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Environmental Neurotoxicology
TABLE 6-1 Some Neurotoxicants That Act on Receptors
Receptor or Channel
Blocker (Antagonist)
Modulator (Agonist)
Acetycholine receptor
Lacticotoxin
Erabutoxin
α-Conotoxins
Anatoxin-a
Nereistoxin
Atropine
Scopolamine
Acetycholine-activated channel
Histrionicotoxin
Amantidine
N-Alkylguanidines
Excitatory amino acid
AP-5 (2-amino-5-phosponopentanoate)
Oxotremorine
AP-7 (2-amino-5-phosponopentanoate)
Nephila orb web spider toxins
Argiope orb web spider toxins
γ-Philanthotoxin
MK 801
Ketamine
GABAA receptor or channel
Bicuculline
N-Methyl-D-aspartate
Lindane
1-Glutamate
Dieldrin
Kainate
Picrotoxinin
Quisqualate
GABAB receptor or channel
Phaclofen
Muscimol
Avermectin Bla
Barbituates
Benzodiazepines
Ethanol
Glycine receptor or channel
Strychnine
Baclofen
Presynaptic tunnel
β-Bungarotoxin
α-Latrotoxin
Botulinum toxin
Tetanus toxin
Taipoxin
linear no-threshold model might be appropriate to estimate he effects of cytotoxic agents encountered during critical periods of development. Radiation is the classic example of such an exposure. The results of animal studies are consistent with the hypothesis of a lack of threshold for prenatal irradiation during the critical period of organogenesis of the cortex (Schull et al., 1990). The available human data are also consistent with the hypothesis (Otake and Schull, 1984; NRC, 1990). As shown in Figure 6-3, there is no clear evidence of a threshold for the effects of prenatal irradiation encountered during the critical period of fetal development, with respect to
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