Comparative Dosimetry of Radon in Mines and Homes (1991)

A

Actinium, 61, 64

Activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224

Adenocarcinomas, 172, 173, 179, 184, 187, 189

Aerosols, 2, 21, 32-33, 90-131

characteristics, 32-33, 72, 142-143

penetration, 92-93

see also Clearance;

Deposition;

Diffusion;

Particle size

Age factors, 1, 2-4, 12, 14, 16, 34, 42-43, 53, 54, 63, 72, 113, 148, 204, 230, 233

cancer and, 53, 55-56, 175, 177, 188

cell proliferation, 54, 175

disease effects, 154

lung volume, 144, 147, 148

see also Children;

Infants

Airway diseases

allergies, 151

bronchitis, 2, 45, 46, 49, 152, 153, 154, 155, 183, 196, 232, 233

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 153

dose effects, 46-49, 180

Algorithms, 118, 122

Allergies, 151

Alpha radiation, 1, 3-4, 6, 9, 15, 26-27, 106, 137, 166-189

age and susceptibility, 54

cell-level dose, 56, 166, 186, 194-195

dosimetry, general, 1, 3-4, 6, 14, 166, 186

in equations, 22-23, 24

Altitude, 157

Alveoli, 38, 72, 76, 77, 139, 146-147, 148, 149, 152-153, 154, 167-168, 170, 172, 189, 202, 208

AMAD, 108-109

Anatomical factors, 144, 147-148, 157

deposition, 6, 138, 141, 144, 147-148

see also Morphometry;

specific anatomical systems

Animal studies, 6, 54, 55-56, 137, 154, 155, 157, 189, 223-224

Atom bomb survivors, 53, 57

Automated tape samplers, 115-116

B

Basal cells, 2, 3, 6, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 166, 167, 181-184, 194-195, 197, 198, 231

carcinogenesis, 166, 167, 181-184

thoron, 50

BEIR IV report, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 31, 32, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57

Belgium, 110-113

Benzo[a]pyrene, 55

Biological processes, general, 52

Bismuth, 61, 104, 124, 126-128, 130, 205, 224

Breathing patterns, 1, 6, 77, 137, 138, 140, 144, 148-149, 208, 214, 218-219

altitude factors, 157

in equations, 208-209, 224

ethnic differences, 156

physical activity and, 2, 12, 13, 149-150, 151, 227, 230, 231, 233

reference rates, 6, 226

see also Nasal processes;

Oral processes

Bronchi, 3, 6, 28, 54, 79, 80, 148, 168, 203, 206

adult females, 42-43

cellular pathology of cancer, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223

epithelium, 35-37, 43, 46-48, 145, 157, 168, 170, 175, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 194-197, 199, 234

hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 55, 233, 234

morphometry, 67-71, 73, 75, 200, 202, 204, 211

particle deposition, 1, 6, 20, 38-39, 47-48, 73-74, 77, 145-146, 148, 152, 195, 200, 206-207, 208, 211, 212-213, 218

stem cells, 6-7

target cells, 35-38, 42, 189, 227-230, 234

Bronchioles, 37, 38, 67, 71, 72, 145, 148, 168, 181, 184, 185, 198-201, 204, 206, 212

Bronchitis, 2, 45, 46, 49, 152, 153, 154, 155, 183, 196, 232, 233

C

Carbon tetrachloride, 56

Carcinogenesis and carcinogens, 2, 5-6, 31, 52

age factors, 175, 177, 188

basal cells, 166, 167, 181-184

bronchial cells, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223

classification, carcinomas, 172-173, 175-176

epidemiological data, 1, 11-12, 56, 169, 176, 186-188

epithelia, 168, 169-170, 175, 181-183, 189, 194, 233

genetics, 54, 177, 178-180

hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 49, 53-56, 233, 234

liver cancer, 54, 56

mucosal processes, 168, 181-182, 186

other than radon, 1, 12, 15, 26

secretory cells, 166, 167, 172, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189

skin, 54

smoking, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188

see also Hyperplasia;

Lung cancer;

specific carcinomas

Cell cultures, 54, 167

Cells and cellular processes, 38, 166-189

alpha dosimetry, cell level, 56, 166, 186, 194-195

basal cells, 2, 3, 6, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 166, 167, 181-184, 194-195, 197, 198, 231

bronchi, carcinogenesis, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223

goblet cells, 168, 181

hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 49, 53-56, 233, 234

Kulchitsky cells, 7, 168

lung cancer, cells of origin, 56, 166-189

proliferation, 53-55, 175, 180-182, 189

smoking and cellular carcinogenesis, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188

stem cells, 6-7

target cells, 15, 25, 31, 32, 35-38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 166, 189, 194-195, 198, 227-230, 234

see also Secretory cells and processes

Children, 2, 3-4, 14, 35, 43-44, 45, 46, 148, 201, 202, 204, 228;

see also Infants

Chemical processes, unattached fraction, 24-25

Chromosomes, 178-180

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 153

Cilia, 46-47, 67, 78, 79, 138, 144, 145, 147, 168, 181, 182, 195, 196, 203

''A Citizen's Guide to Radon,'' 10

Classification, carcinomas, 172-173, 175-176

Clearance, respiratory tract, 73, 137, 138, 144-147, 148, 151, 227-230

coughing, 147

models, 77-81, 202-207

mucus, 15, 35, 46, 78-80, 145-146, 202-203, 205, 206, 227

nasal, 78, 145

preexisting conditions, 152-155

trachea, 79, 80, 146, 151, 195, 203

Clusters, particles, 24-25, 92, 116, 125, 126

Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, see BEIR IV report

Concentration levels, 15-16, 20, 26, 90-131

diffusion, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110

wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124

Cost factors, mitigation, 11, 14

Coughing, 147

D

Decay, radioactive, 9, 10, 26, 61, 62, 63, 64, 101, 110, 122, 194, 199, 203

equation, 21-22, 23, 205

Density factors, 139, 142-143

Department of Energy, 194

Deposition, respiratory tract, 3, 6, 72, 137-144, 147-155

anatomical factors, general, 6, 138, 141, 144, 147-148

bronchial, 1, 6, 20, 38-39, 47-48, 73-74, 77, 145-146, 148, 152, 195, 200, 206-207, 208, 211, 212-213, 218

diffusional, 73, 76, 90, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 149, 208, 210

electrostatic, 24, 25, 138, 141

in equations, 94, 207-212, 215, 216, 220, 222

geometry of, 66-67, 138, 195

gravitational sedimentation, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209-210

historical perspectives, research, 137-138

impaction factors, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210

inertial factors, 117, 138, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152

localized, 37-38, 76, 77, 81, 155

in lungs, 6, 137-144, 147-148, 149-157

models, 1, 14, 15, 24, 39, 66-67, 71, 72-77, 200, 207-215

nasal, 1, 3, 38, 39-40, 66-67, 72-73, 74, 149, 150-152, 216, 218-222

oral, 72-73, 74, 216

particle size and, 72-73, 75, 76, 138-143, 157, 212-215

preexisting conditions, 17, 152-155

regional, 37-38, 77

theory, 39, 74, 76, 207, 209-210

tracheal, 6, 20, 73-74, 77, 148, 151, 154, 207, 212

see also Wiremesh screens

Diffusion, 24, 139

Brownian, 139, 210

concentration levels and, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110

conversion coefficients, 24, 33, 90-92

deposition, diffusional, 73, 76, 90, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 149, 208, 210

equations, 24, 90-95, 208

particle size and, 25, 90-95

samplers, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110, 118

theoretical models, 91, 92

through tubes, 92-93, 95, 101, 195

Disease, preexisting, 2, 6, 46-49, 148, 151, 152-155, 234

see also specific diseases

DNA, 31, 178, 179, 180-181, 195

Dose and dosimetry, 15-16, 31-57, 60-82

airway disease, general dose effects, 46-49, 180

alpha energy, general, 1, 3-4, 6, 14, 166, 186

cell-level, 56, 166, 186, 194-195

defined, 60

exposure and, 2-4, 5-6, 31-32, 34-35, 137, 225, 226-227, 228

historical perspectives, 24, 60-82

models, 1-4, 14, 15, 31-51, 60-82, 180, 194-202

risk assessment, extrapolation, 1, 4, 5, 12, 14, 31-57, 110, 137, 157

target cells, 194-195

thoron, 49-51, 54, 225-226, 228

E

Einstein-Cunningham constant, 91

Electricity and electrostatics, 24, 25, 32, 109, 113-114, 118-119, 138, 141

Electron microscopes, 72, 175

Emphysema, 153, 154

Environmental Protection Agency, 4, 10

Epidemiological data, 1, 5, 11, 12, 20, 32, 137, 155-157, 169, 173, 176, 177, 184, 186-188

cancer, 1, 11-12, 56, 169, 176, 186-188

historical perspectives, 11, 169, 176

international, 11, 12

smoking, 56, 186-188

see also Risk assessment

Epithelia, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 53, 146, 198-199, 206, 234

bronchial, 35-37, 43, 46-48, 145, 157, 168, 170, 175, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 194-197, 199, 234

cancer pathology, 168, 169-170, 175, 181-183, 189, 194, 233

lung, 167-169, 174

thoron uptake, 49-50

tracheal, 53, 145, 181, 182, 183

Equations, 51

alpha radiation, 22-23, 24

breathing, 208-209, 224

particle deposition, 94, 207-212, 215, 216, 220, 222

particle diffusion, 24, 90-95, 208

particle growth, 143

radioactive decay, 21-22, 23, 205

smoking, 23

unattached fractions, 104-107, 114-115

working level month, 15, 22, 32, 223-227

Ethnic factors, 148, 156

Evaporation, 143

Exercise, see Physical activity

Exposure, 15-16, 32-33

defined, 223-224

dose and, 2-4, 5-6, 31-32, 34-35, 137, 225, 226-227, 228

duration, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 155-156, 186

indoor atmospheres, 12, 27-28, 32-33, 109-117, 130

mine atmospheres, 12, 26, 107-109

standards, 26

working level months, 15, 22, 32, 223-227

F

Fibrosis, 153, 154

Formaldehyde, 56

Formulas, see Equations

Fractionation, 55

G

Gender differences, 1, 2-3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 15, 34, 42-43, 45, 46, 53, 148, 176, 184, 201-202, 228, 230, 233

Genetics, 54, 177, 178-180, 189

anatomy, 148

carcinogenesis, general, 54, 177, 178-180

DNA, 31, 178, 179, 180-181, 195

lung cancer, 54, 177, 178-180

target cell damage, 31

Geometry

airway, 15, 35, 63, 156, 195, 196, 199-202, 203, 204

particle deposition, 66-67, 138, 195

see also Morphometry

Germany, Federal Republic, 11, 111-113, 118

Goblet cells, 168, 181

Gravitational factors

impaction, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210

sedimentation, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209, 210

H

Historical perspectives, 9-11, 26

cancer epidemiology, 169, 176

concentration measurement, 15

deposition of aerosols, research, 137-138

dosimetric models, 24, 60-82

epidemiology, 11, 169, 176

unattached fractionation, 15, 95, 105-109

Hygroscopicity, 7, 33, 143, 144

Hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 53-56, 233, 234

I

Impaction, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210

Inertia, 117, 138, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152

Infants, 2, 3-4, 14, 35, 43-44, 45, 46, 201, 204, 228;

see also Children

Inflammation, 5, 14, 152

Injury, 53, 55-56, 174, 180, 186

Insulation, 33

International activities and perspectives, 11, 172

epidemiological investigations, 11, 12

measurement standards, 15

International Commission on Radiological Protection, 3-4, 14, 16, 17, 95-96, 101-102, 103, 105-106

J

Japan, atom bomb survivors, 53, 57

Joule-hours per cubic meter, 15

K

Kinetic theory, 91

Kulchitsky cells, 7, 168

L

Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 172, 173, 175-176, 184, 187

Lead, 49, 61, 104, 106, 110, 115, 126-128, 130, 203, 205, 206-207, 224

Liver cancer, 54, 56

Localized deposition, 37-38, 75, 76, 77, 81, 155

Lung cancer, 1, 4, 6, 9, 11, 16, 72, 137

adenocarcinomas, 172, 173, 179, 184, 187, 189

age, growth, injury and, 53, 55-56, 175, 177, 188

cells of origin, 56, 166-189

gender differences, 53

genetics, general, 54, 177, 178-180

large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 172, 173, 175-176, 184, 187

plutonium and, 56

small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 171-172, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 186-187, 188

squamous cell carcinoma, 170-171, 173, 174-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 187, 188

Lungs, 215

age factors, 144, 147, 148

clearance of aerosols, 79-80, 144-147, 157

deposition of aerosols, 6, 137-144, 147-148, 149-157

emphysema, 153, 154

epithelia, 167-169, 174

fibrosis, 153, 154

morphometry, 6, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 147, 199-200, 201

volume, 138, 142, 144, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156 199-200, 201, 202

M

Magnetic resonance imaging, 217, 218

Mass factors, particles, 142

Measurement and measurement techniques, 11, 24-25

changes, 20

diffusion sampler, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110, 118

international standards, 15

Joule-hours per cubic meter, 15

mucous clearance, 77-78

particle size, 90

radiolabeling, 78-80, 145, 149, 154

unattached fraction, 23-25, 26, 95-130

wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124

working level months, 15, 22, 32, 223-227

see also Dose and dosimetry;

Equations;

Morphometry

Mitigation measures, cost of, 11, 14

Models and modeling

age factors, 54

airway, 15, 35, 64, 156, 195, 196, 199-202, 203, 204

clearance, 77-81, 202-207

deposition, 1, 14, 15, 24, 39, 66-67, 71, 72-77, 200, 207-215

diffusion, 91, 92

dosimetric, 1-4, 14, 15, 24, 31-51, 60-82, 180, 194-202

historical perspectives, 24, 60-82

morphometric, 61, 63-82

radon progeny behavior, indoor, 21

respiratory tract, 16, 61, 64, 71-82

time factors, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 60, 155-156, 186, 208

see also Animal studies;

Equations;

Risk assessment;

Theory

Moisture, 143, 151

atmospheric, 25

hygroscopicity, 7, 33, 143, 144

Monte Carlo methods, 70, 122

Morphometry, 61-82

bronchial, 67-71, 73, 75, 200, 202, 204, 211

head airways, 63-67

lungs, 6, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 147, 199-200, 201

nasal, 63-67, 72-73

oral processes, 66-67, 72-73, 74

particle size and, 72-76

respiratory tract, general, 61, 63, 67, 71-72

tracheal, 67-71, 73, 75, 204

Mouth, see Oral processes

Mucus, 1, 7, 52, 54, 56, 65, 67, 152, 155, 195, 197

carcinogenesis, 168, 181-182, 186

clearance, 15, 35, 46, 78-80, 145-146, 202-203, 205, 206, 227

smoking, 56, 196

N

Nasal processes, 1, 2, 6, 38, 39-40, 43-44, 56, 215-223

clearance and, 78, 145

deposition, 1, 3, 38, 39-40, 66, 72-73, 74, 149, 150-152, 216, 218-222

morphometry, 63-67, 72-73

unattached fraction, 40, 218, 219

volume, 151

NCRP, 16, 17

Nucleation theory, 24-25

O

Oral processes, 3, 6, 38, 39-40, 72, 142, 151-152, 215-223

deposition of particles, 72-73, 74, 216

morphometry, 67, 72-73, 74

P

Parenchyma, 150, 155

Particle size, 1, 2, 6, 7, 20, 227-230, 231, 232

activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224

aerodynamic diameter, 139-143

behavior, aerodynamic, 21

clearance and, 144

clusters, particles, 24-25, 92, 116, 125, 126

deposition and, 72-73, 75, 76, 138-143, 157, 212-215

diffusion, 25, 90-95, 208

distributions, 12, 15, 25, 26, 27-28, 110, 117-130, 131, 142, 215

morphometry, 72-76

ultrafine particles, 16, 75, 76, 92, 94, 95, 139, 212

unattached fraction, 1, 2, 11, 12, 15, 23-25, 26, 32, 40, 55, 95-130, 169, 176, 218, 219, 230

Pharynx, 77, 142, 145, 149, 151

Physical activity, 2, 12, 13, 149-150, 151, 227, 230, 231, 233

Polonium, 9, 24, 25, 26, 56, 61, 96, 101-102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 113, 116, 118, 124-125, 128, 194-197, 199, 200, 203, 205, 216, 217, 218, 224

Plutonium, 54, 56

Preexisting conditions, 17, 152-155

see also Disease, preexisting;

Smoking

Pulmonary acinus, 72

R

Racial/ethnic factors, 148, 156

Radiolabeling, 73-74, 78-81, 145, 149, 154

Radium, 26, 54

Reading Prong Formation, 10

Regional deposition, 37-38, 77

Retention, of aerosols, 138, 144, 157;

see also Clearance

Respiratory tract, 6

aerosol growth, 2

morphometry, 61, 63, 67, 71-72

models, 16, 61, 63, 71-82

see also specific anatomical subsystems

Risk assessment, 3, 4, 11-12, 16-17, 166, 185

dosimetric extrapolation, 1, 4, 5, 12, 14, 31-57, 110, 137, 157

S

Sampling and samplers

diffusion, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110

wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124

Secretory cells and processes, 2, 3, 6, 25, 37, 41, 42-43, 45, 46, 47, 77, 163, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 227, 229, 230

carcinogenesis, 166, 167, 172, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189

hyperplasia and, 46, 48, 233, 234

thoron, 50

see also Mucus

Sedimentation, gravitational, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209, 210

Sex differences, see Gender differences

SIMPLEX algorithms, 118

Skin tumorigenesis, 54

Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 171-172, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 186-187, 188

Smoking, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 27, 28, 32, 45, 52, 56-57, 79, 128, 129, 130, 155, 196

cellular carcinogenesis and, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188

in equations, 23

Squamous cell carcinoma, 170-171, 173, 174-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 187, 188

Standards, 11

carcinoma classification, 172-172, 175-176

exposure, 26

international, 15

wire screen samplers, 96

State-level action, 10

Stem cells, 6-7

Sulfur dioxide, 25

T

Target cells, 15, 25, 31, 32, 35-38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 166, 189, 194-195, 198, 227-230, 234

Temporal factors

exposure duration, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 155-156, 186

tumor formation, 6

Testing and test methodology, see Measurement and measurement techniques

Thermal processes and effects, 212, 223

activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224

Brownian diffusion, 139, 210

cooking, 128, 130

evaporation, 143

Theory, 194

deposition, 39, 74, 76, 207, 209-210

diffusion, 91, 92

nucleation, 24-25

wire screen penetration, 96

Thorium, 26, 61, 63

Thoron, 49-51, 54, 225-226, 228

Time factors, see Temporal factors

Tissue damage, see Injury

Tobacco, see Smoking

Toxins, other than radon, 1, 12, 15, 25, 56

Trachea, 53, 67-71

clearance, 79, 80, 146, 151, 195, 203

deposition, 6, 20, 73-74, 77, 148, 151, 154, 207, 212

epithelium, 53, 145, 181, 182, 183

morphometry, 67-71, 73, 75, 204

wounding, 55-56

Tubes, diffusion, 92-93, 95, 101, 195

U

Ultrafine particles, 16, 75, 76, 92, 94, 95, 139, 212

Unattached fraction, 1, 2, 12, 23-25, 26, 32, 55, 95-130, 230

in equations, 104-107, 114-115

measurement techniques, 23-25, 26, 95-130

nasal processes, 40, 218, 219

Urethane, 56

V

Volumetrics, 76, 95, 220

alveolar, 208

lungs, 138, 142, 144, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156, 199-200, 201, 202

nasal, 151

W

Wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124

Women, 42-43, 46

see also Gender differences

Working level month, 15, 223-227

formula, 22, 32, 225-226

World Health Organization, 172

Wounds, 53, 55-56, 174, 180, 186