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Index
Abortion, 3, 53, 60, 64, 68
in China, 76
in Eastern Europe, 75
French law, 44, 52, 65
morality and fetal tissue research, 7, 215, 220–223, 233–234, 241–243, 251, 252–253, 310, 318
mortality, 71
number of, fetal tissue research and, 223–228, 235–236, 241, 256, 314
other abortifacients, 52, 59, 68–69
RU-486 procedure, 43, 73, 78–79, 310
societal legitimation of, fetal tissue use and, 216, 228–229, 239
U.S. law, 55, 69, 72, 288 n.29
U.S. rates, 52, 82, 217, 236, 237
women's decision, 56, 220–221, 223, 224, 229, 230, 232–233, 235, 236, 239, 241
Abortion controversy
and fetal tissue research, 221, 232, 253
and RU-486, 43, 47, 57, 62, 72–73, 74, 86, 97, 316
Abortion opponents, 68–69, 72
and fetal tissue research, 218, 237, 239
Roussel-Uclaf and, 46, 58–59, 65, 74–75, 78
RU-486 boycott threats, 54–55, 58, 67, 69–71, 85, 86
RU-486 opposition, 43–44, 47, 48–49, 53, 54–58, 61, 79, 310, 317
Abortion-rights advocates, 64, 68, 72–73
Accident victims, 222, 225, 229, 233
Adams, Arlin, 218, 219, 236
Adenoviruses, 267
Africa, 71
Agence France Presse, 62–63
Agent Orange, 113
Agrigenetics Company, 160
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 19, 34, 35 n.1,
decision-making process and, 9, 10, 32, 41
research, 15, 20, 135, 137, 142
AIDS activists, 35 n.1
and Bristol-Myers officials, 24–25, 29, 32–33
and early release of ddI, 10, 14–15, 18, 22–23, 24–27, 31–33, 40, 42, 313–314, 316
and public health officials, 10, 17, 19, 20, 32, 34, 36 n.8
AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG)n.11
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), 15, 22, 24, 25, 36 n.8
AIDS drugs, 15, 34, 35–36 n.4,
AZT, 10, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31, 32
clinical trials, 10, 12, 15–16, 20, 23, 24, 26, 35 n.1,
early release of dideoxyinosine (ddI), 6, 14, 23, 24–28, 29, 42, 310, 318
Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award, 75
Alberts, Bruce, 128–129, 130, 138, 154
Alliance for Aging Research, 152, 155
Alliance for Life, 70
ALZA Corporation, 84
Alzheimer's disease, 137
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American Academy of Pediatrics, 237
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 121
American Civil Liberties Union, 72
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 240
American Fertility Society, 240
American Hospital Association, 328
American Medical Association (AMA), 73, 155, 237, 238
American Psychiatric Association, 9–10
American Society for Artificial Internal Organs, 180
American Society of Law and Medicine, 81
American Society of Nephrology, 180, 181
Amino acids, 105, 107
Anderson, Ephraim S., 276, 278, 290n.44
Anderson, Norman, 109, 134, 138–139, 159
Anderson, W. French, 149–150
André, Michèle, 63, 64
Animal research, 5, 50
fetal tissue transplantation, 216, 217, 234, 242
RU-486, 54, 94–95
Animal rights movement, 300
Antibiotics, 263, 300
Apollo space program, 159
Arabidopsis thaliana,
Ashby Working Party, 274
Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules, 124, 274–283, 284, 301, 331
decision-making process, 7, 277, 281–282, 290n.44, 292n.58,
participants, 274, 293–298, 291n.55
safety guidelines, 258–259, 268–269, 277–281, 283, 299, 302, 306, 314, 317–318
Assembly of Life Sciences (ALS), 272, 273–274, 283, 288 n.31, 289 n.40
Association of American Medical Colleges, 237
Atomic bomb, 113, 119
Avery, Oswald T., 104, 259
AZT, 10, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31, 32
Bacteria
DNA research, 264, 265, 276
genetic structure, 106–107, 262
hazards in research, 263, 280, 302
viral infection of, 105, 259, 264
Bacteriophages, 105, 259, 264
Baltimore, David, 286n.8
and Asilomar conference, 272, 274, 275, 283, 289n.38
and genome project, 140–141, 142, 144, 154
Banta, H. D., 5–6
Barnhart, Ben, 151, 152
Barrell, Bart, 108, 111
Baulieu, Etienne-Emile, 49–50, 51, 52, 53, 58, 61, 62, 63–64, 66, 75
Beadle, George W., 261–262, 286n.8
Becker, E. Lovell, 191, 193
Beckman Foundation, 111
Beckwith, Jonathan, 279–280, 291n.52
Berg, Paul
and Asilomar conference, 269, 272–273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 281, 282, 283, 291n.52,
and genome project, 112, 124, 125, 127–128, 140–141, 154, 161
recombinant DNA research, 265, 266–267, 268, 286n.8, 289nn.37,38
Berkeley National Laboratory, 120–121, 131
Bioethics Board, 253, 254n.13
Biomedical Ethics Advisory Committee, 253
Biomedical research, 2, 3, 5, 157, 158, 259–261, 287n.25
Biotechnology, 157, 158, 303, 304, 306
Biotechnology Science Coordinating Committee, 136, 284
Birth control pill, 49
controversy over, 43, 46, 48, 52, 59, 60
market for, 52, 82
Birth defects, 55, 83, 84, 95
Bitensky, Mark, 114, 115
Black, Francis, 287n.25,
Bleich, J. David, 219, 226, 228
Bodmer, Walter F., 108, 112, 123, 125, 127, 154
Bopp, James, 218, 219, 222, 223, 230–231
Bostock, Judy, 116, 121
Boston,
Boston Globe,
Botstein, David, 108, 111, 124–125, 129, 140–141, 161
Bowen, Otis R., 219
Boyer, Herbert, 269, 270, 271, 276, 289n.38
Bread molds (neurospora), 261–262
Breast cancer, 46, 77, 86–87
Brenner, Sydney, 127, 129, 274, 278, 282, 283, 285 n.7
Bristol-Myers Company, 18, 24–25, 27, 28–30, 32–33, 36n.11
British Society for the Protection of the Unborn, 74
Broder, Samuel, 24
Brookhaven National Laboratories, 155
Brown, Donald D., 274, 280
Bureau of the Budget, 178, 179, 210, 315
Burkitt's lymphoma, 263
Burris, John, 128, 129
Burroughs Wellcome Company, 29
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costs of treatment, 195–201, 202–203, 204, 210–211, 213, 313, 319
Gottschalk Committee report on, 178, 179, 181, 197, 206n.4, 212–213, 315
Engelhardt, Tristram, 310
Environmental Protection Agency, 284
Epostane, 51–52, 59
Epstein-Barr virus, 263
Ervin, Sam, 193
Escherichia coli
DNA recombination, 262, 268, 269, 270, 273, 276, 277, 278, 280
DNA sequencing, 108
mutation studies, 264, 265
Ethics Advisory Board, 43
Etzioni, Amitai, 272
Eugenics, 147, 150
Eukaryotic cells, 262, 265, 279, 280
Europe, 119
abortion laws, 239
contraceptive research in, 85
human genome mapping in, 129, 147
RU-486 in, 74, 75, 83
European Economic Community, 284
European Medical Research Council, 134
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBO), 108, 264
“Every Child a Wanted Child,”
Evin, Claude, 58, 59, 62, 68
Evolution, 300
Experimental drugs, 12, 15, 17, 19–20, 21, 23, 35,n.1 40, 314
Falkow, Stanley, 276, 279
Falmouth conference, 277
Falwell, Jerry, 53
Family Health International, 86
Farben, I.G., 59, 70, 75
Fauci, Anthony, 15–17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 27–28, 31, 32, 33–34, 36,n.7 313
Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), 198, 200–201
Feinstein, Diane, 79
Feminists, 48, 68, 72
Fetal tissue research, 78, 251–252, 315, 320
animal studies, 216, 217, 234, 242
donation decision, 225, 226, 227–228, 230–231, 232, 233–234, 236, 252
federal funding ban, 43, 78, 216, 218–219, 226–227, 235–238, 239–240, 288n.29
information to women, 225, 231–233
morality of abortion and, 7, 215–223, 233–234, 251, 252–253, 256, 310, 318
and number of abortions, 223–228, 235–236, 241, 256, 314
public policy and, 234–240, 241–243, 255–257, 310, 311
and societal legitimation of abortion, 216, 228–229, 239
tissue dispositional authority, 229–231
Fetus, definition of, 53, 220
Florida, 137–138, 173
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 9, 36n.5
Anti-Infectives Advisory Committee, 17, 21, 22, 23
Anti-Viral Products Division, 19
contraceptive approval process, 50, 51, 54, 68–69, 82–83
drug regulation, 10, 11, 12–13, 14, 18, 19, 79
early release of ddI, 6, 24, 25–26, 28, 29–30, 33–34, 38, 39, 42, 313
parallel track protocol, 15, 16, 17, 18–20, 23, 25, 31, 40
and RU-486, 45, 46–47, 53, 54, 70, 73, 76–78, 81, 83, 86, 94
Food and Drugs Act (1906), 11
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), 11
Kefauver amendments (1962), 11, 36n.5
Ford, Wendell H., 118
Ford Foundation, 49
France, 264, 290n.41
abortion controversy in, 62, 63
abortion law, 44, 52, 65
coercion of Roussel, 46, 65–67
contraceptive law, 49
and development of RU-486, 50, 52, 57
RU-486 approval, 60, 64–65, 69, 70, 83, 94, 98
RU-486 availability in, 43, 44, 45, 61, 68, 73, 76
Fredrickson, Donald, 111, 119, 125, 126
French Family Planning Association, 64
French Movement for Family Planning, 63
Friends of the National Library of Medicine, 143
Froelich, Edwin, 149–150
Fruit fly (Drosophila), 171, 261, 273
Fuji Photo Film Company, Ltd., 108
Fullerton, William D., 185, 188, 190, 191, 195, 205–206n.1
Fund for the Feminist Majority, 76
Funding
abortion research, 70, 72, 78, 288n.29
contraceptive research, 60
fetal tissue research, 217, 221, 228–229, 231, 232, 235, 236, 238, 256–257, 288n.29
fetal tissue research, federal funding ban, 43, 216, 218–219, 226–227, 235–238, 239–240, 288n.29
human genome project, 99, 101, 112–113, 118, 119, 121, 126, 140, 141, 142–147, 171–172
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kidney research and treatment, 180–181
scientific research, 169, 259–260
Gabelnick, Henry, 83, 86
GenBank, 120, 134
General Accounting Office (GAO), 183
“General altruism,”
Genetic discrimination, 148, 159
Genetic disease, 104, 105, 150, 157
Genome Corporation, 129
Germ theory of disease, 262
Giglio, Camille, 79–80
Gilbert, Walter
DNA research, 106–107, 111
and genome project, 111–112, 124, 127–128, 129, 130, 140–141, 147, 154, 169–170
Glasow, Richard, 43–44, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 69, 74–75, 79
Glazer, Shep, 187–189, 194, 313
Gordon Conferences, 107, 112, 114, 289n.37
on nucleic acids, 270–272
Gore, Albert, 147, 148, 149
Gottschalk, Carl W., 177, 179, 205–206n.1
Gottschalk Committee, 180, 182
Report of the Committee on Chronic Kidney Disease, n.4,
Gough, Mike, 113–114
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings deficit targets, 143
Great Instauration of 1940, 259–260
Greenhouse, Steven, 58
Greenslade, Forrest, 85, 87
Grimes, David, 56, 81, 87
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 48
Group C drugs, 14, 42
Guyer, Mark, 141, 151, 152
GynoPharma, Inc., 59–60, 83, 85, 86
Handler, Philip, 272, 283, 289n.40
Harkin, Tom, 142
Hartke, Vance, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196–199, 201, 203
Harvard Medical School, 300
Harvard University, 182
Hatch, Orrin G., 149
HCG vaccine, 86
Health care technology, 3
Health and Environmental Research Advisory Committee (HERAC), 114–115, 116, 117, 121, 160
Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke Amendments (1965), 181
Hemodialysis, 177–178, 180, 190, 197, 319
cost of, 196, 204
demonstration in Congress, 187–189
Gottschalk Committee and, 179, 181–182, 206n.4
Medicare coverage, 198–199, 200, 205, 209–210, 211, 212–213, 214
Hemoglobin, 103, 105, 157
Hennepin County Hospital (Minneapolis), 182
Herrington, John S., 114
Hinton, Diane, 127, 151
Hippocratic oath, 326–327
Hiroshima, Japan, 113, 119
Hoben, Patricia, 132, 138
Hoechst A.G., 46, 57, 58–59, 61, 63, 64, 66–67, 69–70, 71, 75–76
Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (HRPI), 68, 94
Hoffman, Max, 109–110
Hoffman Foundation, 109–110, 112–113
Holland, 177
Homicide victims, 222, 225, 228, 229, 233
Homosexuality, 9–10
Homosexuals, 9–10, 35n.1,
Hood, Leroy, 111, 112, 118–119, 126, 128, 129, 140–141, 154, 160, 162, 169–170
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), 3, 101, 108–109, 111, 125–126, 127, 128, 130, 156
Hughes, Howard, 126
Human Cell Biology Steering Committee (HCBSC), 265, 268, 274, 286n.15
Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research (NIH), 234–235
Human Gene Mapping Library (HHMI), 126
Human genetics, 102, 104, 107, 150
Human genome project, 6–7, 99–102, 152–155, 157–159, 169–172, 173–175, 312, 313, 315
costs of, 112–113, 114, 116, 124, 140, 141, 142–145, 159–162, 163–164, 316, 319
DOE plan, 113–123, 130, 131–132, 137, 149, 155, 156, 162, 170, 173, 174
DOE plan, opposition to, 125, 127, 128, 134, 136, 138, 155
ethical and social issues, 147–151, 164, 171, 174, 318
genetic linkage mapping, 103–104, 108, 111, 121–122, 123–124, 126, 127, 130, 140, 162
NIH-DOE joint project, 133, 138, 140–141, 142–147, 151–152, 153, 154, 164, 170, 171
NIH plan, 108, 125, 130, 134–137, 156, 173
NRC report on, 128–31, 133, 141, 144, 145, 152, 154, 161, 170
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OTA report on, 131–133, 159, 162, 170
physical mapping, 107, 111, 113, 114, 115, 123–124, 128, 130, 162, 170
public and, 152, 154–155, 171, 174–175, 316, 317, 331
Santa Cruz plan, 109–113
scientific community and, 123–128, 154–155, 171–172, 174
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 10, 22
Humphrey, Hubert H., 143
Huntington's disease, 104, 106, 150
Hyde Amendment, 242
Ice-minus bacteria, 138
Immigration, 9–10
Immunosuppressive drugs, 178
Incest, 230, 231
Incrementalism, 312–313
India, 75
Industrial Biotechnology Association, 138
Infertility, 86–87
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 3, 94, 174, 177, 193, 271, 288n.31
Institutional review boards, 231, 234, 288n.29
Insurance costs, 95, 96
Internal Revenue Code, 183
International AIDS Conference, 16, 24
International Convention on Patents, 74
International Right to Life Federation (IRLF), 70–71
Intrauterine device (IUD), 52, 82, 83, 84, 85, 95
Dalkon shield, 48, 56, 83
ParaGard, 85, 86
Investigational new drug (IND) application, 12, 13–14, 54, 94–95
treatment IND, 14, 19, 24, 26, 27, 30, 33
In vitro fertilization, 43
Ireland, 68
Issues in Science and Technology,
Italy, 74
Jackson, Henry M., 181, 206n.2
Jacob, François, 264, 286n.8
Japan, 96, 108, 148
Ministry of Education, 156–157
Science and Technology Agency, 108, 156–157
Johnson, Lyndon B., 47, 186
Johnson & Johnson Products, Inc., 86
Joly, Pierre, 61–62, 65
Jordan, Elke, 141, 152
Judson, Horace Freeland, 285n.7
Karølinska Hospital (Stockholm), 74
Karyotyping, 102–103
Kass, Leon, 266–267
Katz, Jay, 254n.10
Keck Foundation, 110
Keck telescope, 109–110, 313
Kefauver amendments (1962, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act), 11, 36n.5
Kennedy, Edward M., 137, 138, 185, 186
Kerry, John, 149
Kidney disease, 177–178, 182
costs of treatment, 195–201, 204, 210–211, 213–214
Gottschalk report on, 178, 179–180, 181, 197, 206n.4,
Medicare coverage, 176, 178, 179, 187–195, 201–202, 205, 206n.6,
research, 178, 180–181, 201–202
Kidney Disease Control Program (KDCP), 178, 180
Kidney transplantation, 177, 178, 182, 189
costs of, 196, 197, 204, 211
Gottschalk Committee and, 179, 181, 206n.4
Medicare coverage, 198–199, 200, 205, 209–210, 212–213
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 327
Kingsbury, David, 128, 136–137
Kirschstein, Ruth, 128, 131, 134, 135, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149–150
Kissinger, Henry A., 174
Kolff, Willem, 177, 180
Korean War, 177
Kornberg, Arthur, 286n.8
Kountz, Samuel, 193, 196, 197, 201, 206n.7
Kourilsky, Philippe, 258, 282, 284n.1
Krimsky, Sheldon, 265, 271, 292n.58
Lac operon, 279–280
Laetrile, 23, 40
Landers, Ann, 60
Lear, John, 266, 271, 289n.38
Lederberg, Joshua, 262, 278, 282, 286n.8
Leonard, Victoria, 67, 68
Levinson, Rachel, 135, 140
Lewin, Roger, 125, 126
Lewis, Andrew M., 267–268, 269, 278, 279, 287n.24
Lewis, Herman, 265, 268, 272, 274
Liability
and contraceptive development, 55, 83–84, 95
and recombinant DNA research, 281, 306
and RU-486, 55–56, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 96
Library of Congress, 183
Lincoln, Abraham, 135
Litigation, 55, 320
Livermore National Laboratory, 120, 121
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Long, Russell B., 184–185, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 199, 200, 203–204
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 114, 115, 120, 174–175
Los Angeles Times,
Lujan, Manuel, 118
Luria, Salvatore, 105, 285n.7, 286n.8
Lustinger, Jean-Marie (archbishop of Paris), 59
Lwoff, André, 264, 286n.8
McCarty, Maclyn, 104, 259
McClintock, Barbara, 261, 286n.8
McConnell, Jack, 119–120, 137
McCusick, David, 205–206n.1, 206n.8
McDonnell Foundation, 128
McGovern, George, 176, 201
McKusick, Victor A., 123–124, 126, 129, 131
MacLeod, Colin M., 104, 259
Magnuson, Warren G., 181
Manchester Guardian,
Mason, James O., 16, 17, 18, 225–226, 236–237
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test, 5
Matsui Knowledge Industries, 108
Maxam, A. M., 106–107
Media, 318, 320
Medicaid, 176, 180, 183, 186, 189, 214, 329
Medical Advisory Board, 126
Medical innovation, 5–6
Medical Research Council (U.K.), 264, 274
Medicare, 329
Congress and, 183, 186, 190, 192, 202
kidney disease coverage, 176, 178, 179–180, 189, 193, 200, 202, 204, 205n.6,
kidney treatment costs, 195, 197, 203, 210–211, 214
Medicare and Medicaid: Problems, Prospects, and Alternatives (Constantine and Fullerton), 185
Meningioma, 46
Mendel, Gregor, 259
Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 123, 126
Mendelsohn, Mortimer, 113, 117
Mertz, Janet E., 265, 266, 269
Metheny, Bradie, 118, 142
Methodology, 3
Michelin, 69
Mifepristone, 44
Mikulski, Barbara A., 150
Mills, Wilbur, 183, 184, 188, 189, 190, 194, 195, 199, 200, 206n.7
Mishell, Daniel, Jr., 51–52
Molecular biology, 112, 123, 125, 127, 143
development of, 104–105, 259–260, 261
and gene mapping, 102, 103, 106, 107
and recombinant DNA research, 263–265, 267, 279, 291n.55
Mondale, Walter F., 206n.3
Mongan, James J., 185, 191–192, 193, 198–199, 203, 205–206, 206n.8
Monod, Jacques, 264, 286n.8
Moral Majority, 71
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 261, 286n.8
Mortality
abortion and pregnancy, 71
ddI, 40
kidney disease, 196
Mouse genome, 171
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 185
Mutations, 113, 136
Nagasaki, Japan, 113, 119
Najarian, John S., 182, 206n.3
Natcher, William, 142, 144
Nathans, Daniel, 129, 267, 271, 272, 286n.8
National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL), 64, 72
National Academy of Engineering, 288n.31
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 177, 288n.31
and human genome project, 112, 127
and recombinant DNA research, 271, 272, 273–274, 276, 281, 289n.38
National AIDS Program Office (NAPO), 17–18, 26
National Association of Patients on Hemodialysis (NAPH), 187
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 14, 137, 265, 268, 279, 287n.25
National Center for Biotechnology Information, 143
National Center for Human Genome Research, 100, 150, 152
National Center for Nursing Research, 150
National Committee to Review Current Procedures for Approval of New Drugs for Cancer and AIDS, 24
National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 222
National health insurance, 185, 189, 194, 202, 312
National Health Insurance Partnership Act (1971), 186
National Heart Institute, 178
National Institute on Aging, 137
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 15, 17, 20, 137, 178
National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, 178, 179
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), 112, 121, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145
National Institute of Mental Health, 137
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National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, 137, 216
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
abortion controversy and, 43
AIDS drug clinical trials, 16, 36n.11
AIDS research, 15, 20
Biohazards Committee, 287n.24
Director's Advisory Committee, 134–135, 140, 218, 234–235
and DOE genome project, 117, 119, 121, 126–127, 131–132, 134, 137, 153, 155
and drug parallel track, 16, 17, 19
and early access to ddI, 25, 26, 27–28, 31
and fetal tissue research, 215–216, 217, 218, 222, 234–235, 236
genome project budget, 99, 101, 112, 132, 139, 140, 141, 142–147, 158, 172
genome project development, 108, 125, 130, 134–135, 156, 173
and genome research ethics, 149–151, 171
joint genome project with DOE, 133, 138, 140–141, 151–152, 164, 170
kidney disease research, 178, 180–181, 201–202
Office of Human Genome Research, 148
and recombinant DNA, 264–265, 267–268, 274, 302
Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, 277, 283
research funding, 260, 270, 288n.29
and RU-486 research, 77
National Kidney Foundation, 179, 180, 182, 188, 189, 191, 193, 196, 197, 201, 210
National Library of Medicine (NLM), 143
National Medical Care, Inc., 182
National Organization for Women (NOW), 72–73
National Organ Transplant Act (1984), 218, 227
National Policy Board on the Human Genome, 137
National Research Council (NRC), 100, 128, 162, 273–274, 288n.31
Committee on Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome report, 128–131, 133, 141, 144, 145, 152, 154, 161, 170
National Right to Life Committee (NRLC), 47, 54–56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 67, 76, 78
National Right to Life News,
National Science Foundation (NSF), 108, 119, 136–137, 156, 170, 265, 268
Nature,
Nazi Germany, 58–59, 70, 75, 177, 223, 327
Nematodes, 106, 162, 164, 171
Nephrology, 180, 181
Netherlands, 74
New drug application (NDA), 12, 13, 14, 30, 94, 95
New England Journal of Medicine,
New Mexico, 119, 173, 174–175
New Republic,
New Scientist,
Newsweek,
New York City, 80–81
New York Times,
Nixon, Richard M., 176, 185–186, 187, 195, 201, 210
Nobel Prize, 75, 286n.8
Noller, Harry, 110, 111
Norplant, 81
Nouvel Observateur,
Novick, Richard P., 274, 275, 277
Nuclear power, 303, 304, 305–306
Nuclear weapons, 119
Nucleic acids, Gordon Conference on, 270–272
Nuremberg Code, 327–328
Obesity, 46
Obey, David R., 135, 136, 150
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 281
O'Connor, Sandra Day, 47
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH), 201
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 116, 119, 121, 136, 139, 144, 156, 164, 170, 174
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 136, 155–157, 178, 210
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), 100, 183, 314–315
and genome project costs, 141, 143, 159, 161, 162
and genome project establishment, 113–114, 118, 129–130, 152, 154, 173, 174
report on genome project policy, 131–133, 159, 162, 170
Olson, Maynard V., 106, 113, 130, 151–152, 154
Oncogenes, 105, 263, 279
Operation Rescue, 70, 71
Operon, 264
Oregon, 81
Organ transplantation, 222, 225, 227, 228
Orphan drugs, 96
Ortho-Novum, 52
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, 52, 84, 86
Ovral, 52
Oxman, Michael N., 268, 287n.25
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Pancreatitis, 40
ParaGard, 85, 86
Parallel track protocol, 14–18, 313, 316
AIDS activists and, 14–15, 22–23, 31–32
and clinical trials, 10, 15–16, 21–22, 27–28, 38, 39–40
early release of ddI and, 6, 10, 18, 24–25, 26, 30
evaluation of, 28, 34–35, 40, 42
FDA and, 15, 16, 17, 18–20, 23, 25, 31, 33–34, 40
research community and, 20–22, 31
Parkinson's disease, 43, 216, 217, 234, 238
Pasteur, Louis, 262
Pasteur Institute, 264
Patent protection, RU-486, 46, 64–65, 74, 76, 82, 87
Pathogens, 263, 264, 268, 278, 280, 290n.44,
Patients, 328–329
Pauling, Linus, 105, 285n.7
Peer review, 234
Penicillin, 213
Pentamidine, 20
Pepper, Claude, 143
Perrier, 69
Perutz, Max, 285n.7
Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (Boston), 180, 182
Phage research, 105, 265, 273, 276, 278
Pharmaceutical industry
constraints on RU-486 development, 47, 59–60, 81–86, 317
and early release of ddI, 36n.8
and Medicare drug coverage, 194
regulation and, 10–11, 12–13
Physicians
and early release of ddI, 25, 27, 29, 34, 39
and human genetics, 150
and kidney disease treatment, 182
in policy decisions, 326–327, 328–329, 330
and RU-486 marketing, 46, 54, 64, 76, 77, 84
Planned Parenthood, 47, 56, 57, 60, 64, 87
Plante, Charles L., 180, 182, 188, 191, 193, 205–206n.1
Plasmids, 269–270, 271, 273, 276, 278
Pluralism, 309–310
Pneumococcus, 259
Policymaking, 2, 312, 319
early release of ddI, 32, 34
ESRD program, 177, 202, 203, 212–214
fetal tissue transplantation research, 215, 221, 223, 234–238, 239, 249–250, 251, 252–253, 255–256
human genome project, 153–155, 159, 162, 163, 169, 174, 316
public and, 2, 5, 8, 309–310, 312, 315, 316, 317–318, 320, 321–322, 325–331
recombinant DNA research, 277, 284, 315
Poliomyelitis vaccine, 217, 265–266, 268
Politics, 314, 318–319, 320
Polkinghorne Committee (U.K.), 232–233, 239
Pollack, Robert, 266, 268
Polycystic kidney disease, 104
Population Council, 46, 54, 55, 57, 78, 86
Porton Company, 136–137
Postmarketing studies, 13
Pregnancy, 53, 71
Premarketing approval, drugs, 12–13
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 250
President's Task Force on Regulatory Relief, 13
Press, Frank, 128
Privacy rights, 48, 300
Private funding, 236, 238
Progesterone, 49, 51–52
Project Inform, 22
Prokaryotic cells, 262, 278, 279, 280
Prostaglandin, 44, 45, 68, 73, 78, 94
and RU-486 effectiveness, 50, 51, 52, 54, 95
and U.S. trials of RU-486, 46, 79, 83
Proteins, 104, 262, 271
sequencing, 106
synthesis, 105, 107, 265
Psychotropic drugs, 300
Public
and ESRD program, 210
and human genome project, 152, 154–155, 171, 174–175, 316, 317, 331
involvement in policymaking, 2, 5, 8, 309–310, 312, 315, 316, 317–318, 320, 321–322, 325–331
and recombinant DNA research, 257, 279, 280–281, 300–301, 302–307, 311
and RU-486, 45–46, 56, 60, 61, 62, 66, 71–72, 318
and scientific research, 270, 272, 279, 300, 306
Public Health Service (PHS), 137, 260
and AIDS, 9–10
and early release of ddI, 16, 17–18
and fetal tissue research, 241
and human genome project, 142
and kidney disease treatment, 178, 180, 181, 201–202, 210
Public Health Service Act (1944), 181, 191
Puerto Rico, 48
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 106, 113
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BIOMEDICAL POLITICS
Racism, 148, 150, 159
Radiation effects, 119
Rape, 230, 231
Raub, William F., 235
RCR Alliance, 69–70, 71
Reagan, Ronald, 134, 227, 235
and deregulation, 11, 313
and genome research budget, 117, 119, 132, 141, 143–144
Recombinant DNA research, 103, 260
Asilomar Conference on, 7, 258–259, 268–269, 274–283, 284, 292n.58,
development of, 261–264, 273
potential hazards of, 267–268, 271–272, 280, 299, 304, 305–306
public and, 257, 279, 280–281, 300–301, 302–307, 311
safety guidelines, 279, 281, 283–284, 288n.29,
Regional Medical Program, 178, 180–181
Regulation
contraceptive development, 47–48, 51, 54, 55
drugs, 10–15, 18–19, 23, 30, 32, 35–36n.4,
fetal tissue research, 53, 78, 217, 230, 234, 235
recombinant DNA, 281, 284, 302, 306, 318
“Reproductive Health Technologies Project,”
Research, 270, 327–328
AIDS, 15, 20, 135, 137, 142
cancer, 108, 122–123, 287n.25,
contraceptive, 51, 55, 60, 83, 85, 86, 96
fetal tissue, federal funding ban, 43, 216, 218–219, 226–227, 235–238, 239–240, 288n.29
human genome, 99, 171–172
kidney disease, 178, 180–181, 201–202
on policymaking, 317–320
public and, 270, 272, 279, 300, 306
recombinant DNA, 279, 281, 302, 306
RU-486, 77–78
Restriction enzymes, 103, 264, 269, 271
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms, 170
Retinoblastoma, 104
Retroviruses, 263
Rettig, Paul, 185, 206n.6
Rhône-Poulenc, Inc., 67
Ribicoff, Abraham, 185, 186
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 105, 106, 263, 271, 273
Risk-benefit analysis, 13, 234
Risk perception, 302–307, 317–318
Robertson, John A., 219, 225, 227, 230–231, 253
Robins, A. H., Company, Inc., 48, 83
Robinson, Daniel N., 218, 219, 229
Roblin, Richard O., III, 272–273, 274, 283, 289nn.37,
Rockefeller Foundation, 58
Roe v. Wade (1973), 56, 217
Rogers, Michael, 277–278
Rolling Stone,
Roman Catholic Church, 49, 63, 64, 65, 67
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 135, 259
Roussel Uclaf, 45, 49
development of RU-486, 50, 52, 94
and international market, 73–75, 76
return of RU-486 to market, 65–66, 67
threats against, 46, 57–60, 61, 62–63, 64, 65, 69–70, 71
and U.S. market, 46, 68, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 87, 98
Ruddle, Francis, 114, 126, 128, 129
RU-486, 7–8, 94–96, 97–98, 316
anti-abortion opposition to, 43, 54–58, 76, 310–311, 317, 318
black market, 68
boycott threats against, 54–55, 69–71, 74, 96
commercial interest in, 51–53
corporate withdrawal of, 58–63, 76
cost of, 45, 52–53, 76
development of, 48, 49–51
efficacy, 44, 45, 50, 54, 55, 78–79, 84, 95
French government's coercion of Roussel, 63–67
industry constraints, 47, 59–60, 81–86, 317
international availability, 73–75
non-abortion treatment applications, 46, 72, 77–78, 86–87
public and, 45–46, 56, 60, 61, 62, 66, 71–72, 318
safety, 44–45, 59, 73, 81, 95
side effects, 44, 52, 54, 56, 61, 72, 77, 78, 79
U.S. market and, 6, 43, 71–73, 75–81, 86–87, 97
Sachs, Linda, 80–81
Safety
contraceptives, 48
ddI, 26, 38, 39
drugs, 11, 12, 18–19, 22, 23
RU-486, 44–45, 59, 73, 81, 95
Sakiz, Edouard, 49, 50, 57–58, 59, 61, 63–64, 66, 67, 73, 81
San Francisco General Hospital, 80
Sanger, Frederick, 106, 108, 111
San Jose Mercury,
Santa Fe Workshop, 115, 123, 124, 159,160
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BIOMEDICAL POLITICS
Sarcoma, 263
Scandinavia, 45, 61, 74
Schering A. G., 52
Scheuer, James, 51
Schneider, Claudine, 118, 119
Schreiner, George E., 179, 180, 182, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 205–206n.1
Schroeder, Patricia, 72
Schwartz, David C., 106, 111, 113
Science
politics and, 314, 315–316, 317, 320, 322
public and, 300–301, 309–311, 325–326, 329–331
Science,
Science and Babies (IOM), 94
Science for the People, 279, 306
Scientific community
and early release of ddI, 20–22, 31
and human genome project, 123–128, 154–155, 171–172, 174
and recombinant DNA, 299–300, 302, 317–318
Scientist,
Scorsese, Martin, 63
Scribner, Belding, 177, 180, 181, 197, 201, 206n.2
Scriver, Charles, 111, 125, 126
Searle, G. D., & Company, 59, 60, 68–69, 83, 84
Seattle Artificial Kidney Center, 181–182
Segal, Sheldon, 58, 63, 67
Seiko Instruments, Inc., 108
Sexually transmitted diseases, 9
Shatkin, Aaron J., 274, 275, 278–279
Shaw, George Bernard, 290n.44
Shultze, Charles L., 179
Shumway, Norman Edward, 193
Sickle cell anemia, 105, 150, 157
Side effects
contraceptives, 84
RU-486, 44, 52, 54, 56, 61, 72, 77, 78, 79
Sikorsky, Gerry, 55–56
Simian virus 40 (SV40), 265–266, 267, 268, 269, 278
Singer, Daniel, 277, 280
Singer, Maxine F., 125, 266, 271, 272, 274, 278, 283, 288nn.31,
Sinsheimer, Robert L., 109, 110, 111, 122, 124, 153, 169–170, 279
Sloane, Kay, 206n.2
Sloan Foundation, 100
Smeal, Eleanor, 72, 73
Smith, David, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 125, 127, 313
Snell, Rand, 138, 151
Social Security Act (1935), 183, 187
Social Security Administration (SSA), 192, 210
Bureau of Health Insurance, 179–180, 185, 200, 201
Office of the Actuary, 198, 199
Social Security Amendments (1972), 198
Congressional deliberation, 187–195, 201–202, 210, 213
cost estimates, 195–201, 202–203, 204, 210–211, 213–214
Section 299I (kidney disease provision), 7, 176, 178, 182–187, 205, 206n.6,
Söll, Dieter, 271, 288n.31
Somatic cell hybridization, 102, 103
Soviet Union, 75, 115, 291n.55
Spain, 61
Special interest groups, 6, 306
“Specific altruism,”
Speidel, Joseph, 68, 82, 87
Spitz, Irving, 55
Stanford University, 238, 265
“Statement on a Patient's Bill of Rights” (AHA), 328
States
drug regulation, 11, 35–36n.4,
fetal tissue research restrictions, 217, 231, 242
kidney programs, 181
Sterling Drug, Inc., 51–52
Suicide, 225
Sulfanilamide, 11
Sullivan, Louis W., 70, 152, 235–236, 237, 238, 239–240
Sulston, John, 106, 111
Sununu, John H., 70
Superior Oil Company, Inc., 110
Suramin, 40
Sweden, 51
Sweig, Neil, 84–85
Syntex Corporation, 83
Szilard, Leo, 285n.7
Szybalski, Waclaw, 282
Talmadge, Herman E., 184, 191
Tatum, Edward L., 261–262, 286n.8
Tay-Sachs disease, 150
Thalidomide, 11, 36n.5,
Third World, 51, 57, 69
Three Mile Island, 305
Time,
Tinoco, Ignacio, 116, 117
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 310
Toulmin, Stephen, 250–251
Tower, John G., 181
Toxicity, drug, 20, 24, 39, 40
Trapnell, Gordon R., 198–200, 205–206n.1, 206n.9
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BIOMEDICAL POLITICS
Treatment IND, 14, 19, 24, 26, 27, 30, 33
Trivelpiece, Alvin, 114–115
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA), 217, 230, 231, 232, 242
United Kingdom, 213
and Depo-Provera, 51
and fetal tissue research, 232–233, 239
and recombinant DNA research, 264, 274, 284
and RU-486, 45, 61, 73–74, 76
United Nations Fund for Population Activities, 73
United States, 11, 83, 108, 148
abortion rate, 52, 82, 217, 236, 237
and contraceptive innovation, 47–48, 50, 51, 55
fetal tissue research ban, 43, 78, 216, 218–219, 226–227, 235–238, 239–240, 288n.29
and human genome project, 156, 157, 158–159
RU-486 import ban, 6, 43, 59, 77–78, 97–98
RU-486 market, 52–53, 61, 62, 85, 86
RU-486 potential availability, 45–47, 62, 68, 71–73, 75–81, 85, 86–87, 94
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 50, 86
U.S. Congress, 51
and early drug release, 17, 19, 29
and fetal tissue research, 219, 227, 235, 239–240
House Ways and Means Committee, 187–190, 194–195, 198, 213, 313
and human genome project, 6–7, 114, 117–120, 128, 130, 131, 137–138, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 164, 316
human genome project funding, 101, 112, 133, 139–140, 142–143, 146–147, 172
and kidney disease, 179, 181
kidney disease Medicare entitlement, 176–177, 178, 182–185, 186–195, 198–199, 200–201, 202, 203, 210, 213, 315, 319
and NIH budget, 132, 135–136
and recombinant DNA research, 259
and RU-486, 47, 54, 55–56, 70, 73, 77, 78, 96
and science, 148, 260, 314–315
Senate Finance Committee, 190–194, 198, 204
U.S. Constitution, 48, 72, 117, 183, 260, 310
U.S. News and World Report,
U.S. Supreme Court, 48, 72, 217, 228
University of California, 112–113, 114, 120
University of California at Los Angeles, 148
University of California at San Francisco, 80
University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC), 100, 109–110, 111, 112–113, 124
University of Colorado, 236
University of Minnesota, 182
University of Southern California (USC), 46, 54, 78–79
University of Washington, 181–182
Upjohn Company, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 82, 83
Vaccine development, 5
Valine, 105
Van Buren, Abigail, 60–61
Van de Kamp, John, 79, 80
Var, Le,
Veterans Administration (VA), 177–178, 181, 210
Village Voice,
Virology, 264–265
Viruses, 262–263
bacteriophages, 105, 259, 265
and cancer, 263, 265, 266, 268–269, 278–279
hazards in research, 263, 267–268, 278–279, 287n.25
Vocational Rehabilitation Program, 180–181
Walters, LeRoy, 218, 238, 249
Warner-Lambert Company, 83
Washington Post,
Washington Times,
Washington University, 106
Waterston, Robert, 106, 111
Watson, James D.
DNA research, 104, 112, 127, 260, 285n.7, 286n.8
and establishment of genome project, 118, 124, 126, 127–128, 129, 140–141, 142, 144, 147, 154, 170
and ethical implications of DNA manipulation, 148–149, 174, 175, 318
as head of genome project, 141–142, 151, 152, 153, 161
and recombinant DNA controversy, 267, 272–273, 278, 282, 287n.25
Wattleton, Faye, 68
Waxman, Henry, 17, 238
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989), 72, 74
Weicker, Lowell P., Jr., 142
Weingart Institute, 108
Weiss, Ted, 77, 81, 237
Weissman, Sherman, 272, 274
Welfare reform, 184–185, 186
West Germany, 51, 67
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BIOMEDICAL POLITICS
White, Ray, 109, 113, 125–126, 128, 129
Willke, John, 53, 62, 67, 76, 85
Windom, Robert E., 216, 218, 229, 234, 243
Wolfe, Sidney, 24
Wolkstein, Irwin, 185, 191, 205–206n.1
Women
abortion decision, 56, 220–221, 223, 224, 229, 230, 232–233, 235, 236, 241
abortion opponents and, 43, 57, 59, 63, 64
advocacy groups, 55, 57, 85, 87, 309–310, 327
contraceptive development and, 47, 48, 55–56, 59
fetal tissue donation decision, 225, 226–228, 229–230, 231, 232–233, 234, 236, 252, 253
pregnancy mortality, 71
in RU-486 studies, 44, 50, 74, 78–79, 80
RU-486 use, 45, 66, 68, 73, 75, 84, 94, 96
Women and Health,
Wood, Francis Aloysius, 137–138
World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 63
World Health Organization (WHO), 51, 54, 65, 71, 73, 83, 86, 94
World War II, 325, 327
Wyden, Ron, 46, 77–78, 81
Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., 52
Wyngaarden, James B., 216
and establishment of genome project, 112, 128, 129–130, 131, 142, 153, 170
and genome project funding, 134, 135–136, 139–140, 141, 144–145, 146–147
Yale University, 236
Yard, Molly, 72
Yeast, DNA mapping, 106, 109, 113, 162, 171
Young, Frank, 51
and ddI early release, 10, 13, 16, 18–19, 25, 26, 27–28, 30, 32, 33–34, 36n.8
and RU-486, 73, 77
Zinder, Norton D., 151, 153, 272–273, 274
ZK 98.299, 52
ZK 98.734, 52
