National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 8. General Conclusions
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

Index

A

Abortion, spontaneous, 36, 37, 133–134, 190, 192–193

Acceptable Daily Intakes, 213–214

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2, 5, 7, 8, 26, 45–47, 65–75, 81–83, 84–85, 94–97, 212–213, 257, 260

biologic markers, 230–231

funding, 65, 85, 92, 93, 95

health assessments, 66, 83, 95, 103–104, 119

priority substances, 8, 104, 106, 108–109, 146–148

states, assistance for, 92–93, 97, 259, 269

Agricultural chemicals, see Nitrates;

Pesticides

Airborne toxins, 8, 9–12

birth defects, 11, 194

cancer, general, 11, 160–162, 168, 173

case-control studies, 168

children, effects on, 162–164, 166, 167

computer technology for assessing, 11, 169

cost of monitoring, 172

cross-sectional studies, 11, 157, 159–161, 163–165, 169, 262

dose-response assessment, 164, 170

exposure assessment, 12, 117, 118, 157–173, 125, 137, 262–264

federal law, 75, 180, 261

historical perspectives, 44

individual studies, 165–167, 160

indoor, 117–118, 157, 169–171, 263

lead, 212, 235

local studies, 163–165

longitudinal studies, 11–12, 157, 158–159, 161–163, 173

lung cancer, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 160, 181–182, 187

morbidity studies, 11, 157, 156–169

neurotoxic effects, 12, 162, 166, 213, 225

symptomatology, 164–165, 170, 173

volatilization, 15, 18, 117, 140–141, 179, 195, 264

Air conditioning, 170

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

Alaska, 131

American Petroleum Institute, 46, 65

Analytic studies, 29

Angiosarcoma, 11, 38, 160–161

Animal studies, 46–47, 143

air pollution exposure, 12

ATSDR, 46

biologic markers, 229, 233–234, 238

food-borne toxins, 207, 208

sentinels, 17, 214–215

soil pollution, 17, 204, 214–215

waterborne toxins, congenital defects, 194

Aquifers, see Groundwater

Arizona

Arsenic, 107, 131, 160, 184, 191, 210–211

Asthma, 171–172, 264

Australia, 14, 189

B

Benzopyrene, 119

Beryllium, 164

Biologic markers, 3, 17–19, 47, 116, 120, 121–123, 124, 128, 130, 219–249

animal studies, 229, 233–234, 238

birth defects, 229

blood, 18, 206, 222, 223, 224, 235, 236, 243–244

carcinogens, 18, 232–233, 234, 238

causal inference and, 220, 236–239

children, 224

classification of, 219–220, 246

defined, 17, 219–223

developmental toxins, 162–163

DNA adducts, 163, 222, 223, 232, 230, 236, 239, 241–242

dose response and, 221, 224, 229, 235, 238, 241, 242, 243–244

evaluation issues, 220, 236–239, 247

exposure assessment, general, 17, 239, 241–242

immune system, 220, 223, 233, 236, 241, 242–245

liver, 18, 223–224, 231–232

methodology, general, 236–239, 244–245

models, 239, 248

mutagens, general, 229–230, 234

neurotoxins, 18, 224, 225, 226–229

occupational toxicology, 231–236

PCBs, 18, 224, 230, 232–233

protein adducts, 220, 222, 230, 233–234, 242

reproductive toxicology, 18–19, 229, 233

respiratory disease, 245–246

statistical approaches, 220, 236–239, 247, 248

Superfund sites, 224–225

TCE, 18, 224–225, 229, 230, 236

urine, 224, 225, 235, 236

Birth defects, 36, 38, 133–134, 139, 140

airborne toxins, 11, 194

biologic markers, 229

waterborne toxins, 14–15, 180, 189–197, 265

Birth weight, 20, 190, 198–199, 209–210, 224

Blackfoot disease, 184

Bladder cancer, 13–14, 85, 139, 161, 181, 183–184, 188, 198, 222, 265, 268

Blood

biologic markers, 18, 222, 223, 224, 235, 236, 243–244

food-borne toxins, 206

Blood pressure, 18, 184, 224

Body weight

at birth, 20, 190, 198–199

children, exposure per unit of, 15, 208, 224

soil-borne toxins, 17

Bone disease, 206

Breast cancer, 14, 185

British Clean Air Act, 44

C

Cadmium, 195, 206

California, 10, 37, 78, 94, 107, 110–111, 132–136, 167, 187, 191–193, 198, 214, 259, 266

Canada, 137–138, 159, 164, 182, 213

Cancer and carcinogens, 30, 36–38, 46, 139, 209

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

airborne toxins, cancers other than lung, 11, 160–162, 168, 173

angiosarcoma, 11, 38, 160–161

biologic markers, 18, 232–233, 234, 238

bladder, 13–14, 85, 139, 161, 181, 183–184, 188, 198, 222, 265, 268

breast, 14, 185

colon, 181, 183, 232

esophageal, 188–189

food-borne toxins, 207–208

gastric cancer, 187

gender differences, 14, 140–141, 160, 182–183, 185, 187

leukemia, 41, 131–133, 139, 140–141, 168, 185–187, 198

lung, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 160, 181–182, 187

multinational study, 38–39

rectal, 181

soil-borne toxins, 215

testicular, 215

waterborne toxins, 13–14, 110, 180, 181–189, 198, 265–266

Case-control studies, 48–54 , 121, 132–133

airborne toxins, 168

soil-borne pollutants, 215

waterborne toxins, 13–14, 180, 183–184, 187, 188–189, 191

Causal inference, 29–42, 33, 35–42, 113

biologic markers, 220, 236–239

effect size, 32

legal issues, 43–44

time dimension, 40, 35, 36, 40–41

water pollution, disease and, 180, 186

see also Statistics and statistical approaches

Centers for Disease Control, 92, 131

biologic markers, 230-231

National Center for Health Statistics, 169

waterborne toxins, congenital defects, 193–194

Chemical Manufacturers Association, 46, 65

Children, 68, 85, 131–132, 268

airborne toxins, 162–164, 166, 167

biologic markers, 224

birth weight, 20, 190, 198–199

lead poisoning, 162, 166

pesticides, 16

sex ratio, births, 160

soil-borne toxins, 203, 211, 212, 215, 266

waterborne toxins, 185–186, 190

weight, exposure per unit, 15, 208, 224

see also Birth defects

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 196, 215

Chlorination, 13–15, 180, 182, 183–184, 195, 225–226

Chronic disease, general, 25, 46, 47, 106

waterborne toxins and, 180, 194–195

see also specific diseases and organs

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 245–246, 268

Cities Hazardous-waste Site Discovery Plan, 77

Classification

biologic markers, 219–220, 246

error in, 33, 35, 38, 130, 141, 181, 183, 191, 207, 222–223, 246, 248

Standard Industrial Classification, 140

Clean Air Act, 75, 180, 261

Clean Water Act, 180

Cohort studies, 121

Colon cancer, 181, 183, 232

Colorado, 212

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA),6, 45, 46, 61–65, 102

Information System (CERCLIS), 62–64, 78, 80, 83–84, 95, 102–103, 258, 259

see also National Priorities List;

Superfund sites

Computer technology

air pollution mortality, 11, 169

data bank analyses, 169, 172

simulations, 47

Confidence intervals, 32, 42

Congressional Research Service, 45

Cost and cost-effectiveness, 62, 257

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

airborne toxins, monitoring, 172

remediation, 77, 78

site assessment, 95, 257

see also Funding

Court cases, see Litigation

Cross-sectional studies, 48–54 , 121

airborne toxins, 11, 157, 159–161, 163–165, 169, 262

biologic markers, 238

waterborne toxins, 194–195, 196

D

Data bases and data banks

analyses of, 169, 172

community, 97

disease registries, 37, 45–47, 70, 181–182, 188

exposure registries, 8, 75, 97

national site inventory, 6, 8, 76–77, 93, 94, 96, 268–269

NPL, 7, 9, 64, 66, 67–68, 70, 71–74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 93, 95, 103–105, 108–109, 119, 144–146, 187, 211, 258, 259, 260

DDT, 205, 206–207

Demography

of groundwater use, 5, 10, 61, 259

minorities, 26, 133, 183, 244

population-based studies, 168–169, 183, 248

proximity to waste sites, 2, 26, 67, 68, 103, 114–116, 137–138, 257

and research methodology, 29, 40, 127

rural areas, 5, 61

urban areas, 77, 160, 172, 179, 185, 212, 262, 267

Denmark, 170

Descriptive studies, 28–29

causal inference and, 113

water pollution, 13, 14, 180

Diary records, 12, 166–167, 170, 173, 264

Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), 110, 133, 187, 191, 233

Dichloroacetic acid, 225, 229

Dichloroethylene, 140, 194

Dioxin, 207–208, 209

Disease occurrence, general, see Chronic diseases;

Mortality and morbidity;

specific diseases andorgans

Disease registries, 37, 45–47, 70, 181–182, 188

Distance factors, see Spatial factors

DNA adducts, 163, 222, 223, 230, 232, 236, 239, 241–242

Dose response, 35, 40–41, 64, 120–121, 122–123, 131

airborne toxins, 164, 170

biologic markers, 221, 224, 229, 235, 238, 241, 242, 243–244

food-borne toxins, 206, 208

odors and, 135

waterborne toxins, 184, 194

E

Eastern Europe, 27, 197

Ecologic studies, 121, 132–133, 160, 187, 191, 222

Economic issues, see Cost and cost-effectiveness;

Funding

Effect size, 32

Elderly persons, 68, 166

Emphysema, 245–246

Environmental Defense Fund, 46, 65

Environmental Epidemiology, 27–28

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2, 26, 45, 66, 75, 103

biologic markers, 239

policy, 7, 268

priority substances, 8, 104, 106, 108–109, 146–148

risk assessments, 64, 66, 82,

site assessment, 107

site discovery, 76–78, 259, 268

site remediation, 81–83

TCE limits, 18

TEAM, 117, 124, 128

water quality control, 179, 185–186

see also Superfund sites

Error of measurement, 11, 32, 33–34, 36–37, 191

confidence intervals, 32, 42

cross-sectional studies, 163

exposure assessment, 127–128, 141, 163

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

misclassification, 33, 35, 38, 130, 141, 181, 183, 191, 207, 222–223, 246, 248

recall bias, 11, 12, 33, 135, 164–165, 263–264, 268

Esophageal cancer, 188–189

Ethical issues, 29, 247–248

Evaluation issues, 2, 42

biologic markers, 220, 236–239, 247

exposure assessment, 8–10, 20, 257–258

site assessment, 7–8, 20, 96, 257–258

Europe, 207

Eastern Europe, 27, 197

Experimental methods, 45, 46–47

biologic markers, 237

see also Animal studies

Exposure assessment, 8–10, 19, 61, 101–148, 259–264

airborne toxins, 12, 117, 118, 157–173, 125, 137, 262–264

biologic markers, 17, 239, 241–242

body weight, exposure per unit, 15, 208, 224

causal inference, 29–42, 33, 35–42, 43–44, 113, 220, 236–239

defined, 101, 219, 220, 239

disease, general, and, 29–34, 40–41

error in, 127–128, 141, 163

evaluation issues, 8–10, 20, 257–258

federal activities, 26, 64–65, 75–78

ground water toxins, 107, 110–111, 112–113, 116, 117, 125, 130–134, 142, 143, 259

health risk assessments, 4, 30, 35, 66, 83, 95, 103–104, 119

historical perspectives, 102–103

local actions, 131–143

methodology, general, 102, 117, 119–144

models, 65, 86, 118–119, 123, 124, 128–129, 134

multiple exposures, 39, 102, 114, 116, 157–158, 160, 208, 213, 232, 246, 267

PCBs, 16

potential exposures, 4, 8, 7, 76–78

registries, 8, 75, 97

risk assessment, 4, 30, 35, 45, 64, 66, 82, 86

routes of exposures, general, 117–119, 203

sentinel health events, 85, 97, 268

statistics on, limitations of, 126–131

surrogate measures, 120, 124, 131–142

time factors, 102, 116, 132, 134

waterborne toxins, 131–134, 135, 139–142

F

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 70

Federal government, 21, 60, 62–86, 96–98, 258–259

exposure assessment, 26, 64–65, 75–78

local actions, cooperation with, 8

regulations, 1, 2, 5–8, 26, 60, 180

remediation programs, 62, 63–64, 80–83

site assessment, 62–63, 65–75, 79–80, 84, 93–95, 107

states, cooperation with, 7, 8, 69–70, 75, 78, 85, 92–93, 97, 259, 268, 269

technical assistance, 7, 8, 268, 269

see also Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry;

Environmental Protection Agency;

Laws, specific federal;

Superfund sites;

other specific agencies

Federal Register, 83

Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 179, 180

Finland, 163, 171

Fish consumption, 15, 16, 19, 203, 204–208, 214, 267

Follow-up studies, 161–162

Food-borne toxins

animal studies, 207, 208

blood, 206

carcinogens, 207–208

contaminants in, general, 15–17, 27, 203, 204–208, 213–214, 266–267

dose-response assessment, 206, 208

fish, 15, 16, 19, 203, 204–208, 214, 267

Hispanics, 133

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

international efforts, 213–214

malnutrition, 189

meat, 16, 207

milk, 207

neurotoxic effects, 205, 208, 209

pesticides, 214

reproductive toxicology, 205, 208, 209

see also Fish consumption

Food and Drug Administration, 213–214

Formaldehyde, 170–171, 243–244

Funding, 5–6, 19, 61, 93

ATSDR, 65, 85, 92, 93, 95

research, 8, 85–86, 93–94, 97, 257

site discovery and assessment, general, 76–77, 95, 257, 268

site-specific, 87–91

state-level, 85, 92–93

see also Superfund

G

Gastric cancer, 187

Gender differences

cancer, 14, 140–141, 160, 182–183, 185, 187

kidney disease, 195

sex ratio, births, 160

see also Men;

Women

Genotoxicity

COPD, 245–246

DNA adducts, 163, 222, 223, 230, 232, 236, 239, 241–242

mutagens, general, 229–230, 234

protein adducts, 220, 222, 230, 233–234, 242

see also Birth defects;

Reproductive toxicology

Geographic factors, 121

air pollution-related mortality, 11

see also Rural areas

Government role, see Federal government;

Local action;

Regulations;

State-level actions

Great Lakes, 16

Groundwater toxins, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 41, 118, 179, 184–199, 267

demographic factors, 5, 10, 61, 259

exposure assessment, 107, 110–111, 112–113, 116, 117, 125, 130–134, 142, 143, 259

federal law, 75, 180

pesticides, 16, 46, 110, 206–208, 214

remediation, 20, 81

reproductive toxicology, 14

rural areas, 5, 61

state-level actions, 92, 110–113, 259

see also Water pollution

Guidelines on Studies in Environmental Epidemiology, 27

H

Halogenated hydrocarbons, 13

Hazard Ranking System, 79, 80

Health risk assessments, 4, 30, 35, 114, 119–120, 142

ATSDR, 66, 83, 95, 103–104, 119

EPA, 64, 66, 82, 239

Heart diseases and disorders, 15, 20, 139, 140, 191, 192, 193–193, 194, 265

Hispanics, 133

Historical perspectives, 25–26, 27–28

biologic markers, 220

context of study, 44–45

diary studies, 166

exposure assessment, 102–103

site assessment, 69, 102–103

vinyl chloride, 160–161

waterborne toxins, 179–180

see also Retrospective studies

Hospital-based studies, 168–169, 171

I

Illinois, 188

Immune system and immunology

asthma, 171–172, 264

biologic markers, 220, 223, 233, 236, 241, 242–245

waterborne toxins, 15, 199

India, 159

Individual studies, 120, 121, 128, 131–142

airborne toxins, 165–167, 160

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

diary records, 12, 166–167, 170, 173, 264

waterborne toxins, 181

Indoor air pollution, 117–118, 157, 169–171, 263

Institute of Medicine, 16, 20–21

International Labor Organization, 27

International perspectives, 27–28

air pollution, symptoms, 12

Europe, 27, 197, 207

food-borne toxins, 212, 213–214

smoking and cancer, 38–39

see also Foreign countries;

specific countries

Iowa, 181–182, 183

Israel, 163

Itai-Itai byo, 206

J

Japan, 16, 205, 206

K

Kidney disease, 195, 236

L

Laws, specific federal

British Clean Air Act, 44

Clean Air Act, 75, 180, 261

Clean Water Act, 180

Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 179, 180

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 75, 103, 258

Safe Drinking Water Act, 75, 261

Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act, 46, 62, 65-66, 80

Toxic Substances Control Act, 45, 261

see also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Lead, 123, 162, 166, 195, 208, 211–213, 222, 235, 267

Legal issues, 27, 197–198, 247–248, 265

see also Litigation

Legislation, 5, 6, 26, 44–45, 47, 60, 269

state-level, 60, 86

see Laws, specific federal

Leukemia, 41, 131–133, 139, 140–141, 168, 185–187, 198

Lipophilic toxins, 16, 214, 267

Litigation, 2–3, 27, 42–44, 46, 47, 65, 197–198, 248, 265

Liver and liver diseases, 15, 139, 141–142

angiosarcoma, 11, 38, 160–161

biologic markers, 18, 223–224, 231–232

soil-borne toxins, 215

waterborne toxins, 184, 185, 195–196, 199

Local actions, 2, 8, 69

airborne toxins, morbidity studies, 163–165

exposure assessment, specific sites, 131–143

Longitudinal studies, 143

air pollution, 11–12, 157, 158–159, 161–163, 173

prospective studies, 121, 137–138, 161, 162, 238

time series analysis, 29, 173

waterborne toxins, 181

see also Retrospective studies

Love Canal, 17, 44, 138, 162, 184–185, 190–191, 196–197, 198–199, 214, 266

Lung cancer, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 160, 181–182, 187

Lymphoma, 185, 198, 241

M

Massachusetts, 18, 41, 131–132, 137, 185–186, 188, 189–190, 224

Mathematical models, 128–129

Maximum Contaminant Levels, 18, 111

Meat, 16, 207

Memory, 208

Men, 181–182, 233

see also Gender differences

Mercury, 16, 203, 205, 236

Meta-analyses, 4–5, 39, 42, 97, 198, 261, 262, 266

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

Methodology

air pollution research, 10–12

analytic studies, 29

biologic markers, 236–239, 244–245

causal inference, 29–42

cohort studies, 121

demographic factors, 29, 40, 127

descriptive studies, 13, 14, 28–29, 113, 180

ecologic studies, 121, 132–133, 160, 187, 191, 222

experimental methods, 45, 46–47, 237

exposure measurement, 102, 117, 119–144

follow-up studies, 161–162

misclassification, 33, 35, 38, 130, 141, 181, 183, 191, 207, 222–223, 246, 248

for policy decisions, 7–8, 268–269

population-based studies, 168–169, 183, 248

prevalence studies, 29

problems, general, 29, 126–131

prospective studies, 121, 137–138, 161, 162, 238

retrospective studies, 42, 48–54, 101, 134–135, 184–187, 238

sampling, 81–82, 126, 127, 128

site assessment, 8, 96–97, 259–260, 269

standards, 27–28, 39, 70

of study, 2, 26

see also Animal studies;

Case-control studies;

Cross-sectional studies;

Longitudinal studies;

Statistics and statistical approaches

Michigan, 44, 205

Milk, 207

Minamata disease, 205

Minorities, 26, 133, 183, 244

Mixed chemical exposure, see Multiple exposures

Models

biologic markers, 239, 248

computer simulations, 47

exposure,

indoor air pollution, 118

mathematical, 128–129

site discovery and assessment, 81, 94

toxicokinetic, 123

see also Animal studies

Montana, 211

Motor functions, 16, 197, 225

Mortality and morbidity, 35, 137–138

air pollution-related, 11, 157, 156–169

disease occurrence, general, 4, 29, 31, 33, 36, 40–41

disease registries, 37, 45–47, 70, 181–182, 188

historical perspectives, 25

sentinel health events, 85, 97, 268

water pollution-related, general, 14, 181–189

Multiple exposures, 39, 102, 114, 116, 157–158, 160, 208, 213, 232, 246, 267

Multivariate analysis, 182

N

National Cancer Institute, 13–14, 188

National Center for Health Statistics, 169

National Health and Nutrition Survey, 164

National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 8, 70, 85, 86, 209–210, 269

National Priorities List (NPL), 7, 9, 64, 66–68, 70, 71–74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 93, 95, 103–105, 108–109, 119, 144–146, 187, 211, 258, 259, 260

National Research Council, 2, 20, 117, 124, 129, 203, 215, 219

Neurotoxic effects, 20, 104, 106, 123

airborne toxins, 12, 162, 166, 213, 225

biologic markers, 18, 224, 225, 226–229

food-borne toxins, 205, 208, 209

lead, 162, 166, 213

memory, 208

motor functions, 16, 197, 225

PCBs, 16, 209–210

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

waterborne toxins, 14, 15, 18, 189, 197, 199

New Jersey, 14, 41, 128, 165, 185, 186–187

New York, 69–70, 86–87, 138, 185

Love Canal, 17, 44, 138, 162, 184–185, 190–191, 196–197, 198–199, 214, 266

Nicaragua, 197

Nitrates, 14, 85, 179, 268

Nonconventional pollutants (NCPs), 10

Nonpoint source pollution, 107, 110–111, 260

see also Nitrates;

Pesticides

North Carolina, 14, 188, 210, 213, 265

O

Occupational toxicology, 169–171, 137–138, 141, 160

biologic markers, 231–236

dioxin, 207–208

International Labor Organization, 27

lead, 213

PCBs, 209

Standard Industrial Classification, 140

Odors, 134–135, 141

Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), 9, 45, 76, 77, 103, 258

Ouch-ouch disease, 206

Ozone, 164

P

Peer review, 15, 198

Pennsylvania, 139, 142

Personal studies, see Individual studies

Pesticides, 16, 46, 110, 179, 195, 203, 204, 205, 206–208, 209, 214, 233–234, 261

Poland, 241

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 16–17, 204–205, 207, 208–210

biologic markers, 18, 224, 230, 232–233

neurotoxic effects, 16, 209–210

Population factors, see Demography;

Public opinion

Population-based studies, 168–169, 183, 248

Potential exposures, 4, 7, 8, 76–78

Prevalence studies, 29

Priority substances, 8, 104, 106, 108–109, 146–148

Private sector

ATSDR funding, 92

research standards, 70

Prospective studies, 121, 137–138, 161, 162

biologic markers, 238

Protein adducts, 220, 222, 230, 233–234, 242

Public health advisories, 70, 71–74, 205, 213

Public Health Service, 179

Public opinion, 1, 29, 60–61, 256

recall bias, 11, 12, 33, 135, 164–165, 263–264, 268

R

Racial factors, 183

see also Minorities

Radioactive pollutants, 181–182

Recall bias, 11, 12, 33, 135, 164–165, 263–264, 268

Rectal cancer, 181

Regulations, 1, 2, 5–8, 26, 60, 180

see also Standards

Remediation programs, 6, 8, 31, 97

cost of, 77, 78

federal, 62, 63–64, 80–83

groundwater contamination, 20, 81

site closure, 8, 92

state actions, 86, 92

Reproductive toxicology, 35, 36, 41, 68, 133–134

abortion, spontaneous, 36, 37, 133–134, 190, 192–193

biologic markers, 18–19, 229, 233

birth weight, 20, 190, 198–199, 209–210, 224

food- and soil-borne toxins, 205, 208, 209

mercury, 16, 205

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

sex ratio, 160

sperm, 16, 19, 205, 220, 233–234

waterborne toxins, 14, 185, 189–195

see also Birth defects

Research, general, 28–30, 269

funding, 8, 85–86, 93–94, 97, 257

recommendations, 8, 26–27, 28–30

state-level, 93

tabular list of studies, 48–54

see also Methodology

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 75, 103, 258

Respiratory disease, 264, 268

asthma, 171–172, 264

biologic markers, 245–246

emphysema, 245–246

see also Lung cancer

Retrospective studies, 42, 101

biologic markers, 238

odors as surrogates, 134–135

specific sites, 48–54

waterborne toxins, 184–197

Risk assessment, 4, 30, 35, 45, 64, 66, 82, 123, 142

ATSDR, 66, 83, 95, 103–104, 119

EPA, 64, 66, 82, 239

state-level, 86

see also Biologic markers

Rural areas, groundwater, 5, 61

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 75, 261

Sampling, 81–82, 126, 127, 128

Saudi Arabia, 188–189

Sex differences, see Gender differences

Sick building syndrome, see Indoor air pollution

Site assessment, 7–8, 20, 62–63, 65–75, 79–80, 84, 94–95, 103–106, 120, 261–262, 268, 269

cost of, 95, 257

detection of toxins, 213–215

evaluation issues, general, 7–8, 20, 96, 257–258

federal government, general, 62–63, 65–75, 79–80, 84, 93–95, 107

funding, 76–77, 95, 257, 268

historical perspectives, 69, 102–103

methodology, general, 8, 96–97, 259–260, 269

NPL, 7, 9, 64, 66, 67–68, 70, 71–74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 93, 95, 103–105, 108–109, 119, 144–146, 187, 211, 258, 259, 260

specific sites, 48–54, 69, 70, 71–74, 131–142

state actions, 69–70, 76, 86, 92, 268

Site closure, 8, 92

Site discovery, 7, 258–259

EPA, 76–78, 259, 268

funding, 76–77, 95, 257, 268

models, 81, 94

national inventory, 6, 8, 76–77, 93, 94, 96, 268–269

state-level, 86, 92

Skin diseases, 104, 106

Smoking, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 182, 187, 232–233

Soil pollution, 8, 15–17, 143–144, 184–185, 203–215, 266–267

animal studies, 17, 204, 214–215

cancer, 215

case-control studies, 215

children and, 203, 211, 212, 215, 266

liver disease, 215

reproductive toxicology, 205, 208, 209

volatile organic compounds, 118, 195

Spatial factors

population proximate to waste sites, 2, 26, 67, 68, 103, 114–116, 137–138, 257

sampling, 126, 127

Sperm, 16, 19, 205, 220, 233–234

Standard Industrial Classification, 140

Standards

Acceptable Daily Intakes, 213–214

biologic markers, 244

Maximum Contaminant Levels, 18, 111

research methodology, 27–28, 39, 70

site sampling, 81–82, 268

TCE limits, 18

State-level actions, 21, 47, 55, 60, 86–93, 258–259

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

ATSDR assistance, 92–93, 97, 259, 269

federal cooperation with, 7, 8, 69–70, 75, 78, 85, 92–93, 97, 259, 268, 269

funding, 85, 92–93

groundwater contamination, 92, 110–113, 259

health departments, information from, 2

legislation, 60, 86

NPL sites, 103

regulations, 2, 5–8, 60

remediation efforts, 86, 92

research, 93

risk assessment, 86

site assessment, 69–70, 76, 86, 92, 268

see also Demography;

specific states

Statistics and statistical approaches, 42, 256

biologic markers, 220, 236–239, 247, 248

confidence intervals, 32, 42

disease registries, 37, 45–47, 70, 181–182, 188

effect size, 32

exposure data, limitations, 126–131

exposure registries, 8, 75, 97

multivariate, 182

national site inventory, 6, 8, 76–77, 93, 94, 96, 268–269

number of sites, 9

power, 36

recall bias, 11, 12, 33, 135, 164–165, 263–264, 268

significance assessment, 2, 32–34, 38–39, 43, 185

volume of waste generated, 1–2, 26, 60, 102

see also Error of measurement

Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA), 46, 62, 65–66, 80

Superfund sites, 1, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 19, 61–86 , 92

air pollution, 161

biologic markers, 224–225

lead, 212–213

legislation for, 45, 46

National Priority List (NPL), 7, 9, 64, 66, 67–68, 70, 71–74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 93, 95, 103–105, 108–109, 119, 144–146, 187, 211, 258, 259, 260

population proximate to, 2, 26, 67, 68, 103, 114–116, 137–138, 257

remediation, 80–83

site discovery funding, 77

torts, 43

Surface water, 8, 20–21, 179, 180, 182

see also Water pollution

Surrogate measures, 120, 124, 131–142

Sweden, 160

Symptomatology, 4, 31, 70, 130, 137, 263

airborne toxins, 164–165, 170, 173

diary records, 12, 166–167, 170, 173, 264

nonspecific, 135–136

recall bias, 11, 12, 33, 135, 164–165, 263–264, 268

T

Taiwan, 184, 208, 224

Taxonomy, see Classification

Technical assistance, 7, 8, 268, 269

Tennessee, 18, 141, 214

Testicular cancer, 215

Tetrachlorethane, 166, 188

Time factors

causation and, 40, 35, 36, 40–41

exposure assessment, 102, 116, 132, 134

see also Longitudinal studies;

Retrospective studies

Time series analysis, 29, 173

Torts, see Litigation

Total Diet Study, 214

Total Exposure Assessment Methodology, 117, 124, 128

Toxic Substances Control Act, 45, 261

Toxicokinetics, 123

Trichloroethane (TCA), 133–134, 181

Trichloroethylene (TCE), water pollutant, 13, 14–15, 18, 118, 139–140, 142, 194, 197, 265, 266

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×

biologic markers, 18, 224–225, 229, 230, 236

Trihalomethanes (THMs), 13, 180, 181–184, 184, 265

U

United Kingdom, 41, 44, 159

United Nations Environmental Program, 27

Urban areas, 77, 160, 172, 179, 185, 212, 262, 267

Urine, 224, 225, 235, 236

Utah, 167, 168, 172

V

Vietnam, 215, 233

Vinyl chloride, 11, 38, 160–161, 205

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 13, 14–15, 18, 118–119, 123, 128, 131–134, 140–142, 158, 179, 196, 263

see also specific compounds

Volatilization, 15, 18, 117, 140–141, 179, 195, 264

W

Water pollutants, 9–10, 13–15, 19, 125, 158, 179–199, 264–266

animal studies, 194

birth defects, 14–15, 180, 189–197, 265

cancer, 13–14, 110, 180, 181–189, 198, 265–266

case-control studies, 13–14, 180, 183–184, 187, 188–189, 191

causal inference, 180, 186

CDC, 193–194

children and, 185–186, 190

chlorination, 13–15, 180, 182, 183–184, 195, 225–226

chronic diseases, general, 180, 194–195

cross-sectional studies, 194–195, 196

demographic factors, 5, 10, 61, 259

descriptive studies, 13, 14, 180

dose-response assessment, 184, 194

EPA, 179, 185–186

exposure analysis, 131–134, 135, 139–142

fish, bioaccumulation, 15, 16

immune system, 15, 199

individual studies, 181

liver disease, 184, 185, 195–196, 199

morbidity and mortality, general, 14, 181–189

neurotoxic effects, 14, 15, 18, 189, 197, 199

reproductive toxicology, 14, 185, 189–195

TCE, 13, 14–15, 18, 118, 139, 140, 139–140, 142, 194, 197, 224–225, 229, 230, 236, 265, 266

volatilization, 15, 18, 117, 140–141, 179, 195, 264

see also Groundwater;

Surface water

Weight, see Body weight

Women

cancer, 14, 140–141, 183

kidney disease, 195

see also Gender differences

World Health Organization, 27, 212

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 271
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 272
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 273
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 274
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 275
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 276
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 277
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 278
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 279
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 280
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 281
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1991. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1802.
×
Page 282
Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $80.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The amount of hazardous waste in the United States has been estimated at 275 million metric tons in licensed sites alone. Is the health of Americans at risk from exposure to this toxic material? This volume, the first of several on environmental epidemiology, reviews the available evidence and makes recommendations for filling gaps in data and improving health assessments.

The book explores:

  • Whether researchers can infer health hazards from available data.
  • The results of substantial state and federal programs on hazardous waste dangers.

The book presents the results of studies of hazardous wastes in the air, water, soil, and food and examines the potential of biological markers in health risk assessment.

The data and recommendations in this volume will be of immediate use to toxicologists, environmental health professionals, epidemiologists, and other biologists.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!