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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries Committee on Earth Resources Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies In Collaboration with Board on Higher Education and Workforce Policy and Global Affairs Division Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd i 7/13/2015 4:03:51 PM

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by the DE-PI0000010, TO# 13/DE-DT0002115 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Energy. The opinions, find- ings, and conclusions or recommendations contained in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Energy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. government. Additional support for final printing of this report was kindly provided by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-26744-1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-26744-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015930559 Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334- 3313; http://www.nap.edu/ . Cover: Cover design by Michael Dudzik with concept by Eric Edkin and Cy Butner. Copyright 2013 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd ii 7/13/2015 4:04:18 PM

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examina- tion of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd iii 7/13/2015 4:04:18 PM

COMMITTEE ON EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES ELAINE T. CULLEN (Co-Chair), Safety Solutions International, Chattaroy, Washington CHARLES FAIRHURST (Co-Chair), Itasca Consulting Group, Minneapolis, Minnesota KATHLEEN A. ALFANO, College of the Canyons, Santa Clarita, California BURT A. BARNOW, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. SALLY M. BENSON, Stanford University, California EMILY STOVER DEROCCO, E3, Washington, D,C, LEIGH FREEMAN, Downing Teal Inc., Denver, Colorado JOHN A. PAPPAS, Texas A&M University, College Station ROY RADNER, New York University, New York JOEL L. RENNER, Geothermal Consultant, Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota STERLING RIDEOUT, JR, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. KENNETH C. ROGERS, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Retired), Rockville, Maryland REGINALD SPILLER, Azimuth LLC, Houston, Texas JERRY VENTRE, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering Consultant, Oviedo, Florida National Research Council Staff CY BUTNER, Study Director ELIZABETH A. EIDE, Director of the Board on Earth Sciences and Resources GAIL GREENFIELD, Senior Program Officer NICHOLAS D. ROGERS, Financial and Research Associate COURTNEY R. GIBBS, Program Associate JASON R. ORTEGO, Research Associate (until June 2012) CHANDA T. IJAMES, Senior Program Assistant (until August 2013) iv Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd iv 7/13/2015 4:04:18 PM

COMMITTEE ON EARTH RESOURCES* CLAYTON R. NICHOLS (Chair), Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office (Retired), Ocean Park, Washington JAMES A. BRIERLEY, Brierley Consultancy LLC, Highlands Ranch, Colorado THURE CERLING, University of Utah, Salt Lake City ELAINE T. CULLEN, Safety Solutions International, Chattaroy, Washington DONALD JUCKETT, American Association of Petroleum Geologists (Retired), Springfield, Virginia ANN S. MAEST, Stratus Consulting, Inc, Boulder, Colorado LELAND L. MINK, U.S. Department of Energy Geothermal Program (Retired), Worley, Idaho MARY M. POULTON, University of Arizona, Tucson ARTHUR W. RAY, City of Rockville, Maryland RICHARD J. SWEIGARD, University of Kentucky, Lexington National Research Council Staff ELIZABETH A. EIDE, Director NICHOLAS D. ROGERS, Financial and Research Associate ERIC EDKIN, Senior Program Assistant *Membership at time of report release v Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd v 7/13/2015 4:04:18 PM

BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES* CORALE L. BRIERLEY (Chair), Brierley Consultancy LLC, Denver, Colorado WILLIAM L. GRAF, University of South Carolina, Columbia MURRAY W. HITZMAN, Colorado School of Mines, Golden EDWARD KAVAZANJIAN, JR, Arizona State University, Tempe DAVID R. MAIDMENT, University of Texas, Austin ROBERT MCMASTER, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis M. MEGHAN MILLER, UNAVCO, Inc., Boulder, Colorado ISABEL P. MONTAÑEZ, University of California, Davis CLAUDIA INÉS MORA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico BRIJ M. MOUDGIL, University of Florida, Gainesville CLAYTON R. NICHOLS, Idaho Operations Office (Retired), Ocean Park, Washington HENRY N. POLLACK, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor DAVID T. SANDWELL, University of California, San Diego PETER M. SHEARER, University of California, San Diego REGINAL SPILLER, Azimuth Investments, LLC, Houston, Texas National Research Council Staff ELIZABETH A. EIDE, Director ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer SAMMANTHA L. MAGSINO, Senior Program Officer MARK D. LANGE, Program Officer NICHOLAS D. ROGERS, Financial and Research Associate COURTNEY R. GIBBS, Program Associate ERIC J. EDKIN, Senior Program Assistant CHANDA T. IJAMES, Senior Program Assistant *Membership at time of report release vi Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd vi 7/13/2015 4:04:18 PM

BOARD ON HIGHER EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE* WILLIAM E. KIRWAN (Chair), University System of Maryland, Adelphi F. KING ALEXANDER, California State University, Long Beach SUSAN K. AVERY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts CARLOS CASTILLO-CHAVEZ, Arizona State University, Tempe RITA COLWELL, University of Maryland, College Park, and the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore PETER EWELL, National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, Boulder, Colorado SYLVIA HURTADO, University of California, Los Angeles WILLIAM KELLEY, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Wayne EARL LEWIS, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia PAULA STEPHAN, Georgia State University, Atlanta National Research Council Staff PETER H. HENDERSON, Director, Board on Higher Education and Workforce GAIL GREENFIELD, Senior Program Officer SABRINA E. HALL, Program Associate *Membership at time of report release vii Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd vii 7/13/2015 4:04:18 PM

Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd viii 7/13/2015 4:04:19 PM

Acknowledgments I n conducting this study, the committee relied not only on its own expertise, but it also drew upon input from a range of recognized professionals with extensive expertise in the energy, mining, education, and related areas cov- ered in this study. Some of these individuals made presentations to the committee, some participated in discussions with committee members and staff, and some provided valuable reference information and data in various forms. Together, all of these inputs provided a rich resource base for the committee’s consideration. The committee wishes to extend its gratitude to all of the individuals who pro- vided assistance for this study. The committee further wishes to acknowledge the following individuals in particular for their valuable assistance. The committee wishes to thank the following individuals for their pre- sentations during open sessions at the committee meetings: Steven Seachman (National Energy Technology Laboratory); Allyson Anderson (Professional Staff, U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee); Kathy Benedetto (Legis- lative Staff, Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources, House Committee on Natural Resources); Christopher Keane (American Geosciences Institute); John Tombari (Schlumberger Carbon Services); Karl Gawell and Dan Jennejohn (Geothermal Energy Association); Mary Poulton (University of Arizona); John Craynon and Michael Karmis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer- sity); David Curtiss (American Association of Petroleum Geologists); Andrew Swift (Texas Wind Energy Institute, Texas Tech University); Elizabeth McAn- drew-Benavides and Carol Berrigan (Nuclear Energy Institute); Samantha Jacoby (formerly with the Solar Energy Industries Association); Ellen Kabat-Lensch (Advanced Technology Environmental and Energy Center, Bettendorf, Iowa); Doug Ratcliff and Jon Olson (University of Texas at Austin); John Galiotos ix Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd ix 7/13/2015 4:04:19 PM

x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (Houston Community College, Northeast College, Energy Institute); Al Escher (Schlumberger Business Consulting); Ron Ness (North Dakota Petroleum Coun- cil, Inc.); Susan Howes (Chevron and Society of Petroleum Engineers Talent Council); Marshall Schott (University of Houston, Greater Houston Partnership’s Energy Collaborative Workforce Committee); Brian McPherson (University of Utah); Anthony Carnevale (Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce); David Holt (Consumer Energy Alliance); Dennis McDonaugh (Alamo Colleges, St. Philip’s College); Dixie Sommers (Bureau of Labor Sta- tistics); Martin Scaglione (ACT); Suzanne Tegen, Barry Friedman, and Steven Hauser (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Peter McKenny (Gonzaga University); Dennis Ray (University of Wisconsin-Madison); Clifford Brandon (Automated Systems Alliance Inc.); and Stephen Enders (Colorado School of Mines). These presenters were also helpful in providing additional information and assistance to the committee. The committee also extends its thanks to the following representatives from federal government agencies for their participation in an open discussion meeting with the committee: Mary Cummings (National Nuclear Security Administra- tion); Jeff Duncan (Mine Safety and Health Administration); Thomas Galassi (Occupational Safety and Health Administration); John Howard (National Insti- tute for Occupational Safety and Health); Robert LaBelle (Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement); Brenda Pierce (U.S. Geological Survey); and Tim Spisak and Steven Wells (Bureau of Land Management). In addition, the com- mittee thanks the following Department of Energy staff members for discussing workforce issues with selected members of the study committee and staff: Guido DeHoratiis, Natenna Dobson, and Shannon Gipson (Office of Fossil Energy); and Serena McIlwain (Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer). In addition, the following representatives from a range of professional soci- eties and industry associations also provided valuable assistance and informa- tion to the committee, for which the committee is grateful: Dave Kanagy and John Hayden (Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration); Hal Quinn, Bruce Watzman, and Leslie Coleman (National Mining Association); Joy Wilson (National Stone, Sand and Gravel Association); Mark Ellis and Darrell Smith (Industrial Minerals Association – North America); Patrick Leahy (American Geosciences Institute); Leila Gonzales (formerly with the American Geosciences Institute); Kevin McCray (National Ground Water Association); and Ann Ran- dazzo (Center for Energy Workforce Development). The committee also thanks Marilyn Suiter (National Science Foundation) for her assistance. The committee wishes to offer special thanks to the following individuals for their valued assistance: Raymond Durante (Raymond Durante Associates) for providing a variety of information to the committee; and Donald Juckett for his sage advice and guidance throughout the study and for his service as a liaison with the Committee on Earth Resources. This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of the independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: R. Lyndon Arscott [NAE] International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (Retired), Danville, California Alicia Carriquiry, Iowa State University, Ames Michael Corradini [NAE], University of Wisconsin-Madison James Dooley, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, Maryland Charles Goodman, Southern Company (retired), Birmingham, Alabama Stephen A. Holditch [NAE], Texas A&M University, College Station Ellen Kabat-Lensch, Eastern Iowa Community College District, Davenport Marc LeVier, K. Marc LeVier & Associates, Highlands Ranch, Colorado Andrea Luecke, The Solar Foundation, Washington, D.C. Syd. S. Peng [NAE], West Virginia University, Morgantown Susan Petty, Altarock Energy, Inc., Seattle, Washington Mary Poulton, University of Arizona, Tucson Raja V. Ramani [NAE], Pennsylvania State University Andrew Swift, Texas Wind Energy Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com- ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recom- mendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Roderick J. Little, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and Lawrence T. Papay, PQR, LLC, La Jolla, California. Appointed by the National Research Council, they was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd xii 7/13/2015 4:04:19 PM

Contents SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 15 What Is Included in the Report and What Is Not, 18 Data Considerations, 19 Organization of the Report, 21 Report Recommendations, 22 2 MATURE SECTORS 24 Introduction, 24 Oil and Gas, 25 Nuclear Energy, 51 Mining, 69 Shared Recommendations for Chapter 2, 94 3 EMERGING SECTORS 96 Introduction, 96 Solar Energy, 97 Wind Energy, 119 Geothermal Energy, 139 Carbon Dioxide Capture, Use, and Storage, 162 Shared Recommendations for Chapter 3, 173 4 THE ELECTRIC GRID 176 Today’s Electric Grid, 176 The Smart Grid, 179 Workforce and Training Required to Implement Grid Extensions and Improvements and for the Smart Grid, 182 Conclusions, 186 5 FEDERAL ENERGY AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY WORKFORCE ISSUES 188 The Workforce and its Issues, 188 Possible Solutions, 197 xiii Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd xiii 7/13/2015 4:04:19 PM

xiv CONTENTS 6 SAFETY AND HEALTH IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES 200 A Look at Demographics, 200 A Safety Dilemma, 204 Workforce Challenges, 210 Conclusions and Recommendations, 213 7 EDUCATING AND TRAINING THE ENERGY AND MINING WORKFORCE 216 Introduction: On Our Present Course, Demand Will Outstrip Supply, 216 Building the Pipeline: Academic and Workforce Preparation Begin in K-12, 218 Bridge from Secondary to Postsecondary and First Two Years of Higher Education, 224 Moving the Model into Energy, 230 Special Considerations for Energy- and Mining-Related Bachelors- and Masters-Level Engineering and Science Education, 233 Issues and Challenges Relating to Success, 238 Conclusions and Recommendations, 241 8 OVERVIEW OF THE ENERGY AND MINING WORKFORCE USING FEDERAL DATA SOURCES: KEY FINDING AND RECOMMENDATIONS 245 Key Findings, 246 Recommendations to Meet Future Labor Requests, 247 9 OVERARCHING CONCLUSIONS 248 Overarching findings and recommendations, 252 REFERENCES 257 APPENDIXES* 277 A. Overview of Federal Data Sources Most Relevant to the Energy and Mining Workforce, 279 B. Overview of Energy and Mining Workforce Using Federal Data Sources, 292 C. Data on the Energy and Mining Workforce from Federal Data Sources, 338 D. Acronyms and Abbreviation, 456 E. Committee and Staff Biographical Sketches, 462 * Appendixes A-E are available online at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18250. Emerging Workforce Camera-Ready-June2015.indd xiv 7/13/2015 4:04:19 PM

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Energy and mineral resources are essential for the nation's fundamental functions, its economy, and security. Nonfuel minerals are essential for the existence and operations of products that are used by people every day and are provided by various sectors of the mining industry. Energy in the United States is provided from a variety of resources including fossil fuels, and renewable and nuclear energy, all with established commercial industry bases. The United States is the largest electric power producer in the world. The overall value added to the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011 by major industries that consumed processed nonfuel mineral materials was $2.2 trillion.

Recognizing the importance of understanding the state of the energy and mining workforce in the United States to assure a trained and skilled workforce of sufficient size for the future, the Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Energy technology Laboratory (NETL) contracted with the National Research Council (NRC) to perform a study of the emerging workforce trends in the U.S. energy and mining industries. Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action summarizes the findings of this study.

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