Index
A
Acidification
ecoregion approach, 202-204
fish, 84-85
lakes, 32, 73, 76, 83-85, 92-95, 144, 146
mine drainage, 33-34, 76, 169, 171, 203
Adaptive Environmental Assessment, 345-346
Advocacy, environmental, 35, 51, 52, 437-438, 507
lakes, 169, 208, 234-235, 247-248
Africa, 143
Agricultural Credit Act, 499
Agricultural Wetland Reserve Program, 12, 52, 285-286, 288-289, 366 , 371
Agriculture
Conservation Reserve Program, 9, 51, 285-286, 288, 302, 500, 507
export policy, 49-50
federal policy, general, 49-50
lakes, nonpoint runoff, 6, 32, 103, 115, 150, 393-397
pollution, general, 47
rivers, general, 176, 198, 201, 417
rivers, nonpoint runoff 9, 171-172, 191-192, 416-417, 481-482
wetlands, lost to, 34, 50, 194, 277, 280, 283, 284, 285, 295, 299, 300-301, 302, 492, 497, 505-506
wetlands, restoration of farmlands to, 4, 9, 12, 35, 51, 52, 270, 284-286, 288-289, 300, 301, 302, 307, 309, 320-321, 354, 366, 371, 500, 507-509
Air quality and pollution 47
lakes, non-acid pollutants, 77, 86-87
standards, 144
see also Acidification
Alabama, 136
Alaska, 262
Algal blooms, 78, 84, 105, 112, 115-134, 147, 148, 153, 199, 394
Aluminum, 83, 112, 124, 126-129
American Fisheries Society, 193
American Rivers Conservation Council, 169, 208
Anadromous fish, see Salmonids
Anadromous Fish Restoration Program, 468
Arizona, 167
Arkansas, 346
Arkansas River, 370-371
Army Corps of Engineers, 359, 360, 363, 371
demonstration projects, wetlands, 49
dredging, 33, 109, 194, 404, 405, 406
rivers, 194, 229-230, 402, 404-411, 451, 453, 471-472, 479-480, 484 , 492-493
wetlands, 49, 286-287, 289, 290, 513, 514
wetlands, alteration permits see Section 404 permits
Artificial circulation, 132-133, 140
Artificial marsh creation, 18, 123, 203
ASIWPCA, 87-91
Association of State and Interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators , 192
Atchafalaya River, 244, 363, 398-406
Australia, 143
B
Bank stabilization, rivers, 170, 207, 221, 228, 427, 428, 454, 470 -477
Baseline and reference data, 19, 60
rivers, 173-174, 187, 188, 194, 244-245, 487
watersheds, 346-347
wetlands, 11, 300, 323-324, 328-329, 331
Bays, topographic
Carolina Bay, 299-300
San Diego Bay, 61, 271, 272-275, 296-299, 319, 321
San Francisco Bay, 61, 294-295
Benefit-cost analysis4, 358-359
river restoration, 410-411, 473-474
Best management practices, 351
Bioaccumulation, 83, 86, 95, 96, 146-147, 148, 199, 380, 389-391
Biogeochemical cycles
lake acidification and, 83
restoration of, 18
Biological agents, 319
lake restoration, 73, 121-12, 131, 134-137, 153
Biomanipulation, see Food web management
Biotechnical engineering, 217-218, 247
Blanco River, 173, 181, 217, 218, 229-230, 470-477
Boats, 201-202
lampreys, 82, 202, 212, 387, 388
navigation, 201-202, 287, 366-367, 404, 406-409
Bureau of Land Management, 49, 193-194, 246, 461
Bureau of Reclamation, 43, 289
Bush administration, 34-35, 51, 262, 307, 351
C
California, 283, 307, 317, 326
Mattole River, 172, 173, 457-463
San Diego Bay, 61, 271, 272-275, 296-299, 319, 321
San Francisco Bay, 61, 294-295
California Coastal Conservancy, 353
California Sea Grant Program, 327
Canada
lakes, 83, 92, 95, 145, 353, 385
wetlands, 300
see also Prairie potholes
Carolina Bay, 299-300
Carrying capacity, 67
lakes, 104, 112-113, 118-121, 123, 127-129, 136, 142, 380-398,
rivers, 167-168, 170-171, 203, 218, 219, 228, 234-235, 398-496
wetlands, 272-275, 294-295, 297-299, 302, 496-518
Channelization, 1-2, 169, 180-181, 183, 186, 194-195, 207, 229, 302 , 417, 470-495
extent of, 33
Palmiter method, 173, 174, 221-222
surveillance, 9-10
see also Bank stabilization; Dikes and levees
Charles River, 268
Civilian Conservation Corps, 211, 222, 461
Classification of Wetlands and Deep Water Habitats of the United States, 231, 247
Classification systems
greenways, 216
lakes, strees factors, 76-97, 107-108
rivers, 9, 166, 188-206, 231-232, 247, 248
wetlands, 8, 231, 247, 262-264, 277-278
see also Definitional issues
Clean Lakes Program, 7, 72-73, 107-109, 110, 149, 150, 364
Clean Water Acts, 9, 34, 44-47, 72-73, 191, 262, 279, 285, 287, 288 , 295, 307, 360, 369, 414-415, 437, 465, 468, 469, 482, 499, 506
Clear Lake, 123
Climate change, global, 36, 177, 280-282
Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana, 52
Coastal Ocean Program, 327, 367
Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act, 52, 287
Coastal zones, 52
rivers and, 177
wetlands, 35, 271, 272-275, 281-283, 287, 310, 311, 315, 331
wetlands, tidal action, 272-273, 282-283, 314-315
see also Bays, topographic; Estuaries
Blanco River, 173, 181, 217, 218, 229-230, 470-477
Connecticut, 331
Conservation and conservationists
advocacy organizations, 35, 51, 52, 169, 208, 222, 235, 272, 402, 406, 507
historical perspective, 41
see also Refuges
Conservation Reserve Program, 9, 51, 285-286, 288, 302, 500, 507
bank stabilization, 221
benefit-cost analysis, 4, 358-359, 410-411, 473-474
dam removal, 220
federal cost-sharing, 43, 45, 51, 72-73, 108, 150, 352, 474, 493
flood insurance premiums, 365
grazing on federal lands, 193-194
lake restoration, 6, 73, 107, 110, 111, 122, 124, 129, 133, 134, 137, 142, 144, 153, 215
opportunity-cost analysis, 4, 358-359
project scaling, 59
restoration, national, 35-36
river dredging, 33
river restoration, 179, 221, 247, 410-411, 473-474, 482, 490, 494
water rights marketing, 373
wetland restoration, 270-271, 283, 286, 307, 308, 490, 494, 502
Council on Competitiveness, 35
Council on Environmental Quality, 148, 267, 279, 288, 363
Court cases, see Litigation
Czechoslovakia, 123
D
Dams, 26, 33, 166, 186, 188, 200-201, 219-221, 451, 454, 455, 514
lake outflow control, 79
natural, 178
removal costs, 220
thermal effects, 170
Data bases, 347
rivers, 231-232
Definitional issues
ecologic restoration and related terms, 2, 5, 17-21, 293, 352, 360
greenways, 216
hydrological restoration, 21, 62
integrated resource management, 341
lake restoration, 72, 74, 97-104
nonstructural techniques, 209
restoration, general, 16, 17-21, 68, 360
rivers and river restoration, 170, 185, 207, 209, 217-218, 231
wetlands, 34-35, 262-264, 279, 293
see also Classification systems
Delta Experimental Forest, 498, 500
Demonstration projects, 17
lake restoration, 108, 120-121
river restoration, 51, 484-495
watersheds, 7
wetlands, 49
see also Case studies
Department of Agriculture, 4, 49-50, 52, 194, 285-286, 360
Farmers Home Administration, 51, 285, 289, 500
Depressional wetlands, 283, 291-292
prairie potholes, 51, 55-56, 284-285, 291, 300-301, 312, 505-509
Des Plaines River, 22
Dikes and levees, 8, 9, 169, 176, 178, 180-181, 201, 207, 215, 247 , 269, 295, 300, 301, 370-371, 400-401, 402, 472
Dilution
lake eutrophication control, 125
river capacities, 166, 169, 170
rivers, 182-183, 199-200, 414, 438, 467
Drainage, general
rivers, 194-195
wetlands, 1-2, 41, 49, 270, 264-265, 284, 291-292, 300-301, 507-508
see also Section 404 permits
Dredged Materials Research Program, 290
Dredging
COE, 33, 109, 194, 404, 405, 406
lakes, 109, 114, 129, 141-142, 395
rivers, 33, 194, 404, 405, 406
see also Section 404 permits
see also Channelization
Ducks Unlimited, 507
E
Easements, 9, 51, 286, 288-289, 427, 492, 500, 507, 508
Economic factors
federal incentives, wetland losses, 50-51
financing of land and water markets, 3
fishing, 75, 176-177, 206, 294, 429, 452
lake uses, 32, 42, 75-76, 143-144, 148, 149-150, 388
restoration projects, 30
rivers, 176-177, 207, 208, 427
tax policy, 50, 169, 171, 209, 285, 406, 491
wetlands, 14, 15, 268-270, 301, 307, 490-491
see also Cost factors;
Funding
Ecoregion approach, 36, 60, 358, 368-369
acidification, 202-204
historical perspectives, 43-44
rivers, 98, 103, 187-188, 244-245
Ecosystem perspective, general
definitional issues, restoration, 2, 5, 17-21, 293, 352, 360
ecosystem function, 63-64, 65, 67-68, 326-327
riverine-riparian, 175, 179-181, 184-187, 229-230, 232-233, 244, 489, 494
wetlands, 12, 303, 307, 324, 326-327, 329, 489, 494, 500-501, 517518
see also Integrated aquatic ecosystem restoration
Edmondson, W. T., 119
Education, 12-13
rivers, 230-231, 247-248, 466, 493
Egypt, 201
Electric generators, 26, 214, 219-220, 369, 474
Elwha River, 220
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act, 506
Emergent plants, 123-124, 197, 203, 296, 304, 482
Environmental Defense Fund, 35
Environmental Easement Program, 9
Environmental Protection Agency
historical perspectives, 44-47, 360, 363
lakes, 6, 7, 32, 72-73, 87-97, 107-109, 110, 120, 149, 150, 152, 343, 364, 391
rivers and streams, 27, 31, 230-231, 469
wetlands, 263, 289, 307, 310, 316-317, 318, 347, 372, 500
see also Section 404 permits
Epilimnion, 127
Erosion and erosion control, 8, 32, 401, 428-428, 501
see also Bank stabilization
Estuaries, 282-283, 315, 367, 460-461
Carolina Bay, 299-300
Hackensack Meadowlands, 297-299, 374-375, 510-518
Europe
lakes, 82, 83, 92, 119, 143, 145
landscape ecology, 342
rivers, 177
Eutrophication and eutrophic lakes, 14-15, 26, 32, 55-56, 73, 76, 77-79, 87, 91-92, 393-397
algal blooms, 78, 84, 105, 112, 115-134, 147, 148, 153, 199, 394
Lake Michigan, 380-381, 383-384, 385-386
Lake Washington, 74
models, 78-79, 121, 122-123, 153
research, 7
restoration technology, 97-103, 106, 115-141
surveys, 91-92
Evaluation, 16, 55-57, 64-69, 355-356
adaptive assessment, 345-346, 357-358
lake restoration, 74, 104-108, 110-112, 151, 153, 397
rivers, 169, 172, 173-175, 178, 187, 194, 206-208, 222, 231, 248, 410-411, 415-416, 454-455, 462-463, 466-467, 468-469, 477, 485-487 , 489-490, 492-494
wetlands, 290, 308-309, 312, 315-326, 328, 330, 489-490, 492-494, 500-501, 502, 503, 508-509, 516-518
see also Baseline and reference data;
Restoration criteria;
Surveillance and monitoring
Everglades, 49-50, 51-52, 287, 480-481, 482
see also Kissimmee River
Executive Order 11988, 499
Executive Order 11990, 499
F
Fallon Paiote Shoshone Truckee Carson Pyramid Lake Settlement Act, 287
Farm Bill, see Food Security Act
Farmers Home Administration, 51, 285, 289, 500
Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, 19
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology , 7, 152
Federal Emergency Management Agency, 365
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 219
Federal government, 16, 351, 353-376
agricultural policy, general, 49-50
cost sharing by, 43, 45, 51, 72-73, 108, 150, 352, 474, 493
floodplain management, 48-49, 214-215
grazing on federal lands, 193-194, 246
historical perspectives, 41-52
lake restoration, 107-109, 148-151, 152-153
landscape restoration, 356-357, 361, 369
local efforts, cooperation with, 4, 5, 352, 361, 370, 461-462
nonpoint pollution efforts, 46, 47, 372
public lands, 49-50, 193-194, 213, 246, 301
river restoration, 214-215, 420, 437-438, 461-462
states, cooperation with, 4, 51-53, 108, 286, 373-375
taxation, 50, 169, 171, 209, 285, 406, 491
water allocation, 53, 213, 287, 372-373
water quality, general, 44-47, 371-372
watershed demonstration projects, 7
wetlands, 9, 41, 49, 50-51, 285-289, 302, 306-310, 330
see also Army Corps of Engineers;
Environmental Protection Agency;
Laws, specific federal;
National programs;
Policy issues;
other specific departments and agencies
Federal Reserved Water Rights, 213
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 45, 191
see also Clean Water Acts
acid pollution, 84-85
bioaccumulation, toxins, 83, 86, 95, 96, 146-147, 148, 199, 380, 389-391
consumption advisories, 86, 95, 96, 389-390
economic factors, 75, 176-177, 206, 294, 429, 452
floods and, 183-184
lakes, 75, 78, 81-83, 84-85, 86, 112-113, 131-132, 134-139, 140-141 , 147, 380, 383, 387-389, 393, 394, 395
lakes, exotic species, 78, 80-83, 96, 134, 137-138, 142-144, 387-389
macrophytes, 81, 105, 134-139, 143, 153
rivers, 15, 28-29, 33, 166, 170-171, 172, 177-178, 179, 183-184, 187-188, 194-197, 201, 202, 204-206, 211-212, 217-218, 220-221, 222 -227, 229, 234-244, 245-246, 401, 403, 406-411, 413, 414, 416, 418 , 425, 427, 451-453, 462, 481
rivers, exotic species, 166, 201-202, 212
rivers, salmonids, 172, 197, 206, 212, 214, 220, 222, 223-227, 388 , 451-453, 454-455, 458, 459-463, 468
seasonal factors, 204-205, 403, 452
water quality management and, 112-113, 132, 147-148
wetlands, 268, 270, 294, 305-306, 403
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 265
Fish and Wildlife Service, 51, 171, 194, 215, 220, 222, 263, 284, 285, 343, 391, 406, 409, 468, 480, 507, 508, 509, 513
see also Refuges and preserves
Flood insurance, 48, 215, 365-366, 491
Flood pulse concept, 401-402
Floodplains, 8, 30, 31, 175, 179-182, 201, 231-232, 291, 363, 401, 412-429, 477-496
federal management, 48-49, 214-215
forested, 264, 301, 302, 304, 311-312, 496-505
nonstructural management, 48-49, 214-215, 365
riparian zone interactions, 169, 175, 184-187, 188, 207, 208, 232, 247
see also Forests and forestry;
Riparian zones
Floods and flood control, 14, 21, 22, 33, 367, 471-472
dam failures, 219
federal programs, 214-215, 480
fisheries and, 183-184
historical perspective, 41-42, 471-472
laws, general, 41-42
rivers, 167-168, 174, 179-180, 183-184, 400-403, 415, 479, 480, 481 , 490
wetlands and, 268-269, 291, 286-287, 291, 294, 301, 302, 312, 491
wildlife and, 183-184
see also Dikes and levees
Everglades, general, 49-50, 51-52, 287, 480-481, 482
Kissimmee River, 51, 52-53, 169, 208, 291, 293, 296, 367, 477-496
lakes, other, 96, 107, 109, 135-136, 397
rivers, 202
Flow regime, 167-168, 170-171, 175, 178-181, 183, 189, 201, 214, 245-246, 247, 402-403, 454-455
low-flow augmentation, 438-439, 455
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act, 4, 9, 12, 52
Food and Drug Administration, 389-390
Food Security Act (Farm Bill), 50, 285, 286, 288, 371, 499, 500, 506
lakes, 77, 82-83, 131-132, 148, 153, 387, 388, 396
wetlands, 265, 267-268, 269, 273-274, 295, 318
Foreign countries, see International perspectives and programs
Forest Service, 49, 193-194, 222, 246, 300, 499
Forests and forestry
rivers and, 33, 178, 192-194, 198, 403-404, 439-440, 457, 459, 463
timber harvesting, 49, 201, 211, 217, 439-449, 459, 497, 503
wetlands, 264, 301, 302, 304, 311-312, 496-505
Foxcote Reservoir, 124
Functional attributes, 67-68
lakes, 104
rivers and streams, 175, 185, 188
wetlands, 263, 265-271, 272-273, 283, 290, 317-318, 320, 322, 323, 325-327, 330
see also Hydrological conditions and functions
Functional equivalency, 271, 275, 312, 323, 324-326, 373-374
Functional improvement, 63-64, 272-275
Funding, 4
EPA construction grants, 51, 364
Everglades restoration, 51-52
federal cost-sharing, 43, 45, 51, 72-73, 108, 150, 352, 474, 493
federal restoration trust funds, 4, 51, 285, 289, 368-369
federal water resources development, 43, 366-367, 370-371
Kissimmee River restoration, 51
lake restoration, 7, 107-108, 110, 120, 149 154
Mississippi River restoration, 33, 407, 409
prioritization, 58, 107, 187, 208-209, 330, 347, 352
river restoration, 234, 248, 407-409, 414-415, 427, 454, 465, 469, 482, 484, 487, 492
wetlands restoration, 52, 273, 285-286, 287, 307, 323, 330, 482, 484, 487, 492, 493, 511
G
General Accounting Office, 193-194, 246
Genetic issues, 60-61, 63, 69, 204-206, 313
Geological conditions, as structural characteristics, 66
Geological Survey, 208, 342, 346, 415, 438-439
Germany, 124
Global effects
climate change, 36, 177, 280-282
Grass carp, 135-136
Grazing, 8, 21, 49, 290, 299, 471
fencing, 216-217
Government, see Federal government;
Local efforts;
Regulations;
Standards;
State-level efforts
Great Lakes, 22, 71, 82, 87, 92, 95, 117, 119, 143, 202, 305, 342, 353
see also specific lakes
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 342
Greenways, 30, 172, 216, 283, 439-440
Ground water
lake restoration using, 145-146
recharge, 14
salinity, 36
H
Hackensack Meadowlands, 297-299, 374-375, 510-518
Hatcheries, 204-205
Herbicides, 105, 139, 229, 515
Historical perspectives
agency missions, 360
ecoregion approach, 43-44
federal government, 41-52
floods and flood control, 41-42, 471-472
lakes, 72, 74, 82-83, 87-97, 104, 110-112, 118-121, 127-128, 135-136 , 380-383, 384-388, 393-397, 413-414
rivers, 33-34, 166, 176, 191-192, 194, 211, 214, 222, 412-414, 436 -438, 457-459, 463-464, 471-473, 497-499
watersheds, 42-43, 46, 346-347
wetlands, 10, 23, 264-265, 271, 276-277, 280, 284, 294-295, 296, 300, 302, 320, 497, 505, 513-515
see also Baseline and reference data;
Case studies
Human factors, see Social factors
Hydrologic Services Program, 368
Hydrological conditions and functions
national units, 25
rivers, 56, 172-173, 175, 186, 207, 223, 230, 231, 234, 283, 412-413 , 435-436, 467-468, 474, 479-481, 484-485
as structural characteristic, 66
urban areas, 22
wetlands, 24, 268-269, 277, 279, 283, 290-293, 297, 312, 321, 330, 500, 507-508, 513-514
see also Flow regimes
Hypolimnion, 123, 127-128, 131, 139-140
Hypoheos, 182-183
I
Idaho, 86
Illinois, 109-110, 142, 174, 191, 194, 199, 214, 215
Illinois River, 22, 169, 199-200 207, 215, 217, 412-432
Inland Waterways Authorization Act, 407
Inland Waterways Commission, 42-43
Integrated aquatic ecosystem restoration, 5-6, 7, 17, 341-349, 351
spatial dimension, 384, 344, 345-346, 347-348
see also Landscape ecology;
Watersheds
Interagency coordination, 5, 7, 171, 343, 360, 361-362
Interdisciplinary approach, see Multidisciplinary approach
Internal Revenue Service, 50
International Joint Commission, 95, 343
International perspectives and programs
export policy, agriculture, 49-50
lakes, 73, 82, 83, 92, 95, 119, 124, 129, 143, 144-145, 342, 343, 385
landscape ecology, 342
UN, 36
wetlands, 300
Iowa, 232
Insects
as biocontrol agents, 135, 136-137, 153, 319
see also Pesticides
Izaak Walton League, 406
K
Kansas, 95
Kentucky, 109
Kissimmee River, 51, 52-53, 169, 208, 287, 291, 293, 296, 367, 477 -496
L
Lake Baldwin, 136
Lake Coeur d'Alene, 86
Lake Huron, 92
Lake Kissimmee, 208
Lake Michigan, 22, 92, 96, 144, 147, 191, 210, 380-392, 413-414
Lake Okeechobee, 50, 207, 479, 480, 491
Lakes and reservoirs, 6-7, 21, 26, 71-164, 355, 454
acidification, 32, 73, 76, 83-85, 92-95, 144-146
advocacy, environmental, 169, 208, 234-235, 247-248
agricultural runoff, 6, 32, 103, 115, 150, 393-397
air pollutants, non-acid, 77, 86-87
artificial circulation, 132-133, 140
best management practices, 115, 124-125, 141
biological agents, restoration, 73, 121-122, 131, 134-137, 153
Canadian, 83, 92, 95, 145, 353, 385
case studies, 104, 112-113, 118-121, 123, 127-129, 136, 142, 380-398
classification, stress factors, 76-97, 107-108
cost of restoration, 6, 73, 107, 110, 111, 122, 124, 129, 133, 134
dams, outflow control, 79
definitional issues, restoration, 72, 74, 97-104
demonstration projects, 108, 120-121
dissolved oxygen, 130, 139-141
dredging, 109, 114, 129, 141-142, 395
economic factors, 32, 42, 75-76, 143-144, 148, 149-150, 388
ecoregion approach, 88, 93-95, 97-104, 152
ecosystem perspective, general, 104-105, 147-148, 151
EPA, 6, 7, 32, 72-73, 87-97, 107-109, 110, 120, 149, 150, 152, 343 , 364, 391
epilimnion, 127
Europe, 82, 83, 92, 119, 143, 145
evaluation, 74, 104-108, 110-112, 151, 153, 397
existing conditions, 31-32, 71, 75-97
exotic species, 78, 80-83, 96, 134, 137-138, 142-144, 387-389
federal government, general, 107-109, 148-151, 152-153
fish, exotic species, 78, 80-83, 96, 134, 137-138, 142-144, 387-389
fisheries, 75, 78, 81-83, 84-85, 86, 112-113, 131-132, 134, 139, 140-141, 147, 380, 383, 387-389, 393, 394, 395
floods and flood control, 32, 79
food web management, 77, 82-83, 131-132, 148, 153, 387, 388, 396
funding, 7, 107-108, 110, 120, 149, 154
ground water and, 145-146
historical perspectives, 72, 74, 82-83, 87-97, 104, 110-112, 118-121 , 127-128, 135-136, 380-383, 384-388, 393-397, 413-414
hypolimnion, 123, 127-128, 131, 139-140
interagency coordination, 112, 150, 151, 152
international perspectives, 73, 82, 83, 92, 95, 119, 124, 129, 143 , 144-145, 342, 343, 385
local restoration efforts, 117
macrophytes, 81, 105, 134-139, 143, 153
management, general, 105, 112-113, 115, 131-134, 142
nonpoint-source pollution, 6, 32, 103, 115, 150, 76-77, 122-124, 393-397
pesticides, 86-87, 95, 147, 389
point-source pollution, 76, 78-78, 380-381, 385, 395
recreation, 71, 75, 103, 118, 388
restoration methodology, 97-103, 106, 113-147, 152-154, 380-398
rivers and, 98, 103, 147, 422-424
salinity, 79
seasonal factors, 123, 130, 140-141
sediments, 15, 31-32, 73, 79, 80, 85, 96, 98, 114-115, 129-130, 141 -142, 149, 386, 390-391, 395
social issues, 71, 75-76, 105-107, 141
standards, restoration criteria, 74, 104-107, 151
standards, water quality, 103, 117, 150
state-level efforts, 6-7, 72-73, 86, 87-88, 89, 91, 95-96, 108, 109 -110, 150, 151, 395-396
surveillance and monitoring, 73-75, 87-97, 91-92, 109-112, 150
thermal conditions, 26, 132-133, 140
toxic substances, 7, 32, 73, 76, 85-87, 95-96, 114, 126, 129, 131, 133-134, 139, 146-147, 149, 150, 153, 389-391
vegetation, emergent, 123-124, 197, 203, 296, 304, 482
vegetation, exotic species, 78, 80-83, 96, 134, 137-138, 142-144, 387-389
vegetation, macrophytes, 81, 105, 148, 134-139, 153
wastewater, 76, 105-107, 112, 115, 117-122, 127-128, 385
water level, 79-80, 137-138, 395-396
water quality, general, 32, 71-72, 88, 90, 98-102, 105-106, 112-113 , 118-121, 146-147, 153
watersheds, 103, 113-125, 147-148, 151, 152-153
wetlands associated with, 74, 123-124, 137-138, 312
see also Eutrophication and eutrophic lakes;
Great Lakes;
Phosphorus;
specific lakes
Lake Sammamish, 121
Lake Toho, 397
Lake Trummen, 129
Lake Victoria, 143-144
Lake Washington, 74, 117, 118-119
Lampreys, 82, 202, 212, 387, 388
Landfill, 19, 292, 294, 296, 313-314, 512
see also Section 404 permits
Landscape ecology, 60, 341, 343-344, 346-348
national program, 356-357, 361, 369
wetlands, 10, 272, 279-280, 290-291, 292, 301, 329, 504
see also Watersheds
Laws, general
flood control, 41-42
restoration, definitional issues, 19, 360
Laws, specific federal
Agricultural Credit Act, 499
Clean Water Acts, 9, 34, 44-47, 72-73, 191, 262, 279, 285, 287, 288
, 295, 307, 360, 369, 414-415, 437, 465, 468, 469, 482, 499, 506
Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act, 52, 287
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act, 506
Executive Orders 11988 and 11990, 499
Fallon Paiote Shoshone Truckee Carson Pyramid Lake Settlement Act, 287
Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, 19
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 45, 191
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 265
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act, 4, 9, 12, 52
Food Security Act (Farm Bill), 50, 285, 286, 288, 371, 499, 500, 506
Inland Waterways Authorization Act, 407
National Environmental Policy Act, 288, 363, 402
Pacific Northwest Power Planning and Conservation Act, 453
Reclamation Act, 41
Sports and Fish Restoration Act, 234
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, 169
Tax Reform Act, 285
Water Quality Act, 108
Water Resources Development Acts, 48-49, 50, 53, 286-287, 354, 360 , 366, 371, 407, 409, 493, 499, 500
Water Resources Planning Act, 44, 363
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 9, 169, 466
Laws, state 210
dams, 219
greenways, 216
pollution control, 436, 438, 469
wetland restoration, 483, 487, 488-489, 491-492, 511, 512
water level, 215
water allocation, 166, 210, 212-214, 245, 287
League for Coastal Protection, 272
see also Laws;
Litigation;
Private property;
Regulations
Levees, see Dikes and levees
Litigation, 272, 273, 369, 406, 482
Local efforts
federal cooperation with, 4, 5, 352, 361, 370, 461-462
lake restoration, 117
river restoration, 419-420, 461-462
wastewater treatment, 45
wetland preserves, 317
Louisiana, 52, 136, 244, 280, 281, 286, 287, 320, 346, 363, 497-499
Low-flow augmentation, 438-439, 455
M
Macrophytes, lakes, 81, 105, 134-139, 143, 153
Maine, 219
Management measures, general, 350-351, 361-362
best management practices, 115, 124-125, 141, 351
fisheries versus water quality, 112-113, 132, 147-148
floodplains, federal, 48-49, 214-215, 363
historical perspectives, 41-54, 363
lakes, 105, 112-113, 115, 131-134, 142
rivers, 178-184, 223, 234, 246-247, 403-405, 419-429, 460-462
state-level efforts, 52-54
see also Nonstructural methods
Mapping, 347
floodplains, 48
wetlands, 278
Massachusetts, 173, 215, 268, 464, 467
Metals
aluminum, 83, 112, 124, 126-129
mining, toxic, 85-86, 169, 171
trace metals, general, 83, 85, 96
Methodology
lake restoration, 97-103, 106, 113-147, 152-154, 380-398
river restoration, 169-175, 187, 205, 209-230, 231, 246-247, 420-429 , 459-463, 465-469, 475-477
wetland restoration, 272-275, 282-320, 327, 330-331, 501-503, 515 516
wetlands, cumulative impacts, 280
see also Multidisciplinary approach;
Nonstructural methods
Mexico, 167
Microorganisms, 331
Mining
acid pollution, 33-34, 76, 169, 171, 203
Minnesota, 53, 75, 95, 96, 98, 100-101, 103, 109, 110, 120-121, 123 , 284-285, 353
Mississippi, 136, 174, 496-505
Mississippi River, 33, 169, 177, 178, 181, 200, 207, 209, 232, 244 , 264, 283, 286, 301, 387, 404, 406-412
damming of, 33
wetlands, bottomland hardwoods, 496-505
Missouri, 234-235
Mitigation measures, general, 359
defined, 19-20
evaluation of, 64
wetlands, 298, 307-308, 317-318, 499, 511-512, 515-518
wetlands, ''no net loss" policy, 34, 35, 262-263, 307, 354-355, 500
see also Section 404 permits
Models
adaptive planning, 345-346, 357-358
hydrological, 347, 367-368, 490,
lake eutrophication, 78-79, 121, 122-123, 153
wetland restoration, 270-271, 296, 301, 490
see also Demonstration projects
Monitoring, see Surveillance and monitoring
Morphology
rivers, 172-173, 175, 180, 196-197, 207, 223, 230, 234, 435, 475-476
see also Channelization
as structural characteristic, 66
Moses Lake, 125
Multidisciplinary approach
current study methodology, 16-17
education for, 12-13
evaluation via, 65
interagency coordination, 5, 7, 112, 150, 151, 152, 171, 285, 307 308, 343, 360, 361-362, 391, 514
see also Integrated aquatic ecosystem restoration
N
National Acid Precipitation Program, 85, 202
National Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund, 4, 368-369
National Environmental Policy Act, 288, 363, 402
National Eutrophication Survey, 91-92
National Flood Insurance Program, 48, 215
National Governors Association, 53
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 327, 367-368, 512 -513
National Park Service, 51, 219, 287
National programs, 3-5, 15, 35-37, 350-376
Clean Lakes Program, 7, 72-73, 107-109, 110, 149, 150, 364
costs, 35-36
flood control, 214-215
landscape ecology, 356-357, 361, 369
surveys, 9, 33-34, 35, 87-97, 169, 171, 176, 194, 248, 200, 202, 208, 248, 265, 355-356
watershed management, 42-44
National Research Council, 16, 148, 379
National Resources Planning Board, 42, 43
National Rivers Inventory, 208
National Surface Water Inventory, 33-34
National Surface Water Survey, 92-95, 202
National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation , 176
National Wetland Inventory, 9, 169, 248
National Wetlands Policy Forum, 34
National Wildlife Federation, 402
Nature Conservancy, 52
Navigation, 201-202, 287, 366-367, 404, 406-409
Nebraska, 217
New Hampshire, 109, 173, 463-469
New Jersey, Hackensack Meadowlands, 297-299, 374-375, 510-518
Nile River, 201
Nonpoint-source pollution, 3, 15, 351
agricultural, 6, 9, 32, 103, 115, 150, 171-172, 191-192, 393-397, 416-417, 481-482
lakes, 6, 32, 103, 115, 150, 76-77, 122-124, 393-397
rivers, 191-193, 195, 441, 449
Nonprofit organizations, environmental advocates, 4, 35, 51, 52, 169, 208, 247-248, 272, 234-235, 402, 406, 437-438, 507
Nonstructural methods
floodplain management, 48-49, 214-215, 363
river restoration, 209-217
see also Regulations
North American Lake Management Society, 91, 109
North American Waterfowl Management Plan, 500
O
Oconee River, 216
acidification of, 85
Omnibus Water Bill, see Water Resources Development Acts
Opportunity-cost analysis, 4, 358-359
Oregon
Willamette River, 170-171, 216, 433-456
Organizational issues
federal-local coordination, 4, 5, 352, 361, 370, 461-462
federal planning, history, 42-52
interagency coordination, 5, 7, 112, 150, 151, 152, 171, 285, 307 308, 343, 360, 361-362, 391, 514
lake restoration, 112-113, 391
national restoration program, 3-4, 361-363
river restoration, 426-427
wetland restoration, 306-310, 316, 499-500
see also Integrated aquatic ecosystem restoration;
Multidisciplinary
approach;
Planning
Organochlorine compounds, 86-87, 95, 147, 389-391
Ouchita Wildlife Management Area, 497, 499, 502-503
P
Pacific Northwest Power Planning and Conservation Act, 453
Palmiter method, 173, 174, 221-222
Papua New Guinea, 143
Pesticides
rivers, 199
Phosporous, 78, 79, 101, 102, 114, 115, 117, 119, 121-131, 147-148 , 153, 198, 395, 482, 491
Lake Michigan, 382-383, 384-387
Pinchot, Gifford, 41
historical perspectives, 42-54
interagency coordination, 5, 7, 112, 150, 151, 152, 171, 285, 307 308, 343, 360, 361-362, 514
large-scale restoration, 6, 369
local, 370
prioritization of goals, 58, 107, 187, 208-209, 330, 347, 352
rivers, 208-209, 223, 232-235, 244
Point-source pollution, 15, 372
lakes, 76, 78-79, 380-381, 385, 395
state control efforts, 53
Policy issues, 16, 352, 354-368
historical perspectives, 41-42, 50-52
national restoration strategy, 3-5, 10
taxation, 50, 169, 171, 209, 285, 406, 491
wetlands, defined, 34-35, 262-264, 279, 293
wetlands, "no net loss," 34, 35, 262-263, 307, 354-355, 500
Political factors, 487-488, 499-500
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 86-87, 95-96, 148, 380, 389-391
Prairie potholes, 51, 55-56, 284-285, 291, 300-301, 312, 505-509
Precipitation (meteorology), 6, 22, 27, 122-123
see also Acidification
"Principles and Standards for Planning Water and Related Land Resources," 215
Private property
river restoration, 222, 234-235, 427, 469
wetlands, 270, 301, 308, 316, 320, 505-509
see also Easements
Private sector, 373-375
environmental advocates, 4, 35, 51, 52, 169, 208, 247-248, 272, 234 -235, 402, 406, 437-438, 507
fishing, commercial, 206
restoration, general, 36
see also Agriculture;
Grazing;
Mining
Preservation, 19-20
see also Conservation and conservationists;
Refuges
Projections
dams, 200
lake restoration, 6
river restoration, 10, 403, 468
wetland restoration, 12, 354, 488
see also Global effects
Public education, 12-13
Public lands, federal, 49-50, 193-194, 213, 246, 301
Public opinion, 2, 12-13, 44, 402, 419, 483-484
Q
Quayle, J. Danforth, 35
R
Reclamation, 19, 20, 21, 169, 171
Reclamation Act, 41
Recreation resources and uses
rivers, 176-177, 178, 204-206, 211-212, 214, 234-235, 429
Reference data, see Baseline and reference data
riverine, 402, 404-405, 406-411
wetland, 272-275, 280-281, 305, 317, 320
Regulations, 210
floodplains and riparian areas, 48-49, 209
hydroelectric dams, 219
restoration, definitional issues, 19
wetlands, 10, 262, 278, 307-310, 317, 491;
see also Section 404 permits
see also Standards
Rehabilitation, 19, 20, 21, 72
Research and development, 16
rivers, 454
wetlands, 11, 270, 289-292, 327-329, 330-331, 501
see also Demonstration projects;
Evaluation;
Methodology;
Surveillance and monitoring
Reservoirs, see Lakes and reservoirs
Resolution Trust Corporation, 51, 285, 289
wetlands, 290, 308-309, 316-317, 318-319, 320-326, 328, 500-501, 502, 508-509
floodplain interactions with, 169, 175, 184-187, 188, 207, 208, 232 , 247
grazing, 8, 21, 49, 193-194, 216-217, 246, 290, 299, 471
Rivers and streams, 8-10, 165-261, 355, 362-363
acid pollution, 33-34, 202-204
agriculture, general, 176, 198, 201, 417
agriculture, nonpoint runoff, 9, 171-172, 191-192, 416-417, 481-482
bank stabilization, 170, 207 221, 228, 427, 428, 454, 470-477
baseline and reference data, 173-174, 187, 188, 194, 244-245, 487
benefit-cost studies, 410-411, 473-474
case studies, 167-168, 170-171, 203, 218, 219, 228, 234-235, 398-496
classification, stress factors, 9, 166, 188-206, 231-232, 247, 248
coastal, 177
see also Estuaries
COE, 194, 229-230, 402, 404-411, 451, 453, 471-472, 479-480, 484, 492-493
cost of restoration, 179, 221, 247, 410-411, 473-474, 482, 490, 494
data bases, 231-232
definitional issues, restoration, 170, 185, 207, 209, 217-218, 231
demonstration projects, 51, 484-495
dissolved oxygen, 182-183, 199-200, 414, 438, 467
dredging, 33, 194, 404, 405, 406
economic factors, 176-177, 207, 208, 427
ecoregion approach, 98, 103, 187-188, 244-245
ecosystem perspective, general, 175, 179-181, 184-187, 229-230, 232 -233, 244, 489, 494
education on, 230-231, 247-248, 466, 493
Europe, 177
evaluation, 169, 172, 173-175, 178, 187, 194, 206-208, 222, 231, 248, 410-411, 415-416, 454-455, 462-463, 466-467, 468-469, 477, 485 -487, 489-490, 492-494
existing conditions, 9, 27-31, 32-34, 165, 166, 176-178, 188-206, 208, 248
federal development policy, history, 41-43
federal restoration efforts, 214-215, 420, 437-438, 461-462
fish, 15, 28-29, 33, 166, 170-171, 172, 177-178, 179, 183-184, 187 -188, 194-197, 201, 202, 204-206, 211-212, 217-218, 220-221, 222-227 , 229, 234-244, 245-246, 401, 403, 406-411, 413, 414, 416, 418, 425 , 427, 451-453, 462, 481
fish, exotic species, 166, 201-202, 212
fish, salmonids, 172, 197, 206, 212, 214, 220, 222, 223-227, 388, 451-453, 454-455, 458, 459-463, 468
floods and flood control, 167-168, 174, 179-180, 183-184, 400-403, 415, 479, 480, 481, 490
flow augmentation, 166, 169, 170, 171
forests, 33, 178, 192-194, 198, 403-404, 439-440, 457, 459, 463
functional attributes, 175, 185, 188
funding, 234, 248, 407-409, 414-415, 427, 454, 465, 469, 482, 484, 487, 492
ground water, 167-168, 467-468
historical perspectives, 33-34, 166, 176, 191-192, 194, 211, 214, 222, 412-414, 436-438, 457-459, 463-464, 471-473, 497-499
hydroelectric generators, 26, 214, 219-220, 369, 474
hydrology, 56, 172-173, 175, 186, 207, 223, 230, 231, 234, 283, 412 -413, 435-436, 467-468, 474, 479-481, 484-485
hypoheos, 182-183
international perspectives, 176, 177, 201
lakes and, 98, 103, 147, 422-424
local efforts, 419-420, 461-462
management, general, 178-184, 223, 234, 246-247, 403-405, 419-429, 460-462
morphology, 172-173, 175, 180, 196-197, 207, 223, 230, 234, 435, 475-476
nonpoint-source pollution, 191-193, 195, 441, 449
pesticides, 199
planning, general, 208-209, 223, 232-235, 244
point-source pollution, 169, 190-191
private property, 222, 234-235, 427, 469
recreations, 176-177, 178, 204-206, 211-212, 214, 234-235, 429
refuges, 402, 404-405, 406-411
research on, 454
restoration criteria, 172, 178, 206-208, 410-411, 489-490, 494
restoration methodology, 169-175, 187, 205, 209-230, 231, 246-247, 420-429, 459-463, 465-469, 475-477
seasonal factors, 33, 167, 170, 174-175, 181, 188-189, 207, 403, 415, 426, 436, 438-439, 479-480
sediments, 33, 172, 174, 176, 177, 180, 192-193, 195-200, 207, 230
, 401, 402-403, 409, 416-419, 420-429, 459, 461, 472, 474, 475
social factors, 165-166, 402, 419, 426-427
spatial dimension, 172-173, 174, 180, 181-183, 185, 209, 244
state-level efforts, 173, 210, 212-213, 234-235, 244, 420, 437-438
surveillance and monitoring, 9, 175, 222, 244-245, 247, 409-410, 415-416, 444-447, 484-485
temporal dimension, 175, 180, 181, 189, 207, 214, 217, 244, 409-411
, 424
thermal conditions, 28, 170, 174, 183, 200, 436, 453, 454-455, 457
topography, 196-197
toxic substances, 33, 166, 198, 199, 441, 450-451
university programs, 248, 286, 419
urban development, 167-168, 172, 191-192, 214, 414-415
vegetation, 15, 173, 174, 175, 194-198, 207, 418-425, 427-429, 461
wastewater, 165-166, 170, 191, 413-416, 436-455, 463-469
water quality, 27-29, 98, 103, 166, 169, 170, 179, 189, 191, 231, 413-429, 436-455, 441-469
wetlands associated with, 283, 286, 287, 291, 293, 295, 300, 301, 312, 403, 477-495, 514
wildlife, 166, 175, 177-178, 181, 183-184, 188-189, 194-195, 202, 403-404, 406-411
wildlife, exotic species, 166, 201-202, 212
see also Channelization;
Dams;
Dikes and levees;
Floodplains;
Flow regimes;
Greenways;
Riparian zones;
Watersheds;
specific rivers
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 42
Roosevelt, Theodore, 42
see also Nonpoint-source pollution
Russell Sage National Wildlife Refuge System, 320, 499
S
Sacramento River, 295
ground water, 36
lakes, 79
Salmon River, 300
Salmonids, 172, 197, 206, 212, 214, 220, 222, 223-227, 388, 451-453 , 454-455, 458, 459-463, 468
San Diego Bay, 61, 271, 272-275, 296, 299, 319, 321
San Francisco Bay, 61, 294-295
San Joaquin River, 295
San Juan River, 228, 472, 473, 476
Santa Cruz River, 167-168
Savannah River, 300
Scale issues, 36, 59-60, 345-346, 347-348, 361, 369, 424, 517
see also National programs
Scheduling issues, 59
wetlands, evaluation periods, 319
Scour, rivers, 174, 179-180, 247, 461
see also Tidal action
Seasonal factors
migratory wildlife, 344
see also Salmonids;
Waterfowl reservoirs
rivers, 33, 167, 170, 174-175, 181, 188-189, 207, 403, 415, 426, 436, 438-439, 479-480
thermal factors, 26
Section 404 permits, 46-47, 262-263, 279-280, 287-288, 307, 317, 373-375, 474, 475, 479-480, 484, 492-493, 499, 512
Sedimentation and sediment-water systems, 1
dams and, 200
lakes, 15, 31-32, 73, 79, 80, 85, 96, 98, 114-115, 129-130, 141-142 , 149, 386, 390-391, 395
rivers, 33, 172, 174, 176, 177, 180, 192-193, 195-200, 207, 230, 401, 402-403, 409, 416-419, 420-429, 459, 461, 472, 474, 475
turbidity, 28, 172, 195-196, 198-199, 416-418
wetlands, 12, 264, 269, 274-275, 283, 293, 327, 330, 331
see also Dredging;
Erosion and erosion>control
Selenium, 85
Shagawa Lake, 120-121
Social factors, 62-64, 68-69, 350-352
fish consumption advisories, 86, 95, 96, 389-390
lakes, 71, 75-76, 105-107, 141
opportunity-cost analysis, 4, 358-359
planning and, 62-64
public opinion, 2, 12-13, 44, 402, 419, 483-484
rivers, 165-166, 402, 419, 426-427
water resources planning, 44, 235
wetlands, 269-271
see also Public opinion;
Recreational resources and uses
Soil conditions
as structural characteristic, 66
see also Erosion and erosion control;
Sedimentation and sediment-water systems
Soil Conservation Service, 43, 51, 194, 284, 286, 342
Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, 498, 500, 502
Spatial dimension
heterogeneity, assessment measurement, 66, 324
integrated ecosystem restoration, 342, 344, 345-346, 347-348
large rivers, 173, 185, 209, 244
project scale, 36, 59-60, 345-346, 361, 369, 424, 517
rivers, general, 180, 181-183, 185
small lakes, 143
small rivers, 172-173, 174, 185
wetlands, 324
Sports and Fish Restoration Act, 234
Springfield Lake, 142
Standards
air quality, 144
lake water quality, 103, 117, 150
prioritization of goals, 58, 107, 187, 208-209, 330, 347, 352
product standards, 117
water quality, 6, 46, 103, 117, 150, 372, 438, 465, 467
see also Baseline and reference data;
Restoration criteria
State-level efforts, 52-53, 353, 370
federal cooperation with, 4, 51-53, 108, 286, 373-375
federal cost-sharing, 43, 45, 51, 72-73, 108, 150, 352, 474, 493
fish consumption advisories, 86, 95, 96, 389-390
historical perspectives, 51-54
integrated ecosystem restoration, 342
lakes, 6-7, 72-73, 86, 87-88, 89, 91, 95-96, 108, 109-110, 150, 151 , 395-396
point-source pollution, 53
rivers, 173, 210, 212-213, 234-235, 244, 420, 437-438, 439-451, 461 -462, 482-495
wetlands, 49-50, 51-52, 53, 271, 276, 277, 295, 297-299, 482-495
see also Laws, state;
specific states
Stewardship 2000, 507
Streams, seeRivers and streams
Structural attributes, 65, 66-77, 104, 175, 188, 321, 323, 351
see also Hydrological conditions and functions
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, 169
Surveillance and monitoring, 6, 15, 355-357
channelization, 9-10
lakes, 73-75, 87-97, 91-92, 109-112, 150
national programs, 9, 33-34, 35, 87-97, 169, 171, 176, 194, 248, 200, 202, 208, 248, 265, 355-356
rivers, 9, 175, 222, 244-245, 247, 409-410, 415-416, 444-447, 484 485
see also Baseline and reference data
Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, 272-275
Switzerland, 119
Systems perspective, see Ecosystem perspective;
Integrated aquatic
ecosystem restoration
T
Tax policy, 50, 169, 171, 209, 285, 406, 491
Tax Reform Act, 285
Technical assistance, 13, 248, 454
wetlands drainage, 49
Temporal dimension
assessment criteria, 66, 153, 319, 322-323, 324
integrated ecosystem restoration, 344, 347
lakes, 153
rivers, 175, 180, 181, 189, 207, 214, 217, 244, 409-411, 424
wetlands, 263, 319, 322-323, 324, 326-327, 329-330
see also Historical perspectives;
Seasonal factors
Tennessee River, 177
Tennessee Valley Authority, 43, 88, 289
Tensas National Wildlife Refuge, 497-499
Texas, 136
Thermal conditions
electric generators, 26
lakes, artificial circulation, 132-133, 140
reservoirs, 26
rivers, 28, 170, 174, 183, 200, 436, 453, 454-455, 457
wetlands, 310-311
Tidal action
wetlands, 272-273, 282-283, 310, 314-315, 515, 516
see also Estuaries
Topographic factors, 20-21
rivers, 196-197
as structural characteristic, 66-67
wetlands, 277, 280, 283, 284, 292, 327, 515
see also Depressional wetlands;
Landscape ecology
algicides, lakes, 133-134
bioaccumulation, 83, 86, 95, 96, 146-147, 148, 199, 380, 389-391
herbicides, 105, 139, 229, 515
lakes, 7, 32, 73, 76, 85-87, 95-96, 114, 126, 129, 131, 133-134, 139, 146-147, 149, 150, 153, 389-391
organochlorine compounds, 86-87, 95, 147, 389-391
PCBs, 86-87, 95-96, 148, 380, 389-391
pesticides, 86-87, 95, 147, 199, 389
rivers and streams, 33, 166, 198, 199, 441, 450-451
see also Acidification
Truman, Harry S., 42
Turbidity, 28, 172, 195-196, 198-199, 416-418
U
"Unified National Program for Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration," 362-363
"Unified National Program for Flood-plain Management," 48, 362
A Unified National Program for Managing Flood Losses, 214-215
United Nations, 36
Universities and colleges
lakes, 152
technical assistance by, 13, 286
wetlands, 286
Upper Mississippi River Basin Commission, 407
Urban development, 21-22
rivers, 167-168, 172, 191-192, 214, 414-415
wetlands, 270, 277, 283, 293, 297-299, 307, 312, 317, 330, 510-511 , 513-514
U.S.Fish and Wildlife Wetlands Inventories, 265
V
Vegetation
endangered species, 303
genetic issues, restoration planning, 60-61, 63, 69, 313
herbicides, 105, 139, 229, 515
integrated ecosystem restoration, 341, 343-345
lakes, emergent plants, 123-124, 197, 203, 296, 304, 482
lakes, exotic species, 78, 80-83, 96, 134, 137-138, 142-144, 387-389
lakes, macrophytes, 81, 105, 148, 134-139, 153
rivers, 15, 173, 174, 175, 194-198, 207, 418-425, 427-429, 461
as structural characteristic, 66
wetland, 11, 264, 272-275, 290, 292, 297, 303, 304, 311, 313, 318 319, 329, 508, 509, 513-517
wetlands, exotic species, 268, 305-306, 311, 327
see also Forests and forestry
W
Wahnback Reservoir, 124
Washington, 74, 112-113, 117, 118-119, 121, 125, 126, 148
Wastewater and wastewater treatment, 26, 27
federal policy, general, 44-47, 371-372
lakes, 76, 105-107, 112, 115, 117-122, 127-128, 385
local efforts, 317
rivers and streams, 165-166, 170, 191, 413-416, 436-455, 463-469
wetlands, 62, 269, 295, 371-372
see also Nonpoint-source pollution;
Point-source pollution
Water allocation, 9, 210, 212-214, 245-246, 372-373
federal policy, 53, 213, 287, 372-373
Western water law, 166, 210, 214, 245, 287
Water consumption and supply, 24-26, 71, 246, 373
Waterfowl, 267, 304, 311, 345, 418, 425, 481, 500, 507, 508, 515, 516
Water quality and pollution, 27, 44-47, 350
federal policy, general, 44-47, 371-372
fisheries management and, 112-113, 132, 147-148
lakes, 32, 71-72, 88, 90, 98-102, 105-106, 112-113, 118-121, 146-147 , 153
lakes, standards, 103, 117, 150
rivers and streams, 27-29, 98, 103, 166, 169, 170, 179, 189, 191, 231, 413-429, 436-455, 441-469
standards, 6, 46, 103, 117, 150, 372, 438, 465, 467
as structural characteristic, 66
wetlands, 62, 269, 277, 292, 293, 371-372, 516
see also Acidification;
Eutrophication and eutrophic lakes;
Nonpoint-source pollution;
Phosphorus;
Point-source pollution;
Salinity;
Toxic substances
Water levels
floodplains, 215
lakes, 79-80, 137-138, 395-395
manipulation of, general, 24
Water Quality Act, 108
Water Resources Council, 44, 363
Water Resources Development Acts, 48-49, 50, 53, 286-287, 354, 360
Water Resources Forecasting Service, 367-368
Water Resources Planning Act, 44, 363
Watersheds, 320, 501, 504, 508
baseline and reference data, 346-347
demonstration projects, 7
erosion control, 8, 32, 401, 428-428, 501
historical perspectives, planning, 42-43, 46, 346-347
integrated ecosystem restoration, 341, 342, 344, 353
lakes, 103, 113-125, 147-148, 151, 152-153
water quality, ecoregion approach, 103
see also Erosion and erosion control;
Sedimentation and sediment-water systems
West and East Twin Lakes, 127-128
Wetlands, 10-12, 262-340, 354-355
agricultural displacement of, 34, 50, 194, 277, 280, 283, 284, 285 , 295, 299, 300-301, 302, 492, 497, 505-506
agricultural land, restoration to, 4, 9, 12, 35, 51, 52, 270, 284 286, 288-289, 300, 301, 302, 307, 309, 371, 320-321, 354, 366, 371 , 500, 507-509
artificial marsh creation, 18, 123, 203
baseline and reference data, 11, 300, 323-324, 328-329, 331
biogeochemical cycles, 12, 331
case studies, 272-275, 294-295, 297-299, 302, 496-518
classification, stress factors, 8, 231, 247, 262-264, 277-278
COE, 49, 286-287, 289, 290, 513, 514
see also Section 404 permits
coastal, 35, 271, 272-275, 281-283, 310, 311, 315, 331
see also Estuaries
coastal, tidal action, 272-273, 282-283, 314-315
cost of restoration, 270-271, 283, 286, 307, 308, 490, 494, 502
definitional issues, restoration, 34-35, 262-264, 279, 293
demonstration projects, 49
drainage of, 1-2, 41, 49, 270, 264-265, 284, 291-292, 300-301, 507 -508
economic factors, 14, 15, 268-270, 297, 301, 307, 490-491
ecoregion approach, 277-280, 329
ecosystem perspective, general, 12, 303, 307, 324, 326-327, 329, 489, 494, 500-501, 517-518
EPA, 263, 289, 307, 310, 316-317, 318, 347, 372, 500
evaluation, 290, 308-309, 312, 315-326, 328, 330, 489-490, 492-494
, 500-501, 502, 503, 508-509, 516-518
existing conditions, 34-35, 265, 271, 277
federal efforts, general, 9, 41, 49, 50-51, 285-289, 302, 306-310, 330
fish, 268, 270, 294, 295, 305-306, 403
flood control functions of, 268-269, 291, 286-287, 291, 294, 301, 302, 312, 491
food web management, 265, 267-268, 269, 273-274, 295, 318
forests, 264, 301, 302, 304, 311-312, 496-505
functional attributes, 263, 265-271, 272-273, 283, 290, 317-318, 320, 322, 323, 325-327, 330
funding, 52, 273, 285-286, 287, 307, 323, 330, 482, 484, 487, 492, 493, 511
global change, 12, 15, 280-282
historical perspectives, 10, 23, 264-265, 271, 276-277, 280, 284, 294-295, 296, 300, 302, 320, 497, 505, 513-515
hydrology, 24, 268-269, 277, 279, 283, 290-293, 297, 312, 321, 330
interagency coordination, 285, 307-308, 514
lake-associated, 74, 123-124, 137-138, 312
landscape ecology, 10, 272, 279-280, 290-291, 292, 301, 329, 504
local preservation, 317
mitigation measures, general, 19-20, 298, 307-308, 317-318, 499, 511-512, 515-518
mitigation measures, "no net loss" policy, 34, 35, 262-263, 307, 354-355, 500
private property, 270, 301, 308, 316, 320, 505-509
R&D, 11, 270, 289-292, 327-329, 330-331, 501
refuges, 272-275, 280-281, 305, 317, 320
regulations, 10, 262, 278, 307-310, 317, 491
research on, 11, 270, 289-292, 327-329, 330-331, 501
restoration criteria, 290, 308-309, 316-317, 318-319, 320-326, 328 , 500-501, 502, 508-509
restoration methodology, 272-275, 282-320, 327, 330-331, 501, 503, 515-516
restoration models, 270, 271, 296, 301, 490
rivers, associated, 283, 286, 287, 291, 293, 295, 300, 301, 312, 403, 477-495, 514
sediments, 12, 264, 269, 274-275, 283, 293, 327, 330, 331
social factors, 269-271
state laws, 483, 487, 488-489, 491-492, 511, 512
state-level efforts, other, 49-50, 51-52, 53, 271, 276, 277, 295, 297-299, 482-495
surveillance and monitoring, 322-323, 328, 516
temporal dimension, 263, 319, 322-323, 324, 326-327, 329-330
thermal conditions, 310-311
topographic factors, 277, 280, 283, 284, 292, 327, 515
see also Depressional wetlands
urban areas, 270, 277, 283, 293, 297-299, 307, 312, 317, 330, 510 511, 513-514
vegetation, 11, 264, 272-275, 290, 292, 297, 313, 303, 304, 311, 313, 318-319, 329, 508, 509, 513-517
vegetation, exotic species, 268, 305-306, 311, 327
wastewater, 62, 269, 295, 371-372
water levels, 280-282, 306-307
water quality, 62, 269, 277, 292, 293, 371-372, 516
wildlife, 11, 265-268, 272-274, 281, 289, 290, 292, 297, 304-306, 405, 318-319, 329, 330, 500, 507, 508, 515, 516, 517-518
wildlife, exotic species, 268, 280, 305-306
see also Floodplains;
Lakes;
Riparian zones;
Section 404 permits
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 9, 169, 466
Wildlife, 14
endangered and extinct, 2, 3, 91, 177-178, 222, 229, 265, 272-274, 280, 304-305, 345
exotic species, lakes, 78, 80-83, 96, 134, 137-138, 142-144, 387-389
exotic species, rivers, 166, 201-202, 212
exotic species, wetlands, 268, 280, 305-306
floods and flood control, 183-184
genetic issues, restoration planning, 60-61, 63, 69, 204-206
integrated ecosystem restoration, 341, 343-345
migratory, 344
see also Salmonids;
Waterfowl
planning and, 60
riverine, 166, 175, 177-178, 181, 183-184, 188-189, 194-195, 202, 403-404, 406, 407, 406-411
as structural characteristic, 66
waterfowl, 267, 304, 311, 345, 418, 425, 481, 500, 507, 508, 515, 516
watersheds, 346-347
wetlands, 11, 265-268, 272-274, 281, 289, 290, 292, 297, 304-306, 405, 318-319, 329, 330, 500, 507, 508, 515, 516, 517-518
see also Fish and fisheries;
Refuges
Willamette River, 170-171, 170, 216, 433-456
Wisconsin, 95, 103, 126, 145-146, 215, 220-221, 222
World Register of Dams, 200
Y
Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge, 497-498, 502
Z