National Academies Press: OpenBook

Discovering the Brain (1992)

Chapter: Index

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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

Index

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

ACh inhibitors, 70, 75

in Alzheimer's disease, 57–58, 70

neurotransmitter functions, 69–71, 84

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 59–60, 61–62

AIDS-related dementia, plate 2,

Addictive disorders, 10, 155–156

Adenosine triphosphate, 75

Adenylate cyclase, 75

Adrenal glands, 71

Adrenergic receptors, 78–81

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 18

African toad (Xenopus) ,83

Aggression, 11

Aging, 44, 53–54, 55, 57

Akil, Huda, 156

Alcohol, 10, 88

Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA), 148, 151

Alcoholism, 22

Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 148

Alimentary canal, 16

Alpha receptors, 78, 79

Aluminum, 56

Alzheimer's disease, 22, 44, 53–59, 70

Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, 54

Amino acids, 55–56, 78, 81

Amphetamines, 73

Amygdala, 21, 27, 124

Amyloid proteins, 54–55, 57

Anatomie (Dryander), x

Anencephaly, 88

Animals, 11

cerebral cortex in, 26

hippocampus in, 22, 53, 58

learning in, 5, 72

limbic system in, 21

mental representation, nervous systems, 29–30

pineal gland in, 19

Animal testing, 147

Alzheimer's disease, 56, 58

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

hypothalamus, 18

obsessive-compulsive disorder, 50

panic disorder, 53

visual development, 109

Anterior commissure, 29

Antidepressant medication, 51 , 63

Antipsychotic medication, 65

Anxiety, 40 , 41 , 51 , 52

Arginine, 84

Aristotle, 8 , 46

Artificial brain, 140–142

Artificial intelligence, 8

Artificial perception, 140 , 141 , 144

“Association” cortex, 26–27 , 105

Asthma, 71

Atropine, 70 , 75

Attention, 105 , 115–117 , 123 , 129–130

neural circuitry, 117–118

pathology, 120–122

reticular activating system, 20

system development, 118–120

Auditory association area, 26

Auditory nerve, 141

Autism, 44

Autonomic nervous system, 17 , 70

Autopsy, 34

Autoradiography, 35–36

Axons, 71 , 139

AIDS and, 60

backward projection, 107

blood flow, 35

in brain development, 96 , 97–99 , 100

cerebral cortex, 29

myelin sheath, 30 , 31 , 72

reticular network, 20

signal transmission, 30 , 32 , 82 , 97 , 128 , 134

synapse connections, 30 , 33 , 97–98 , 101 , 127

AZT, plate 2 ,62

B

Balance and posture, 19 , 20

Barbiturates, 52–53 , 74

Barrestin, 81

Basal ganglia, 5 , 50

Behavioral studies, 147

Benzodiazepines, 52 , 53 , 74

Berthoz, A., 111

Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK), 81

Beta-agonists, 71

Beta-endorphin, 77

Beta receptors, 78 , 79

Birds, 19 , 130

Birth defects, 10 , 88

Bisiach, E., 113

Bladder, 16

Blindness, 110

Blood-brain barrier, 58

Blood circulation

in the brain, 3 , 56 , 116

imaging techniques, 45 , 116

neurotransmitter control, 71–72

Blood vessels, 35

brainstem control, 15

hypothalamus control, 17

neurotransmitter control, 5 , 74–75 , 84

Body, 3 , 4

Body temperature, 17

Botulin, 70

Brain

aging and, 44 , 55 , 57

body and, 3 , 4

complexity of, 1 , 33 , 86 , 136

computer simulation, 136–137 , 140–144

drugs and, 10

evolution of, 13 , 26 , 93

imaging techniques, 7–8 , 34–35 , 45

information processing, 1 , 4 , 123 , 141 , 147

medical examination of, 34

and mind, 46–47 , 62–63 , 121–122

neuroscience approach, 3 , 7 , 9–12

parallel processing, 8

physical structure, 13–15 , 29–30 , 31

plasticity, 8 , 86–87 , 88–89

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

storage capacity, 137–138

weight, 22, 33

Brain development, 6–7, 15, 22–25, 86–89

cell migration, 5, 95–97

cell proliferation, 93–95, 102

cellular competition, 98–101, 143

synapse formation, 97–98, 102, 128

techniques for studying, 89–93, 101–103

visual attention system, 118–120

Brain disorders, 6, 100, 145, 151.

See also Mental illness

Brain hemispheres, 15, 20, 23, 28–29

attention system, 121

panic disorder, 40–41, 52

vision, 107

Brain injury, 26, 28, 34

frontal lobe, 121

medial extrastriate cortex, 38

parietal lobe, 112, 113, 116–117, 120

prefrontal cortex, 27

Brainstem, 15, 29, 71, 77

Breathing, 15, 16

Broca, Paul, 28

Broca's area, plate 7 ,23, 28, 92

Brodmann, K., 92, 102

Bromley, D. Allan, 2, 152, 156

Bush, Barbara, 2

Bush, George, iv, 2

C

Cade, John, 49

Calcium, 9, 10

Calcium channels, 32, 82, 84, 85, 126, 127

Calcium ions, 32, 75, 127, 139–140

California Institute of Technology, 141

Calmodulin, 85

Canada, 153

Carbon dioxide, 52

Caudate nucleus, 41

Cell-adhesion proteins, 5, 128–129

Cell death, 103

Cell migration, 95–97, 100

Cell proliferation, 93–95, 102

Central nervous system, 1, 69–71, 104

Cerebellum

development of, 96

hemispheres, 20

in language tasks, 39

movement control, 14, 15–16, 19– 20

neurotransmitters in, 71, 84, 85

Cerebral cortex, 13–15, 16

“association” cortex, 26–27, 105

cell composition, 91, 95

development of, 5, 22–25, 88, 89, 90, 95–97, 101

dopamine receptors, 101, 134

emotional control, 17, 27

gyri and sulci, 25–26

language functions, 26, 27–29

layers, 29, 97

lobes, 23, 25, 90

memory functions, 27, 70

movement control, 25–26

physical areas of, 26, 28, 46, 92–93

pyramidal neurons, 9, 97, 134

size of, 19, 22, 91, 94

visual functions, 27, 106, 110

Cerebrum, 65

Chaos theory, 147

Chemical signals, 6, 31, 32–33, 69, 74, 80

Chemical synapses, 30

Chimeric receptors, 79–81

Chimpanzees, 91

Chloride channels, 53, 74

Chloride ions, 53, 74

Chlorine ions, 32

Chlorpromazine, 64, 73

Cholinergic pathways, 58

Cingulate gyrus, 120, 121

Citrulline, 84

Clinical practice, 11–12, 48, 147–148,

Clomipramine, 50

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

Cloning, 82

Cochlea, 141

Cognitive function, 8, 130, 134–136

Color vision, plate 8 ,108, 110, 120

Computed tomography, 7, 42–43

Computers, 8, 115, 136–137, 138, 147

artificial brain, 140–142, 144

Consciousness, 18, 20, 46

Conte, Silvio, iv, 2

Corpus callosum, 29, 100

Cortical plate, 101, 102

Cowan, Maxwell, 11

Crayfish, 124

Curare, 70, 75

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), 75, 78, 79

role in memory, 126, 127–128, 129

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP), 84–85

Cytokines, 61

D

Darwin III, 143

David Mahoney Institute for the Decade of the Brain, 155

Decade of the Brain, 2, 7, 8, 11–12, 145, 155

Presidential Proclamation, iv, 163

research agenda, 150–153

Degenerative disorders, 10, 53

Déjà vu, 27

Dementias, 53, 55, 58, 59

Demyelinating disease, 61

Demyelination, 61

Dendrites, 9, 30, 31, 32–33

blood flow, 35

in brain development, 97–99, 100

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 91, 94, 126

Depression, 48

chemical deficiencies in, 63, 71, 72

PET imaging, 41, 45

Depth perception, 110

Descartes, René, 105

Desensitization, 81

Diacylglycerol (DG), 75–76, 78

Dogs, 130

Domenici, Pete V., 2

Dopamine, 101

in cognitive function, 133–135

in movement control, 72–73

in Parkinson's disease, 57–58, 73

production of, 18, 72

prolactin inhibition, 18, 72

in schizophrenia, 73–74

Dopamine blockers, 65, 73

Dopamine receptors, 64, 65, 101, 134

Dopaminergic neurons, 72–73

Down's syndrome, 57

Drinking, 17

Drugs, 79, 85, 88

ACh inhibitors, 70

antidepressant medication, 51, 63, 71, 72

antipsychotic medication, 65

beta-agonists, 71

obsessive-compulsive medication, 50–51

opiates, 76–77

panic disorder medication, 51, 52–53

schizophrenia medication, 64, 65–66, 73

substance abuse, 3–4, 7, 10, 155–156

Dyslexia, 38

E

Eating, 17–18

Ectopias, 100

Edelman, Gerald, 128, 142, 144

Education, 149–150

Electrical signals, 6, 31, 67–69, 80, 81–82, 98

Electrical synapses, 30

Electroencephalography (EEG), 42, 117–118, 133

Embryo, 87

Emotion, 119–120

hypothalamus and, 17

imaging techniques, 39–41

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

limbic system and, 21, 27, 40

prefrontal cortex injury and, 27

Encephalitis, 59

Endocrine system, 16–17

Endorphins, 76, 77

Enkephalins, 77

Environment, 6–7, 8, 86–87, 88–89

Epidemiology, 58, 59

Epilepsy, 10, 21, 29, 44

Epinephrine, 18, 52, 71, 76, 78

Equilibrium sense, 16

Eserine, 70

Evolution, 13, 22, 26, 27, 93, 102, 136

Eyes, 109–110

F

Fasciculations, 97

Fetus, 45, 88, 98

FIDIA Pharmaceutical Corporation, 148–149, 153

Follicle-stimulating hormone, 18

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 48–49, 148

Forebrain, 15, 88, 90

Frontal lobes, 23, 25, 26

Alzheimer's disease and, 55

attention functions, 39, 117, 118, 121

dopamine fibers, 65

PET imaging, 41, 118

Fruit flies, 82

G

Galvani, Luigi, 67–69

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 52–53, 74

Ganglion cells, 107, 108

Genes, 8, 57, 93, 103

Genetics, 8, 145, 146

Alzheimer's disease, 55, 57

brain development, 89–91, 93, 101

manic-depressive disorder, 49

obsessive-compulsive disorder, 50, 52

panic disorder, 52

Gill withdrawal reflex, 125

Glandular cells, 75

Glial cells, 95, 96

Glucose, 17, 35, 71

Glutamate, 84, 85, 139–140

Glutamate receptors, 84–85, 139–140

Glutamic acid, 56

Goldman-Rakic, Patricia, 65, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136

Goodwin, Frederick K., 149, 150

Gordis, Enoch, 3, 7, 10

G-proteins, 75, 78, 80

Granule cells, 96

“Gray matter,”

Grignolo, Alberto, 153

Guanosine triphosphate, 75

Guinea pigs, 49

Gyri, 25–26

cingulate gyrus, 120, 121

parahippocampal gyrus, 40

H

Hallucinations, 64, 65, 73

Head injury, 2, 50

Hearing, 104–105

Heart, 46

Heartbeat, 15, 16

Hebb, Donald, 139, 140

Hemiballism, 6

Heroin, 77

Hindbrain, 15, 90

Hippocampus, 141

Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 56, 58, 70

blood flow, 56

in limbic system, 22, 40

long-term memory, 124, 139

neurons, 10, 56, 58

in panic disorder, 53

short-term memory, 10, 22, 58

Hippocrates, 46

Hormones, 18

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 148

Hubel, David H., 104, 109, 110, 111, 116

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

Human genome project, 151

Human growth hormone, 18

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 59, 60, 62

Human nature, 11

Hunger, 17–18

Huntington's disease, 6, 57

Hydrogen, 43

Hyoscine, 70

Hypertension, 63

Hypothalamus, 14, 16–18, 19, 21, 71

I

Imaging techniques, 7–8, 34, 45, 133

Immune system, 60, 61

Immunoglobulin, 128

Infants, 118, 119–120

Inositol, 10

Inositol triphosphate (IP3), 75–76, 78

Institute of Medicine, 11, 145, 147

Insula, 25

Interneurons, 29, 126

Intestines, 17

Ion channels, 32, 81–83

Ions, 6, 31, 32, 80, 139–140

Italy, 153

J

Jamais vu, 27

Jan, Lily Yeh, 83

JohnD. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 148

Johnson, Mark, 119

Johnson, Richard T., 61

Judd, Lewis, 66

K

Kandel, Eric R., 124, 125, 127, 139

Kidneys, 3

L

Langfitt, Thomas W., 150, 154

Language processing, 26, 27–28, 29

occipital lobe, 118

parietal lobe, 112

PET imaging, 37–39

schizophrenia and, 121

Lateral geniculate nucleus, 106, 108, 109

L-dopa, 73

Learning, 8, 123–125, 127, 129, 138

aging and, 55

Alzheimer's disease and, 59

computer simulation, 8, 140

dendrite spines and, 9

ion channels and, 82

PET imaging, 39

Learning disorders, 38

Lee, D., 111

Lefkowitz, Robert, 78, 79, 81

Left hemisphere, 15, 20

language functions, 26, 27, 28, 29, 121

panic disorder and, 40, 41

visual function, 107

Limbic system

emotional functions, 21, 124

mood regulation, 65, 71, 73

nervous system connections, 21, 22, 27, 65

opiate receptors, 77

PET imaging, plate 6 ,41, 52

Lishman, J., 111

Lithium, 10, 48–49

Lithium carbonate, 49

Liver, 3, 46, 71

Livingstone, Margaret, 111

Lobes, 23, 25

Logical functions, 142

Long-term memory, 22, 27, 124, 125–129

Luteinizing hormone, 18

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 72

M

McDonell-Pew Cognitive Neuroscience Program, 154

McKhann, Guy M., 54, 55

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

Macrobiology, 147

Macrophages, 59, 61, 62

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plates 3–5 ,7, 43–44, 110, 118

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 7, 44

Magnetic source imaging, 7–8, 44

Mahoney, David T., 155

Mammals, 77, 82, 95, 99, 139

Manic-depressive disorder, 10, 48–49

Marijuana, 22, 77–78

Marine snail (Aplysia) ,5, 124, 125–126, 139

Martin, Joseph B., 145

Mason, James O., 151

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 136–137

Medial extrastriate cortex, 38

Medulla, 14, 15, 16, 96

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, 18

Melatonin, 18–19

Memory, 8, 123–125, 138–139.

See also Long-term memory;

Short-term memory

Alzheimer's disease and, 53, 55–56, 58, 59

computer simulation, 140

visual, 27

Mental health, 2, 47–48

Mental illness, 46–48, 145

AIDS-related dementia, 59–62

Alzheimer's disease, 53–59

diagnosis and treatment, 4

genetic transfer, 8

manic-depressive illness, 48–49

mood disorders, 62–63

obsessive-compulsive disorder, 49–51

panic disorder, 51–53

PET imaging, 41

schizophrenia, 64–66

Mental representations, 129–130, 132, 136

Mental retardation, 57

Messenger molecules, 98

Messenger RNA, 5–6

Metabolism, 35, 41, 44

Metals, toxic, 55, 56

Microglia, 61

Midbrain, 15, 16, 90

Migraine headaches, 85

Mind, 46–47, 62, 105, 121–122, 123

Mitochondria, 30

Molecular biology, 8, 50, 103, 146, 147

Monkeys

attention system, 115, 118

axons, 99, 100

cerebral cortex, 93, 94, 95–96, 101, 130

dopamine receptors, 101, 134

movement perception, 113–114

nervous system development, 91, 94, 95, 99

working memory, 65, 130–131, 132–133, 134, 135

Monocytes, 62

Mood control, 71, 73

Mood disorders, 62–63

Morphine, 77

Motor cortex, plate 7 ,19, 24, 26

Mountcastle, Vernon B., 112, 113–114, 115

Movement control, 5–6

brainstem, 15–16

cerebellum, 19–20

dopamine and, 72–73

precentral gyrus, 25

reticular network, 20

Movement perception, 110, 113–115

Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 60

Multiple sclerosis, 44

Muscle cells, 75

Muscular movement, 15–16

Mussels, 55–56

Mutation, 57, 86–87, 102

Myasthenia gravis, 70

Myelin sheath

axons, 30, 31, 72

imaging, 42–43

pathologies, 44, 60, 61

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

N

National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD), 155

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 11,

National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, 54

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 148, 151, 154

Natural selection, 99

Nerve growth factor, 58, 98, 99

Nerve tracts, 15, 20, 132

Nervous system, 20

AIDS infection, 59–60

Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 59

autonomic nervous system, 17, 70

central nervous system, 1, 69–71, 104

chain of signals, 4

development of, 99, 124–125

electrical signals in, 67

hypothalamus and, 16–17

in learning, 5, 124–125, 129, 138, 139

messenger molecules, 98

movement control, 72–73

proteins in, 128, 129

robot, 143

Neural tangles, 54, 55, 56

Neural tube

birth defects, 88

in brain development, 15, 86, 89, 90, 95

Neurobiology, 123–124

Neuroglia, 31

Neurological diseases, 6

Neurology, 146, 153

Neuromodulators, 71, 98

Neurons, 29–31

Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 56

blood flow, 35

cell elimination, 88, 99–100

cell migration, 5, 88, 95–97

cell proliferation, 86, 93–95, 98–99

cerebral cortex, 25, 29, 131–132, 134

chain of signals, 1, 4, 6

in cognitive function, 134–135

computer models, 140–141, 147

dopaminergic neurons, 72–73

electrical charge, 31, 32, 53, 82, 83

genetic transcription, 126–127

hypothalamus, 17

imaging techniques, 35, 36, 44

ion channels, 81–83

learning and, 5, 82, 138

in memory, 125–126, 128–129, 131–132

motor neurons, 70, 125–126, 127, 128

nerve growth factor and, 58

neuroglia, 31

neurotransmitter synthesis, 69, 71

nitric oxide-forming enzyme in, 85

number of, 86, 88, 138, 155

pineal gland, 18–19

protein synthesis, 126, 127

pyramidal neurons, 9, 97, 134

receptor sites, 32–33, 74–76, 78–81

reticular network, 20

sensory neurons, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139

serotonergic neurons, 72

synapses, 30, 31–32, 88, 91, 97–98, 127, 138, 139–140

thalamus, 16, 20

visual, 110, 113–114

Neuroscience, 2, 3, 4–5, 6–7, 104

and artificial brain, 142

and brain development, 88, 92, 103

and mental illness, 9–11, 46–48, 59, 66, 145–146, 147–148

and psychology, 10–11, 62–63

research directions, 8–9, 11–12, 146–149, 151–157

technological innovations, 7–8

Neurotransmitters, 4

acetylcholine, 69–71

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

in Alzheimer's disease, 58

antidepressant medication and, 63

dopamine, 72–74, 133–135

endorphins, 76–77

excitatory and inhibitory, 32–33

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 52–53, 74

in memory, 126–127, 129, 133

multiple functions of, 5, 74

norepinephrine, 70–71

number of, 33, 74

receptor sites and, 9, 32–33, 74–75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84–85, 92

second messengers and, 75–76

serotonin, 71–72

storage and release, 30, 32, 33, 126–127

Nitric oxide, 83–85

Nitroglycerin, 84

Norepinephrine

blood vessel effects, 5, 74–75

central nervous system functions, 70–71

medications and, 50, 63, 71, 72

as neuromodulator, 71

receptor sites, 5, 74–75, 78

O

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 49–51, 52

Occipital lobe, 25

language capacity, 118

visual functions, 23, 27, 106, 111, 116, 117, 132

Ocular dominance columns, 109, 110–111

Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 151–152

Olfactory bulb, 21, 23, 85

Opiates, 76–77

Opsins, 79

Optic chiasm, 107

Optic nerve, 102, 106, 107, 109

Ovulation, 18, 19

P

Painkillers, 76–77

Pain sensations, 16, 20, 71–72

Panic disorder, plate 6 ,39–40, 41, 45, 51–53

Parahippocampal gyrus, 40

Parallel processing, 8

Parietal cortex, 132–133

Parietal lobe, 23, 25

in attention system, 115, 116–117, 120

language functions, 112

movement perception, 115

in spatial perception, 112–113, 132–133, 136

visual neurons, 113–115

Parietal lobe syndrome, 112, 116–117

Parkinson's disease, 2, 6, 56, 57–58, 59, 72–73

“Parsimony in nature,”

Perception, 104–105, 129–130, 142–143

Peripheral vision, 111–112, 113–114, 115

Peterson, Steven, 117

Pew Charitable Trusts, 148, 154

Pharmaceutical industry, 148–149

Pheromones, 21

Phospholipase C, 75–76

Phosphorous, 44

Phrenology, 46

Pineal gland, 18–19

Pituitary gland, 14, 17, 18, 85

Pons, 14, 15–16, 96

Positron emission tomography (PET), 7, 35–37, 45, 50, 110, 133

and attention system, 117, 118, 120

imaging of AIDS-related

dementia, plate 2

imaging of language recognition, plate 1 ,37–39, 116

imaging of panic disorder, plate 6,

Posner, Michael I., 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120–121

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

Postcentral gyrus, 25

Potassium channels, 31–32, 82–83, 126

Potassium ions, 31

Precentral gyrus, 25–26

Prefrontal cortex

dopamine in, 133–134

emotional functions, 27, 65

schizophrenia and, 64–65, 66, 135

in working memory, 65, 66, 130, 131–132, 134, 135, 136

Pregnancy, 10, 45, 86, 88, 91

Pressure sensations, 16

Primates, 66, 129, 136

Private sector, 148–149, 153–155

Prolactin, 18, 72

Protein kinases, 4, 76, 81, 127, 129

Proteins

amyloid proteins, 54–55, 57

cell-adhesion proteins, 5, 128–129

G-proteins, 75, 78, 80

in learning, 5, 127–128

second-messenger systems and, 75

in synapses, 30

synthesis of, 126, 127

Psychosomatic disorders, 3

Psychotherapy, 49–50, 65–66

Public Health Service, 148, 151

Purpura, Dominick P., 2–3, 5, 6, 9

Pyramidal neurons, 9, 97, 134

R

Raichle, Marcus E., 37–39, 41, 116

Rakic, Pasko, 92–93, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102

Raphe nuclei, 20

Rats, 77, 139

Reading, 26, 38–39

Receptor sites, 9, 32–33, 74–75

acetylcholine receptors, 70, 75

adrenergic receptors, 78–81

chimeric receptors, 79–81

dopamine receptors, 64, 65, 101, 134

elimination in brain

development, 101

GABA receptors, 52–53, 74

glutamate receptors, 84–85, 139–140

mapping of, 77–78, 92

norepinephrine receptors, 5, 74–75, 78

voltage-gated channels, 31–32, 81–82

Reproductive functions, 19

Reptiles, 21

Research, 146, 147–149, 151, 152–153, 154, 156–157

Reserpine, 63

Reticular activating system, 18, 20–21

Retina, 106, 107, 141

Retrovirus, 89–91

Rhinencephalon, 21

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

messenger, 5–6

synthesis, 126

Right hemisphere, 15, 20, 28–29, 41, 107, 121

Robots, 143

Rubella, 88

S

Schizophrenia, 7, 73–74, 147–148

and attention system, 120–121

imaging technologies and, 44

medications, 64, 65–66, 73

and prefrontal cortex, 64–65, 66, 135, 136

Science, 149–150, 155, 157

Scopolamine, 70

Second messengers, 4, 69, 75–76, 78, 80, 98

Sejnowski, Terrence J., 136, 137, 138, 141, 144

Selkoe, Dennis, 57

Senile plaques, 54–55, 57

Senses, 8, 16, 104–105, 110–111, 129–130

Sensitization, 72

Serotonergic neurons, 72

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

Serotonin

medications and, 50, 52, 63

neurotransmitter functions, 71–72, 126, 127–128, 129

Sex hormones, 18

Short-term (working) memory, 125, 126

acetylcholine and, 70

aging and, 55

hippocampus and, 10, 22

nerve growth factor and, 58

prefrontal cortex and, 65, 66, 130–132, 134, 135

Skin pigmentation, 18–19

Skull, 28, 36, 45

Sleep, 18, 72

Smell, 16, 21, 104–105, 130

Smooth muscle, 16, 17

Snyder, Solomon H., 84

Sodium channels, 31–32, 82

Sodium ions, 31, 75

Sodium lactate, 40, 41, 52

Somatic sensory cortex, 24

Spatial cognition, 132–133

Spatial perception, 105, 111–113

Speech, 26, 28, 92

Spina bifida, 88

Spinal cord, 14, 15, 20, 95

AIDS and, 61

opiate receptors, 77

Strabismus, 109–110

Stress, 18, 52, 76

Stroke, 44

Stroop effect, plate 8 ,120

Substantia nigra, 56

Suicide, 51

Sulci, 25, 131, 132

Sullivan, Louis W., 2, 149

Surgery, 34

Sweat glands, 17

Synapses, 33, 91, 138

Alzheimer's disease and, 55

chemical, 30

dopamine synapses, 134–135

electrical, 30, 98

elimination in brain development, 99, 100, 143

formation of, 97–99, 101, 102, 128

Hebbian model, 139–140

in learning, 125, 127, 128

schizophrenia and, 65

serotonin uptake, 50

in visual system, 108

voltage-gated channels, 31–32

Synaptic cleft, 30, 32, 33, 63, 70, 71, 82

Synaptic vesicles, 30, 126–127

Synthetic neural modeling, 142–143

T

Taste, 104–105

Technology, 7–8, 146

Temperature sensations, 16, 20

Temporal lobes, 23, 25, 29

Alzheimer's disease and, 55

auditory area, 26

in long-term memory, 27

visual memory area, 27

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 22, 77–78

T-4 cells, 62

Thalamus, 14, 16, 19, 134

connections with cerebral cortex layers, 29, 102

in limbic system, 21, 27

in reticular activating system, 20

Thought, 123

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 18

Touch, 16, 20, 104–105

Toxic metals, 55, 56

Tranquilizers, 51, 52

Tryptophan, 72

Tumors, plates 3–5 ,44

Twins, 49, 50, 52

U

Ultrasound imaging, 7–8, 44–45

United States government research funding, 148,

United States Congress, iv, 2, 163

United States Department of Energy, 148

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
×

United States Department of Health and Human Services, 148, 151

V

Vascular disease, 55, 56–57

Ventricles, 15, 42–43, 46

in brain development, 89–91, 94, 95

Ventricular zone, 94, 95, 96, 103

Vertebrates, 15, 21, 77, 99, 124

Viruses, 55, 56, 59

Visual association area, plate 7 ,26, 27, 92

Visual cortex, 92, 93, 111, 114

computer simulation, 141

development of, 95–96, 118–119

information pathways, 106, 107, 108, 109–110

optic nerve and, 102, 106, 109

PET imaging, plate 7 ,36, 37

Visual memory, 27

Visual system, 27, 104–105

color, plate 8 ,108, 110, 120

development of, plate 8 ,118–119

information pathways, 106–108, 110

peripheral vision, 111–112, 113–114

signal interpretation, 109–111

Vital functions, 13, 14, 15, 123

Vitamins, 10

Voltage-gated channels, 31–32, 81–82

W

Wernicke, Karl, 28

Wernicke's area, 23, 28, 92

“White matter,”

Winnicott, D. W., 48

Working memory.

See Short-term memory

X

X-ray technology, 36, 42, 43, 44, 88, 91

Z

Zidovudine (AZT), plate 2 ,62

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences. 1992. Discovering the Brain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1785.
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Discovering the Brain Get This Book
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The brain ...

There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate?

The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public.

The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research.

Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brain—an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines:

  • How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain.
  • The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attention—and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain.
  • Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity.
  • Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain.

Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments.

Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniques—what various technologies can and cannot tell us—and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience.

This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakers—and many scientists as well—with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."

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