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The Changing Economics of Medical Technology (1991)
Institute of Medicine (IOM)

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. "Appendix B: The Economics of Pharmaceutical Research and Development: An Industry Persepective." The Changing Economics of Medical Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1991.

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The Changing Economics of Medical Technology

2. According to the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association New Product Survey, of the 1,217 new single chemical entity drugs introduced to the U.S. market between 1940 and 1988, nearly 62 percent were discovered in the United States. Switzerland ranked second with 7 percent.

REFERENCES

1. Grabowski H. The changing economics of pharmaceutical research and development . In this volume . Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press , 1991 .

2. Teitelman R , Siwolop S , Baldo A. Global report on pharmaceuticals . Financial World 1989 ; 158: 53-80 .

3. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association . PMA Statistical Fact Book . Washington, D.C. : Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 1989 .

4. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association . 1989 Annual Report . Washington, DC : Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association , 1989 .

5. Merck & Co., Inc . 1989 Annual Report . Rahway : Merck & Co., Inc. , 1990 .

6. Veverka MJ. Pharmaceuticals . New York , Booz Allen & Hamilton , 1989 .

7. Patent Departments , Merck & Co., Inc. , and Hoffman-La Roche . Unpublished study of 77 human and animal health products approved from September 1984 through 1989 .

8. Worldwide pharma R&D trends . Scrip 1989 ; 1471 : 25 .

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10. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association . Industry Perspective: Drug Prices . Washington, D.C. : Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association , 1989 .

11. Gannes S. The good news about U.S. R&D . Fortune 1988 ; 117 : 48-56 .

12. Science Foundation , 1988 . National Science Foundation . NSF Fact Book . Washington, D.C. : National Science Foundation

13. National, Science and Engineering Education Studies Group . Selected data on graduate science engineering students and postdoctorates by citizenship . Washington, D.C. : National Science Foundation, 1987 .

14. U.S. Bureau of the Census . Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1989 . Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1989 .

15. Truschke EF. Expand support for medical research and development . In : Alzheimer's Medicines . Washington, D.C. : Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association , 1989 .

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