaging of AIDS-related
dementia, plate 2
imaging of language recognition, plate 1 ,37–39, 116
imaging of panic disorder, plate 6,
Postcentral gyrus, 25
Potassium channels, 31–32, 82–83, 126
Potassium ions, 31
Precentral gyrus, 25–26
Prefrontal cortex
dopamine in, 133–134
schizophrenia and, 64–65, 66, 135
in working memory, 65, 66, 130, 131–132, 134, 135, 136
Pressure sensations, 16
Private sector, 148–149, 153–155
Protein kinases, 4, 76, 81, 127, 129
Proteins
cell-adhesion proteins, 5, 128–129
second-messenger systems and, 75
in synapses, 30
Psychosomatic disorders, 3
Public Health Service, 148, 151
Purpura, Dominick P., 2–3, 5, 6, 9
R
Raichle, Marcus E., 37–39, 41, 116
Rakic, Pasko, 92–93, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102
Raphe nuclei, 20
Receptor sites, 9, 32–33, 74–75
acetylcholine receptors, 70, 75
adrenergic receptors, 78–81
chimeric receptors, 79–81
dopamine receptors, 64, 65, 101, 134
elimination in brain
development, 101
glutamate receptors, 84–85, 139–140
norepinephrine receptors, 5, 74–75, 78
voltage-gated channels, 31–32, 81–82
Reproductive functions, 19
Reptiles, 21
Research, 146, 147–149, 151, 152–153, 154, 156–157
Reserpine, 63
Reticular activating system, 18, 20–21
Retrovirus, 89–91
Rhinencephalon, 21
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
messenger, 5–6
synthesis, 126
Right hemisphere, 15, 20, 28–29, 41, 107, 121
Robots, 143
Rubella, 88
S
Schizophrenia, 7, 73–74, 147–148
and attention system, 120–121
imaging technologies and, 44
and prefrontal cortex, 64–65, 66, 135, 136
Scopolamine, 70
Second messengers, 4, 69, 75–76, 78, 80, 98
Sejnowski, Terrence J., 136, 137, 138, 141, 144
Selkoe, Dennis, 57
Senses, 8, 16, 104–105, 110–111, 129–130
Sensitization, 72
Serotonergic neurons, 72
Serotonin
neurotransmitter functions, 71–72, 126, 127–128, 129
Sex hormones, 18
Short-term (working) memory, 125, 126
acetylcholine and, 70
aging and, 55
nerve growth factor and, 58
prefrontal cortex and, 65, 66, 130–132, 134, 135
Skin pigmentation, 18–19
Snyder, Solomon H., 84
Somatic sensory cortex, 24
Spatial cognition, 132–133
Spatial perception, 105, 111–113
Spina bifida, 88
AIDS and, 61
opiate receptors, 77
Strabismus, 109–110
Stroke, 44
Stroop effect, plate 8 ,120
Substantia nigra, 56
Suicide, 51
Surgery, 34
Sweat glands, 17
Alzheimer's disease and, 55
chemical, 30
dopamine synapses, 134–135
elimination in brain development, 99, 100, 143
formation of, 97–99, 101, 102, 128
Hebbian model, 139–140
schizophrenia and, 65
serotonin uptake, 50
in visual system, 108
voltage-gated channels, 31–32
Synaptic cleft, 30, 32, 33, 63, 70, 71, 82
Synaptic vesicles, 30, 126–127
Synthetic neural modeling, 142–143
T
Taste, 104–105
Temperature sensations, 16, 20
Alzheimer's disease and, 55
auditory area, 26
in long-term memory, 27
visual memory area, 27
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 22, 77–78
T-4 cells, 62
connections with cerebral cortex layers, 29, 102
in reticular activating system, 20
Thought, 123
Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 18
Tryptophan, 72
Tumors, plates 3–5 ,44
U
Ultrasound imaging, 7–8, 44–45
United States government research funding, 148,
United States Congress, iv, 2, 163
United States Department of Energy, 148
United States Department of Health and Human Services, 148, 151
V
in brain development, 89–91, 94, 95
Ventricular zone, 94, 95, 96, 103
Vertebrates, 15, 21, 77, 99, 124
Visual association area, plate 7 ,26, 27, 92
Visual cortex, 92, 93, 111, 114
computer simulation, 141
development of, 95–96, 118–119
information pathways, 106, 107, 108, 109–110
optic nerve and, 102, 106, 109
Visual memory, 27
development of, plate 8 ,118–119
information pathways, 106–108, 110
peripheral vision, 111–112, 113–114
signal interpretation, 109–111
Vital functions, 13, 14, 15, 123
Vitamins, 10
Voltage-gated channels, 31–32, 81–82
W
Wernicke, Karl, 28
“White matter,”
Winnicott, D. W., 48
Working memory.
See Short-term memory
X
X-ray technology, 36, 42, 43, 44, 88, 91
Z
Zidovudine (AZT), plate 2 ,62